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Appendix C

TARGET ANALYSIS AND MUNITION EFFECTS AND TERMINAL BALLISTICS

Target analysis is the examination and evaluation of an enemy target situation to determine the most suitable weapon, ammunition, and method required to defeat, neutralize, or otherwise disrupt, delay, or limit the enemy. Not only does target analysis involve determining the amount and type of ammunition required to inflict a given damage (or casualty) level on a particular target, it also involves a continuous process of consultation and cooperation between the commander and the FDO.

C-1. Target Analysis

The amount of time devoted to target analysis and the thoroughness of the analysis depends on the following:

  • Amount of target information.

  • Weapons and ammunition available to attack the target.

  • Urgency of the engagement.

C-2. Determining the Precedence of Attack

When an FDO receives a fire mission, his options include the following (see Figure C-1):

  • Attack the target immediately.

  • Defer attacking the target until an existing fire mission is complete.

  • Pass the fire mission to another FDC.

  • Request reinforcing fires.

  • Deny the mission.

An FDO selects a particular precedence of attack after considering the following:

  • Call for fire.

  • Terrain.

  • Target location.

  • Weather.

  • Target characteristics.

  • Units available.

  • Commander's criteria.

  • Availability of corrections.

  • Munition effects.

  • Enemy target acquisition.

  • Commander's intent.

  • Ammunition availability.

a. Commander's Criteria. All phases of target analysis are conducted within constraints established by the commander. In determining the precedence for attacking a target, primary consideration is given to the commander's target priorities.

(1) Attack guidance matrix. The commander's target priorities are organized into an attack guidance matrix that lists the type of target, when to attack, degree of destruction, and any restrictions. Figure C-2 is an example of a commander's attack guidance matrix. The following example explains how it would be used.

NOTE: For a more detailed discussion on the attack guidance matrix, see FM 6-20-40.

(2) Target effects categories. On the basis of ammunition constraints, a commander also specifies the type of effects he desires against specific target categories. The three target effects categories are as follows:

(a) Suppression. Suppression of a target limits the ability of enemy personnel to perform their mission. Firing HE, fuze VT reduces the combat effectiveness of personnel and armored targets by creating apprehension and surprise and by causing tracked vehicles to button up. Smoke is used to blind or confuse. The effect of suppressive fires usually lasts only as long as the fires are continued. This type of fire is used against likely, suspected, or inaccurately located enemy units where time is essential. It can be delivered by small delivery units or means and requires little ammunition.

(b) Neutralization. Neutralization of a target knocks the target out of the battle temporarily. Casualties of 10 percent or more neutralize a unit. The unit is effective again when the casualties are replaced and/or damage is repaired. Neutralization fires are delivered against targets located by accurate map inspection, indirect fire adjustment, or a TA device. The assets required to neutralize a target vary according to the type and size of the target and the weapon-ammunition combination.

(c) Destruction. Destruction puts the target out of action permanently. Thirty percent casualties or materiel damage inflicted during a short time span normally renders a unit permanently ineffective. Direct hits are required to destroy hard materiel targets. Targets must be located by accurate map inspection, indirect fire adjustment, or a TA device. Destruction usually requires a large amount of ammunition from many units.

b. Target Characteristics.

(1) Targets encountered on the battlefield vary considerably in composition, degree of protection, shape, mobility, and recuperability. For simplicity, targets are divided into four categories (Table C-1) to compare the effectiveness of particular weapons and rounds. Examples axe listed for each category. Under certain conditions, some examples could be listed in more than one category. For example, a motorized rifle battalion could be listed under the first category and the fourth category.

(2) For personnel targets in particular, the posture of the target is extremely important. Normally, target postures us d for personnel targets are standing, prone, and in fighting positions. For computation, it is assumed that the personnel are wearing helmets and that personnel in fighting positions are in a crouching position. In describing posture of a target, consider the protection afforded by the terrain. For example, an infantry platoon may be attacking in a standing posture. However, irregular terrain may provide protection equivalent to the prone position. Usually, personnel targets seek a more protective posture during an engagement; for example, from a standing to a prone position. This change is called posture sequencing. Posture sequencing causes considerable degradation of effects as additional volleys are fired and is the reason for the continual emphasis on surprise or mass fires. For the purposes of analysis, personnel targets in the offense are considered to be one-half standing and one-half prone during the first volley of fire and all prone for subsequent volleys. In a defensive configuration, personnel targets are considered to be one-half prone and one-half in fighting positions during the initial volley and all in fighting positions for subsequent volleys.

(3) A target must be analyzed to determine its weak points. Where the target is most vulnerable and what fires will best exploit its weaknesses are influenced by the degree of damage desired. Often there is a tendency to overkill the target when less combat power would suffice. On the basis of the commander's criteria, the FDO must ascertain the degree of effects needed (destruction, neutralization, suppression) to support the tactical plan. The acceptable degree of damage is the level that yields a significant military advantage. For example, fire from a heavily protected machine-gun emplacement may be silenced by obscuration through smoke and subsequent engagement by direct fire as opposed to the expenditure of a large number of HE rounds required for its destruction.

(a) Target location. The FDO must check the target location relative to friendly forces, fire support coordinating measures, zones of fire, and registration transfer limits. Target location accuracy is also considered. The range affects the choice of units to fire and charge selection. The terrain around the target may influence ammo selection or type of trajectory. High intervening crests may require selection of a lower charge or high angle.

(b) Target characteristics. The size of the target affects the number of units to fire, the type of sheaf, the selection of ammo, and the number of rounds in the fire for effect. The type of target (troops, vehicles, hard, soft) influences the ammo type and amount, the priority placed on the mission, and whether surprise fire (for example, time on target) is possible.

(c) Ammo availability. The FDO must consider the amount and type of ammunition available and the controlled supply rate.

(d) Units available. The number of units available not only affects which units are used, but also the type of attack. Sweep and/or zone fire or other techniques may be needed to cover large targets when enough units are not available.

(e) Commander's criteria or commander's intent. Restrictions on ammo, operation order (OPORD), and SOPs may govern the selection of units and ammunition, target priority, and method of attack.

(f) Call for fire. The FDO must consider the observer's request carefully since he is observing the target and talks directly to the maneuver commander. The observer's request is honored when possible. The call for fire will also include information on the target activity (for example, attacking, defending, digging in).

(g) Munitions effects. If time permits, the FDO may use the JMEMs to determine the type munition and volume of fire. The FDO most often relies on the GMET or experience.

(h) Availability of corrections. The availability of corrections to firing data for nonstandard conditions is a guiding factor in the choice of charge and munitions, since it directly affects the ability to provide accurate first round fire for effect.

(i) Enemy target acquisition capability. Knowledge of the current enemy counterbattery radar and sound ranging capabilities allows the FDO to attack the target in a manner most likely to evade detection.

d. Terrain. The terrain in the target area has a direct effect on the vulnerability of the target. Rugged terrain affords considerable natural cover and makes target location difficult. Certain terrain provides complete protection from some angles of approach but not others and thus influences the unit and munitions to be employed. The nature of the vegetation in the target area should be considered when selecting ammunition.

e. Weather. Weather is of little consequence in evaluating a target to attack with fuze quick or time. However, precipitation and wind are of particular importance in evaluating a target to attack with ICM, smoke, FASCAM, or illum projectiles. Low clouds, thick fog, surface water, and rain degrade the effectiveness of VT fuze.

C-3. Determining Most Suitable Weapon and Ammunition

When an FDO decides to attack a target, he selects a weapon-ammunition combination that achieves the desired effect with a minimum expenditure of available ammo. Figure C-3 depicts weapon-ammunition selection.

a. Munitions.

(1) Type and quantity available. The nature of the target, its surroundings, and the desired effects dictate the type and amount of ammo to use. For a detailed discussion of ammo and fuzes, refer to FM 6-141-1 and (C) FM 6-141-2. The ammo resupply system sometimes rules out the best ammo selection. For example, extensive smoke fires may be needed to screen maneuver movement, but such fires may cause a resupply problem. Some fires require more ammo than others. Suppression and neutralization fires normally use less ammo than destruction fires.

(2) Troop safety. Troop safety is a major concern in considering the weapon-ammunition selection for firing close-in targets. The FDO must ensure that fires do not endanger friendly troops, equipment, and facilities.

(3) Residual effects in target area. The supported unit must be advised of the residual effects from certain munitions. For example, the self-destruct times from FASCAM munitions may preclude the desired movement of supported units through a particular area. Weather changes may alter choices of certain munitions (smoke, illumination, and white phosphorous). The incendiary effects of certain munitions may make areas untenable for supported forces. However, these effects can also deny the enemy use of selected terrain.

(4) Effectiveness. When properly delivered against appropriate targets, artillery fire support can be the decisive factor in a battle. The FDO must ensure that the desired result is attained from every mission. To match a munition to a target, the FDO must know what damage a munition can produce and the damage required to defeat the target. The lethality of a munition must be matched to the specific vulnerability of the target. Thus, the FDO must understand the damage potential (blast, cratering, fragmentation, incendiary, and penetration) of specific munitions. Specific information regarding the effects of various munitions is found in the appropriate JMEM, FM 6-141-1, and (C) FM 6-141-2. For details on predicting weapon effects, see paragraphs C-5 through C-8.

b. Weapons.

(1) Caliber and type available. In certain instances, an FDO may control the fires of reinforcing (R) or general support reinforcing (GSR) units that fire a different caliber. The FDO must have a thorough knowledge of the characteristics, capabilities, and vulnerabilities of each weapon system. Weapons with slow rates of fire and poor delivery accuracy are best suited for long-range fires. Weapons with rapid rates of fire and good delivery accuracy are suited for close fires.

(2) System response time. An FDO must ascertain the urgency of each fire mission. Small and medium weapons have a quicker firing response time than heavy weapons. Fire missions sent by the direct support (DS) battalion to reinforcing or GSR units require more processing time than those sent directly to the firing batteries of the battalion.

(3) Predicted fire capability. The FDO must know the current survey, registration, and met status of all firing units under his control. FFE missions should be assigned to units that have the best predicted fire capability.

C-4. Determining the Method of Attack

The final step in the FDO's target analysis is the selection of a method of attack. The FDO selects a method of attack that ensures target area coverage and desired target effects. To determine the best method of attack, the FDO must consider aimpoints, density, and duration of fire. Figure C-4 shows the method-of-attack selection considerations.

a. Aimpoints. Normally, the size of the area to be attacked depends on the size of the target or the size of the area in which the target location is known or suspected. A single aiming point in the center of the target is used to attack small targets. For attacking large targets, multiple aimpoints are designated to distribute the fires and ensure adequate coverage. Appendix E gives procedures for establishing multiple aimpoints.

b. Density. For most targets, uniform density of fires is needed. Several techniques for indirect fire weapons produce such results. These include zone and sweep fires either from a single unit or simultaneous attack by multiple units on different portions of the target.

c. Duration. Accurate surprise fires produce the most effective results. Time on target procedures place initial rounds from all units on the target at the same time and achieve the greatest surprise. While intense fires of short duration generally produce the best results, the tactical situation may require that fires be continued over a longer period of time. Some examples are harassing and interdiction fires, screening smoke, continuous illumination, and suppressive fires supporting a maneuver final assault on an objective.

C-5. Predicting Weapons and Munitions Effects

a. The most important step in performing target analysis is determining the number and type of rounds required to produce the desired effects on a target. The time available to perform the target analysis largely determines the tools used to predict effects. An analyst at the division fire support level can use the JMEMs for guidance while the FDO at battalion or battery level, because of time constraints, can used the GMET.

b. A JMEM for world artillery and mortar systems will be distributed in fiscal year 1997 on a compact disk (CD). It will be a single source of information on US and foreign weapon systems and their effectiveness and the data and methodologies used to generate these effects. Information will be provided on the following:

  • US and foreign artillery and mortar weapon systems characteristics.

  • Damage mechanisms.

  • Delivery accuracy.

  • Reliability.

  • Mission planning.

  • Target acquisition.

  • Target characteristics.

  • Target environments.

  • How weapon effectiveness is determined.

Additionally, expected fractional damage and casualties can be generated for user-selected weapon-target-engagement condition combinations. This JMEM on a CD can be used as a training tool and a source of combat effectiveness information.

A-6. Joint Munitions Effectiveness Manuals

Effectiveness tables published in JMEMs for surface-to-surface weapons (JMEM/SS) provide guidance for determining the expected fraction of casualties to personnel targets or damage to materiel targets. The JMEM/SS are published as field manuals. The current manuals are as follows:

  • FM 101-60-25, Change 3, Effectiveness Data for Howitzer, 155-mm M198 and M109A2/A3 (23 Oct 94). Revision 1 is scheduled for distribution in fiscal year 1996. It will be titled Effectiveness Data for Howitzer, 155-mm, M109A6, M198, and M109A2/A3/A4 (1 Sep 84).

  • FM 101-60-35, Effectiveness Data for the Army Tactical Missle System: M39 (Army-TACMS Block I) (S) (18 Nov 94).

  • FM 101-60-28, Effectiveness Data for the Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS): 227-mm, M270 (3 May 94).

Each of these manuals contains a personal computer (PC) program and associated database to compute weapon effectiveness for conditions not displayed in the manual. Effectiveness data in these manuals are listed for the following targets and conditions.

a. Personnel Targets. Square target sizes of 100, 250, 500, and (for MLRS only) 1,000 meters on a side are given. Data are listed for standing, prone, prone protected, and fighting position postures.

b. Materiel Targets. A short description of the following targets and their vulnerabilities are included:

  • T-62, medium tank.

  • T-72M1/T-80, medium tank.

  • BMP-1, armored infantry combat vehicle.

  • BDRM-2, armored amphibious reconnaissance vehicle.

  • BTR-60pB, armored personnel carrier.

  • 122-mm and 152-mm self-propelled howitzers.

  • 122-mm and 152-mm towed howitzers.

  • 122-mm multiple rocket launcher.

  • ZSU-23-4, antiaircraft gun.

  • ZIL-157, medium truck.

  • KrAZ-214, heavy truck.

  • FROG-7B, rocket and launcher.

  • Scud-B, missile and transporter-erector-launcher.

  • SA-8, missile system.

  • SA-13, missile system.

  • Straight Flush radar.

The JMEM/SS are constantly updated, and other materiel targets will be added to the above list as data become available.

c. Environment. Data for personnel targets are listed for open terrain, marsh grass, temperate forrest, coniferous forest, and several urban environments. Data for materiel targets are listed for open terrain and a limited set of targets for several urban environments.

d. Methods of Delivery. Data are given for observer-adjusted and BCS techniques.

e. Aim Policy. Data are given for BCS aimpoint techniques for howitzers, MLRS aiming policy for MLRS, and a single aimpoint for the Army tactical missile system (ATACMS).

f. Ammunition. Data are given for HE and DPICM (M483A1 and M864).

CAUTION

There is no assurance that the expected fraction of damage or casualties will be provided by any number of volleys in a given situation. Although not precisely within the mathematical definition, the method of averaging data used for the tables will result in less damage being realized for approximately 50 percent of the rounds and, conversely, greater damage for the other 50 percent of the rounds.

C-7. Graphical Munitions Effects Tables (GMETs)

a. Purpose. Although the JMEMs provide excellent effectiveness data, the usefulness of these publications to the FDO during field operations is limited by their volume and difficulty of easily cross-referencing information. The GMETs overcome these limitations by providing quick access to munitions effectiveness data. The effectiveness data found on a GMET is not as accurate as the JMEM, but the compromise in accuracy is offset by the speed of obtaining information.

b. Table Description.

(1) The GMET consists of a loose-leaf binder with introductory text and instructions for use followed by the tabulated data. The tabulated data allows the user to determine the number of battery or battalion volleys needed to achieve the desired fractional damage. The number of volleys determined is a function of the following:

    • Weapon system.

    • Environment.

    • Delivery accuracy.

    • Target location error (TLE).

    • Size of target.

    • Target posture.

    • Ammunition selected.

The following assumptions were made when compiling data for the GMET:

(a) Targets are engaged by using BCS aimpoint techniques. The GMETs for the M102/M119 and M198 assume that you are engaging targets with a six-gun battery. The GMETs for the M109-series howitzer assume you are engaging targets with a four-gun platoon.

(b) To maintain a constant probable error, all volleys are considered to be fired at two-thirds of the maximum range of the specific weapon system.

(c) The GMETs use a center-of-battery to center-of-target solution for effects.

(d) If the number of rounds needed to achieve the desired results exceeds 30 battery or 10 battalion volleys, the letter "P" (prohibited) is listed because any additional volleys will not achieve a significant increase in casualties. The letter "E" (excessive) indicates that the casualties obtained would be in excess of the specified casualty level.

(e) The percentage of casualties (% CAS) is expressed as the average expected fraction of casualties. Against personnel targets in an offensive posture, the assumed desired average expected fraction of casualties are 30, 20, and 10 percent (.30, .20, and .10). For targets in a defensive posture, the assumed casualties are 10, 5, and 2 percent. The casualty percentages for the defense are lower than those for the offense because of greater shielding of targets. Also shown is the average expected fraction of casualties for one battalion and one battery volley. The number of expected casualties is the product of the average expected fraction of casualties and the number of personnel in the target area.

(f) The target posture for personnel in an offensive posture is assumed to be one half standing and one half prone for the first volley and all prone for sustaining volleys. For personnel in the defensive posture, one half are assumed to be prone and one half are in foxholes for the initial volley, and all personnel are assumed to be in foxholes for subsequent volleys.

(g) ICM is APICM. The ICM reflected on the GMET are only for APICM.

(h) The effects listed are based on targets located by observer adjustment (observer adjusted) and met + VE delivery techniques. If the FDO is confident of target location, he may select TLE 0, or if the FDO's confidence of the accuracy of target location is suspect, TLE + 75 can be selected.

(i) The target size for various targets is listed on each table of the GMET.

(2) The current GMETs were produced in fiscal year 1996 and represent a significant improvement over previous GMETs. Previous GMETs consisted of a body and cursor similar to GFTs and used aimpoint techniques used for a six-gun battery firing a parallel sheaf. Also, there were no data for the DPICM family of projectiles. Unclassified versions of the previous editions of the GMETs (with body and cursor) are available and can be used for training purposes only. See Figure C-5.

Figure C-5. Training Graphical Munitions Effects Tables

Editors Note: This graphic is not viewable in HTML format. Check "Download Document" at the top of this file for an alternate format or obtain a printed copy of the document.

C-8. Quick Reference Tables

a. If JMEMs or GMETs are not available, the FDO can use the guide for cannon attack of typical targets (Table C-2). The table lists selected personnel and materiel targets and indicates the order of effectiveness for each shell-fuze combination. Targets not indicted should be equated to targets that are listed. The table can be used for all calibers.

b. The expected area of coverage table (Table C-3) can be used to determine the appropriate size of a battery one volley or battalion one volley of both HE and ICM for the various caliber weapon systems. The FDO can use Table C-3 to determine the size target that can be attacked by use of battery or battalion volleys. The density of coverage is not considered, but the density of coverage of ICM is much greater than that of HE.

c. The expected fraction of casualties or personnel table (Table C-4) can be used to determine the optimum method of attacking a personnel target of 50 meters radius to achieve the commander's criteria. Table C-4 cannot be used for material targets.

C-9. EXAMPLES

The following examples are to be used for training only. They are based on previous versions (Figure C-5) of the GMET that are still available. To determine the amount and type of munitions needed to achieve suppression, neutralization, and destruction of targets, use the procedures in Tables C-5 and C-7.

C-10. Terminal Ballistics

Terminal ballistics may be defined as the study of the effects of projectiles on a target. The theory of terminal ballistics is relatively new compared to the theory of internal and external ballistics. The techniques of investigation for impact on solid targets consist primarily of empirical relations (based on experiments), analytical models, and computer simulations. In terminal ballistics, we are dealing with the shock caused by the detonation of the HE filler. The effects are most pronounced if the shell penetrates the surface of a target before detonation.

C-11. Munitions Effects

a. High Explosive. The use of the HE with its many different fuze combinations (PD-Superquick or Delay, Ti, or VT) is very effective against personnel targets except when they have a high degree of protection. The HE projectile is available for the 105-mm and 155-mm howitzers.

b. HERA Projectile. This projectile has two distinct advantages over normal HE--increased range and fragmentation. The RAP round is primarily used against antipersonnel and material targets at increased ranges. The RAP round is available for the 105-mm and 155-mm howitzers.

c. Smoke. There are four different types of smoke in our inventory: HC smoke, colored smoke, white phosphorus, and M825/M825A smoke. The hexachloroethane, or HC smoke, and the colored smoke are used for screening, marking, and obscuring targets with no casualty-producing effect. The WP projectile is primarily used for incendiary purposes; that is, POL sites and equipment. White phosphorus may also be used as a screening or marking round. The M825/M825A1, new smoke, is a WP projectile which dispenses 116 WP impregnated felt wedges. The build-up time is much quicker, and the duration (5 to 10 minutes) is longer than normal HC or WP. The smoke projectile (HC, colored, and WP) are available for the 105-mm and 155-mm howitzers. The M825/M825A1 is only available for the 155-mm howitzer.

d. Chemical (Gas). This munition incapacitates the enemy either by choking, blistering exposed tissue, or attacking the nervous system. The chemical projectile is most effective when deployed with other types of munitions. The chemical projectile is available for the 105-mm and 155-mm howitzers.

e. Illumination. The illum projectile is primarily used for night attack or defense, as a ground marking round for a particular target, and for harassment. The illum projectile is available for the 105-mrn and 155-mm howitzers.

f. Antipersonnel (Beehive). The Beehive projectile was designed for direct fire battery defense. The projectile acquired its name because of the 8,000 flechettes, or "steel darts," housed within the body. The projectile is available for the 105-mm howitzer only and comes fuzed with the M563 fuze set on muzzle action.

g. Antipersonnel Improved Conventional Munitions. This projectile contains antipersonnel grenades (the number varies depending on the caliber of the weapon) which are extremely effective on antipersonnel targets. APICM is available for 105-mm and 155-mm howitzers.

h. Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munitions. This projectile contains antipersonnel and antimaterial grenades. As with APICM, the number of each type of submunition depends on the caliber of the weapon. This projectile was designed for use against equipment, lightly armored vehicles, and personnel. DPICM is available for the 155-mm howitzer.

i. Family of Scatterable Mines. There are two types of artillery delivered mines: ADAM and RAAMS. The ADAM was developed for use against personnel targets, to deny terrain, and to block avenues of approach. RAAMS was developed for use against armored targets. Both the ADAM and RAAMS have preset self-destruct times of either short (within 4 hours) or long (within 48 hours). FASCAM is available for the 155-mm howitzer only.

j. Copperhead. The CLGP, or Copperhead projectile, was designed for high-payoff targets such as enemy armor or command bunkers. The projectile has three distinct sections: guidance, warhead, and control. The round is loaded and fired the same as with other projectiles but with a special switch setting placed on the projectile before firing. It is laser-guided to the target. The Copperhead projectile is only available for the 155-mm howitzer.

k. M864 Base Burn DPICM. This projectile is a 155-mm projectile that extends the maximum range of DPICM to 22.2 km for the M109A2/A3 and 28.4 km for the M109A5/A6 M198 howitzers. The projectile contains 72 dual-purpose grenades. A base burner assembly containing 2.6 pounds of HTPB-AP propellant is assembled to the base of the projectile body. When the weapon is fired, the propelling charge ignites the propellant in the base burner assembly. The gases expelled from the base burner unit greatly reduce drag behind the base, thus increasing projectile range. The projectile will not be used for training; all assets will become war reserve. Data may be computed manually by using FT 155-AU-PAD and FT 155-ADD-U-PAD. Automated procedures will become available with the fielding of version 10 software for the battery computer system.

C-12. New Experimental Projectiles

a. M898 Sense and Destroy Armor. M898 SADARM artillery munitions are in engineering and manufacturing development for the 155-mm howitzer delivery systems. The SADARM submunitions are delivered by a DPICM-family projectile and are dispensed over the target area. The submunitions will orient, stabilize, and descend by parachute over the target area. When a target is identified within the submunition scan area by millimeter wave or infrared sensors, an explosively formed penetrator will fire from the submunition into the target.

b. XM915/916 105-mm DPICM. The XM915 cartridge is a semifixed 105-mm DPICM projectile which is compatible with the M119 howitzer. It uses the M229 zone 8 propelling charge. The maximum range is 14 km. The XM916 cartridge is a semifixed 105-mm DPICM projectile which is compatible with the M101A1, M102, and M119 howitzers. It uses the standard M67 propelling charge. The maximum range is 11 km. Both projectiles contain a submunition payload of 42 dual-purpose XM80 submunitions, which will be approximately twice as effective as the current M444 APICM projectile.

c. M913 105-mm RAP. The M913 cartridge is a semifixed 105-mm RAP which is compatible with the M119 howitzer. It uses the M229 zone 8 propelling charge. The maximum range is 19.5 km. The M913 will be produced for all M119 units Armywide and will be held in war reserve.



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