*FM 6-40/MCWP 3-16.4
| FIELD MANUAL NO. 6-40 MARINE CORPS WARFIGHTING PUBLICATION NO. 3-16.4 |
HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY U.S. MARINE CORPS Washington, DC, 23 April 1996 |
FM 6-40/MCWP 3-16.4 |
Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures forFIELD ARTILLERY MANUAL CANNON GUNNERY |
| Editor's Note: Provisions of Change 1, 1 October 1999, have been incorporated into this web version. They have not, however, been incorporated into the download (Adobe PDF) version. Corrected or new materials (less a corrected Table of Contents) are available as PDF files for posting to a printed copy of the 1996 version. |
Table of Contents
CHANGE 1, 1 OCTOBER 1999
FOREWARD
PREFACE
Chapter 1 - THE GUNNERY PROBLEM AND
THE GUNNERY TEAM
1-1. Gunnery Problem Solution
1-2. Field Artillery Gunnery Team
1-3. Five Requirements for Accurate Predicted Fire
Chapter 2 - FIRING BATTERY AND BATTERY
FDC ORGANIZATION
2-1. Firing Battery Organization
2-2. Battery or Platoon FDC
2-3. Definitions
2-4. Relationship Between Battery or Platoon and Battalion FDC
2-5. Battalion FDC Personnel
Chapter 3 - BALLISTICS
3-1. Interior Ballistics
3-2. Transitional Ballistics
3-3. Exterior Ballistics
3-4. Dispersion and Probability
3-5. Causes of Dispersion
3-6. Mean Point of Impact
3-7. Probable Error
3-8. Dispersion Zones
3-9. Range Probable Error
3-10. Fork
3-11. Deflection Probable Error
3-12. Time-To-Burst Probable Error
3-13. Height-Of-Burst Probable Error
3-14. Range-To-Burst Probable Error
Chapter 4 - MUZZLE VELOCITY MANAGEMENT
4-1. Muzzle Velocity Terms
4-2. Calibration
4-3. Estimating Shooting Strength
4-4. Updating MVV Data
4-5. Other Applications
4-6. MVV Logbook
4-7. Frequency of Calibration
4-8. Transferring MVVs
Chapter 5 - FIRE MISSION MESSAGES
Section I - Fire Order
5-1. Overview
5-2. Target Attack Considerations
5-3. Fire Order Elements
5-4. Battery of Platoon Fire Orders
5-5. Fire Order Standing Operating Procedures
5-6. Battalion Fire Order
5-7. Massing of Fires
Section II - Message to Observer
5-8. Description
5-9. Additional Information
Section III - Fire Commands
5-10. Fire Command Elements
5-11. Battery or Platoon Fire Commands
5-12. Examples of Fire Commands
5-13. Standardizing Elements of the Fire Commands
Chapter 6 - FIRING CHARTS
Section I - Types of Firing Charts
6-1. Description
6-2. Firing Chart Construction
Section II - Plotting Equipment and Firing Chart Preparation
6-3. Pencils
6-4. Plotting Pins
6-5. Plotting Scale
6-6. Range-Deflection Protractor
6-7. Target Grid
Section III - Surveyed Firing Chart
6-8. Selection of Lower Left-Hand Corner and Azimuth of Lay
6-9. Firing Chart Preparation
6-10. Four-Step Plotting Method
6-11. Tick Marks
6-12. Construction of Azimuth Indexes
6-13. Construction of Deflection Indexes
6-14. Plotting Targets
6-15. Determining and Announcing Chart Data
6-16. Chart-to-Chart Checks
Section IV - Observed Firing Charts
6-17. Overview
6-18. Methods of Determining Polar Plot Data
6-19. Constructing Observed Firing Charts
6-20. Determination of Direction for Polar Plotting
6-21. Percussion Plot, VI Unknown
6-22. Percussion Plot, VI Estimated
6-23. Time Plot, VI Unknown
6-24. Time Plot, VI known (Preferred Technique)
6-25. Setting Up the Observed Firing Chart
6-26. Example of Percussion Plot, VI Unknown
6-27. Example of Percussion Plot, VI Estimated
6-28. Example of Time Plot, VI Unknown
6-29. Example of Time Plot, VI Unknown, XO's High Burst
6-30. Locate an Observer
6-31. Battalion Observed Firing Chart
6-32. Observed Firing Chart With Incomplete Survey
Section V - Using Map Spot Data to Construct Firing Charts
6-33. Map Spot Survey
6-34. Constructing a Firing Chart From Map Spot Survey
6-35. Transferring to a Surveyed Firing Chart
Chapter 7 - Firing Tables
Section I - Tabular Firing Tables
7-1. Elements and Purpose
7-2. Cover Information
7-3. Table A
7-4. Table B
7-5. Table C
7-6. Table D
7-7. Table E
7-8. Table F
7-9. Extracting Basic HE Data From Table F
7-10. Table G
7-11. Table H
7-12. Table I
7-13. Table J
7-14. Table K
7-15. Illuminating Projectiles
7-16. TFT Part 3 and Part 4
7-17. Appendixes
Section II - Graphical Firing Tables
7-18. Overview
7-19. Low-Angle GFTs
7-20. High-Angle GFTs
7-21. Illuminating Projectile GFT
Chapter 8 - SITE
8-1. Initial Elements of the Trajectory
8-2. Site in High-Angle Fire
8-3. Determination of Attitudes
8-4. Determination of Site Without a Graphical Site Table
8-5. Determination of Site Without a GST, Requiring Interpolation
8-6. Determination of Vertical Angle
8-7. The Graphical Site Table
8-8. Average Site
8-9. Determination of Angle of Site and Vertical Angle With the GST
8-10. Determination of Site With the GST
8-11. Sample Problems
8-12. High-Angle Site
8-13. Determination of High-Angle Site With the TFT
8-14. Determination of High-Angle Site With a High-Angle GFT
8-15. Determination of 10-Mil Site Factor Without a High-Angle GFT
Chapter 9 - FIRE MISSION PROCESSING
Section I - Duties and the Record of Fire
9-1. Crew Duties for the FDC
9-2. Elements of Firing Data
9-3. Recording Firing Data
Section II - High Explosives
9-4. Overview
9-5. Examples of Completing the Record of Fire for HE Fire Missions
9-6. Examples of Completing the Record of Fire for a Nonstandard Square Weight WP or HE Projectile
Section III - High-Angle Fire
9-8. High-Angle GFT
9-8. Duties of Personnel in High-Angle Fire
9-9. Example of Completing the ROF for an HE High-Angle Adjust-Fire Mission
Section IV - Illumination
9-10. Overview
9-11. Illuminating Projectile GFT
9-12. Illumination Firing Data
9-13. Determination of Illumination Firing Data With the GFT
9-14. Determination of Illumination Firing Data With the TFT
9-15. Processing a One-Gun Illumination Fire Mission
9-16. Two-Gun Illumination Range Spread
9-17. Two-Gun Illumination Lateral Spread
9-18. Four-Gun Illumination-Range and Lateral Spread
9-19. Coordinated Illumination
9-20. High-Angle Illumination
Chapter 10 - Registrations
Section I - Reasons for Registrations
10-1. Accurate Firing Unit Location
10-2. Accurate Weapon and Ammunition Information
10-3. Accurate Meteorological Information
10-4. Accurate Computational Procedures
10-5. When to Conduct Registrations
10-6. Types of Registrations
10-7. Assurance Tables
10-8. Registration Corrections and GFT Settings
Section II - Precision Registrations
10-9. Objective
10-10. Initiation of a Precision Registration
10-11. Conduct of the impact phase of a precision registration
10-12. Conduct of the Time Phase of a Precision Registration
10-13. Second Lot Registrations
10-14. Initiation of the Second Lot Registration
10-15. Example of a Completed Precision Registration
10-16. Abbreviated Precision Registration
Section III - High-Burst/Mean Point of Impact Registrations
10-17. Description
10-18. Selecting an Orienting Point
10-19. Orienting the Observers
10-20. Determining Firing Data
10-21. Firing the HB or MPI Registration
10-22. Determine the Mean Burst Location
10-23. Example of an HB/MPI Registration
10-24. Determination of the MBL
10-25. Determine Chart Data and Registration Corrections
10-26. Effect of Complementary Angle of Site on Adjusted Fuze Setting
Section IV - Process an AN/TPQ-36 or AN/TPQ-37 Radar Registration
10-27. Characteristics
10-28. Conduct of a Radar Registration
10-29. Selection of an Orienting Point
10-30. Orienting the Radar
10-31. Determine Firing Data to the Orienting Point
10-32. Firing the HB or MPI Registration
10-33. Determination of the Mean Burst Location
10-34. Determination of Chart Data and Registration Corrections
10-35. DPICM Registrations (M483A1/M509E1)
Section V - High-Angle Registration
10-36. High-Angle GFT
10-37. Procedures for High-Angle Impact Registration
10-38. Computation of the Adjusted Elevation
10-39. DPICM High-Angle Registration
Section VI - Offset Registrations or Registrations to the Rear
10-40. Offset Registration
10-41. Registrations to the Rear
Section VII - Determination and Application of Registration Corrections
10-42. Computation of Total Range Correction
10-43. Computation of Total Fuze Correction
10-44. Computation of Total Deflection Correction
10-45. Determination of Total Registration Corrections
10-46. Low-Angle GFT Settings
10-47. Determination of a GFT Setting When the Registering Piece is not the Base Piece
10-48. Construction of a GFT Setting
10-49. Construction of a Two-Plot or Multiplot GFT Setting
10-50. Update of a GFT Setting When Transferring From a Map Spot or Observed Firing Chart
10-51. Registration Transfer Limits
10-52. High-Angle GFT Settings
10-53. High-Angle Transfer Limits
10-54. Transfer of GFT Settings
10-55. Example of Transferring a GFT Setting
Chapter 11 - Meteorological Techniques
Section I - Principles
11-1. Purpose and Use of Met Techniques
11-2. Position Constants
11-3. Met Messages
11-4. Ballistic Met Message
11-5. Computer Met Message
11-6. Met Message Checking Procedures
11-7. Met Message Space and Time Validity
Section II - Concurrent Met Technique
11-8. DA Form 4200
11-9. Solution of a Concurrent Met
Section III - Subsequent Met Technique
11-10. Overview
11-11. Solution of a Subsequent Met
Section IV - Subsequent Met Applications
11-12. Eight-Direction Met
11-13. Solution of an Eight-Direction Met Technique
11-14. Met to a Target
11-15. Solution of a Met-to-Target Technique
11-16. Computing a GFT Setting for an Unregistered Charge
11-17. Met to Met Check Gauge Point
11-18. Met + VE
Chapter 12 - TERRAIN GUN POSITION CORRECTIONS
AND SPECIAL CORRECTIONS
Section I - Types of Corrections
12.1 Overview
12.2 Piece Displacement
12.3 Sheafs
Section II - The M17/M10 Plotting Board
12-4. Description
12-5. Plotting Piece Locations for Weapons Equipped With the M100-Series Sight
12-6. Plotting Piece Locations for Weapons Equipped With the M12-Series Sight
12-7. Determination of Base Piece Grid Coordinates
Section III - Terrain Gun Position Corrections
12-8. Transfer Limits and Sectors of Fire
12-9. Fire Order and Fire Commands
12-10. Determination of Terrain Gun Position Corrections
12-11. Hasty Terrain Gun Position Corrections
12-12. Determination of Hasty TGPCs
Section IV - Special Corrections
12-13. Definitions and Use
12-14. Computation of Special Corrections
Section IV - Use of Plotting Board for Fire Mission Processing
12-15. M17 Plotting Board
12-16. Determination of Subsequent Corrections for a Laser Adjust-Fire Mission
12-17. Examples of TGPCs
12-18. Examples of Special Corrections
Chapter 13 - SPECIAL MUNITIONS
Section I - Copperhead
13-1. Description
13-2. Computations for Shell Copperhead
13-3. Copperhead SOP
13-4. Message to Observer
13-5. Fire Order
13-6. Computation of Firing Data
13-7. Angle T and Target Cloud Height Checks
13-8. Trajectories
13-9. Switch Setting
13-10. Computing Site
13-11. Computing Deflection Correction
13-12. Limits of the Base Piece Solution
13-13. Target Attack Contingencies
Section II - Rocket-Assisted Projectile
13-15. Description
13-16. Manual Computations
13-17. Registration and Determining a GFT Setting
Section III - Smoke Projectiles
13-18. Description
13-19. Quick Smoke
13-20. Quick Smoke Technique
13-21. Smoke Munitions Expenditure Tables and Equations
13-22. M825 Smoke Procedures
13-23. M825 Examples
Section IV - Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munitions
13-24. Overview
13-25. Determining DPICM Firing Data
Section V - Family of Scatterable Mines
13-26. Types of Scatterable Mines
13-27. FASCAM Tactical Considerations and Fire Order Process
13-28. Technical Fire Direction Procedures
13-29. ADAM
13-30. RAAMS
13-31. DA Form 5032-R
13-32. Planned Minefields
13-33. Target of Opportunity Minefields and Minefields Established in Conjunction With Other Munitions
13-34. Safety Zone Determination
13-35. Safety Zone Tables
13-36. Safety Zone Templates
13-37. FASCAM Employment Steps
13-38. Base Burn DPICM (M864)
13-39. M864 Firing Data Computations
13-40. Met to a Target
13-41. M864 Registrations
13-42. Sense and Destroy Armor (SADARM M898)
13-43. M898 Firing Data Computations
13-44. Technical Fire Direction Procedures
Chapter 14 - EMERGENCY FDC PROCEDURES
14-1. Methods of Determining Initial Data
14-2. Methods of Determining Subsequent Data
14-3. Emergency Firing Chart
14-4. M10 or M17 Plotting Board
14-5. Black Magic
14-6. Emergency Firing Chart Example
14-7. Black Magic Example
Chapter 15 - SAFETY
Section I - Responsibilities
15-1. Responsibilities
15-2. Duties of Safety Personnel
15-3. Safety Aids
Section II - Manual Computation of Safety Data
15-4. Manual Computation Procedures
15-5. Safety Card
15-6. Basic Safety Diagram
15-7. Computation of Low-Angle Safety Data
15-8. Safety T
15-9. Updating Safety Data After Determining a GFT Setting
15-10. Determination of Maximum Effective Illumination Area
15-11. Safety Considerations for M549/M549A1 RAP
15-12. Safety Considerations for M864 Base Burn DPICM/M759A1 Base Burn HE
15-13. Safety Considerations for M712 Copperhead
5-14. Computation of High-Angle Safety
Section III - Minimum Quadrant Elevation
15-15. Elements of Computation
15-16. Measuring Angle of Site to Crest
15-17. Measuring Piece-To-Crest Range
15-18. Computation for Fuzes Other Than Armed VT
15-19. Computations for Armed VT Fuze (Low-Angle Fire)
15-20. Using Minimum Quadrant Elevation
15-21. Intervening Crest
APPENDIX A - BATTERY OR PLATOON FIRE
DIRECTION CENTER SOP
A-1. Operational Concepts
A-2. Duties and Responsibilities Within the FDC
A-3. Fire Direction Center Operations Checklist
A-4. Fire Direction Center Journal (Logbook)
A-5. Fire Direction Center Equipment and Configurations
APPENDIX B - FIRE DIRECTION CENTER SECTION
EVALUATION GUIDE
B-1. Scope
B-2. Conduct of the Evaluation
B-3. Evaluation Format
B-4. Scoring
B-5. Qualification
B-6. Phase I: Test and Answer Key
B-7. Phase II: Section Performance Test
B-8. Phase III: Critique Instructions
APPENDIX C - TARGET ANALYSIS AND MUNITION
EFFECTS AND TERMINAL BALLISTICS
C-1. Target Analysis
C-2. Determining the Precedence of Attack
C-3. Determining Most Suitable Weapon and Ammunition
C-4. Determining the Method of Attack
C-5. Predicting Weapons and Munitions Effects
A-6. Joint Munitions Effectiveness Manuals
C-7. Graphical Munitions Effects Tables (GMETs)
C-8. Quick Reference Tables
C-9. Examples
C-10. Terminal Ballistics
C-11. Munitions Effects
C-12. New Experimental Projectiles
APPENDIX D - PLANNING RANGES
APPENDIX E - REPLOT PROCEDURES
E-1. Reasons for Replot
E-2. Replot With PD and VT Fuzes
E-3. Time Refinement
E-4. Replot With Time Fuze
E-5. Attack of Large Targets
APPENDIX F - AUTOMATED FDC
F-1. Personnel
F-2. Fire Order
F-3. Fire Commands
F-4. Establish a Manual Backup for Automated Operations
F-5. Convert a Mission in Progress From Automated to Manual Processing
F-6. Range K and Fuze K
APPENDIX G - DETERMINING DATA
G-1. Basic HE Data (155AM2HEM107 GFT)
G-2. Determine Firing Data From an HA GFT (GFT Setting Applied)
G-3. DPICM Data (155AM2HEM107 GFT)
G-4. M825 Smoke Data (155AM2HEM 107/M825 GFT)
G-5. ADAM and RAAMS Data (155AN1M483A1 GFT)
G-6. Construct a GFT Setting From an HE Registration on an Illuminating GFT
G-7. Determine Firing Data From an Illuminating GFT (GFT Setting Applied)
G-8. Examples
APPENDIX H - SPECIAL SITUATIONS
H-1. Final Protective Fires
H-2. Computational Procedures
H-3. Laser Adjust Missions
H-4. Laser Adjust-Fire Mission
H-5. Radar Adjust-Fire Missions
H-6. Destruction Mission
H-7. Sweep and Zone
H-8. Zone-To-Zone Transformation
H-9. Aerial Observers
H-10. Ranging Rounds
H-11. Time of Flight, Shot, and Splash
H-12. Untrained Observers
H-13. Example Problems
APPENDIX I - SMOKE TABLES
APPENDIX J - EXTRACT FROM AN-2 TABULAR
FIRING TABLE
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
BLANK FORMS
AUTHORIZATION LETTER
| DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. |
*This publication supersedes TC 6-40, 27 December 1988, and rescinds DA Form 5336-R, September 1984, and DA Form 5337-R, September 1984.
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