*FM 20-32
| Field Manual 20-32 |
Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC, 29 May 1998 |
FM 20-32 |
MINE/COUNTERMINE OPERATIONS |
NOTE: Change 2, 22 August 2001, has not been incorporated into the basic document.
Table of Contents
Change 2, 22 August 2001
Change 1 (with Authentication), 30 June 1999)
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FIGURES
TABLES
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
MECHANICS OF MINES
Characteristics and Functioning
Components and Initiating Actions
ANTITANK MINES
Types of Kills
Types of Sensing
Types of Warheads
ANTIPERSONNEL MINES
Types of Kills
Types of Sensing
Types of Warheads
ANTIHANDLING DEVICES
PART ONE. MINE OPERATIONS
CHAPTER 2. MINE-WARFARE PRINCIPLES
MINE-WARFARE CONCEPTS
TYPES OF MINEFIELDS
Protective Minefields
Tactical Minefields
Nuisance Minefields
Phony Minefields
PROTECTIVE VERSUS TACTICAL MINEFIELDS
TACTICAL MINEFIELDS
Minefield Variables
Design
TACTICAL-OBSTACLE INTEGRATION PRINCIPLES
Obstacle Emplacement Authority
Obstacle Control
Obstacle Control Measures
Fratricide Prevention
Maneuver-Plan Support
SITING AND EMPLACING TACTICAL MINEFIELDS
Coordinating with the Maneuver Commander
Siting the Minefield
Emplacing Minefields
Determining Resource Requirements
MINEFIELD SUPPLY OPERATIONS
Resupply Nodes
Resupply Rules
Supply Location
Resupply Methods
MINEFIELD MARKING
Criteria
Perimeter
Techniques
MINEFIELD TURNOVER
MINEFIELD INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE
CHAPTER 3. SCATTERABLE MINES AND MINE DELIVERY SYSTEMS
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Antipersonnel Mines
Antitank Mines
CAPABILITIES
Faster Response
Remote Placement
Increased Tactical Flexibility
Efficiency
Increased Lethality
LIMITATIONS
Extensive Coordination
Proliferation of Targets
Visibility
Accuracy
Orientation
LIFE CYCLE
LETHALITY AND DENSITY
Lethality and Tactical-Obstacle Effect
Density
COMMAND AND CONTROL
AUTHORITY
COORDINATION
EMPLOYMENT AND EMPLACEMENT
Area-Denial Artillery Munitions and Remote Antiarmor Mines
Gator
Flipper
Volcano
Modular Pack Mine System
MARKING
Safety Zones
Fragment Hazard Zones
Fencing
CHAPTER 4. SPECIAL-PURPOSE MISSIONS
M86 PURSUIT-DETERRENT MUNITION
M18A1 CLAYMORE
SELECTABLE LIGHTWEIGHT ATTACK MUNITION
Operating Modes
Antitamper Feature
M93 HORNET
Employment Considerations
Employment Roles
Tactical Emplacement
Recording and Marking
CHAPTER 5. CONVENTIONAL MINES
ANTITANK MINES
M15
M19
M21
ANTIPERSONNEL MINES
M14
M16
EMPLACING MINES
Mines With Prongs
Mines With Pressure Plates
Mines With Tilt Rods
Bearing Boards
Concealment
Maneuver Assistance
CHAPTER 6. ROW MINING
USE
RULES
LOGISTICS
Calculations
Task Organization
Site Layout
Mine-Laying Vehicles
Laying a Row Minefield
Immediate-Action Drill
Squad Drill
Marking, Recording, and Reporting Row Minefields
STANDARDIZED TACTICAL ROW MINEFIELDS
Disrupt and Fix
Turn
Block
HASTY PROTECTIVE ROW MINEFIELDS
Rules
Site Layout
CHAPTER 7. STANDARD-PATTERN MINEFIELDS
COMPONENTS
Mine Strips
Mine Clusters
Rules for Positioning Clusters Within a Strip
Standard-Pattern Minefield Rules
LOGISTICAL CALCULATIONS
Cluster Calculation
Platoon Organization
Mine-Emplacement Procedures
Mine Emplacement
NUISANCE MINEFIELDS
Siting
Location
Laying
Inspection and Maintenance
Handover
CHAPTER 8. REPORTING AND RECORDING
MINEFIELD/MUNITION FIELD REPORTS
Report of Intention
Report of Initiation
Report of Completion
Report of Transfer
Report of Change
Progress Reports
MINEFIELD/MUNITION FIELD RECORDS
Minefield Record
Hasty Protective Row Minefield Record
Nuisance Minefield
SCATTERABLE MINEFIELD/MUNITION FIELD REPORTING AND RECORDING
MINEFIELD/MUNITION FIELD OVERLAY SYMBOLS
PART TWO. COUNTEROPERATIONS
CHAPTER 9. COUNTERMINE OPERATIONS
DEFINITIONS
Obstacle
Reduction
Breaching
Area Clearance
Route Clearance
Mine Neutralization
Proofing
Demining
BREACHING OPERATIONS
Intelligence
Fundamentals
Organization
Mass
Synchronization
CLEARING OPERATIONS
Upgrade of Breach Lanes
Area Clearance
Demining
CHAPTER 10. MINEFIELD REDUCTION
DETECTING
Visual
Physical
Electronic
Mechanical
REPORTING
REDUCING
Explosive
Mechanical
Electronic
Manual
PROOFING
MARKING
Lane-Marking Terms
Levels of Lane Marking and Patterns
Commander's Guidance for Lane Marking
Lane-Marking Devices
Marking Requirements of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
CHAPTER 11. ROUTE AND AREA CLEARANCE
ROUTE CLEARANCE
Planning
Planning Considerations
Task Organization
Methods and Types
AREA CLEARANCE
Planning
Planning Considerations
Task Organization
Methods and Types
IMPROVISED MINE THREAT
MINE LOCATIONS
DISPOSITION OF MINES
Mine-Removal Techniques
Hand Neutralization
SAFETY
REPORTS
Situation Report
Progress Report
Mine Incident Report
PART THREE. SPECIAL MINING OPERATIONS
CHAPTER 12. MINING OPERATIONS IN SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTS
STREAMBED AND RIVER MINING
Employment
Emplacement
Recovery
Recording
Safety
URBAN-TERRAIN MINING
Antipersonnel Mines
Conventional Antitank Mines
Scatterable Mines
Deception Measures
SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTS
Cold Regions
Jungles
Deserts
CHAPTER 13. BOOBY TRAPS AND EXPEDIENT DEVICES
Section I. Setting Booby Traps
TACTICS
SITING
TYPES OF TRAPS
COMPONENTS AND PRINCIPLES
ACTUATION METHODS
METHODS OF CONNECTION
Remote
Direct
PLANNING, SETTING, AND RECORDING
Timeliness
Orders and Briefing
Rehearsal
Organization and Procedure
Reporting and Recording
Section II. Clearing Booby Traps
SITES
SAFETY
CLEARING SEQUENCE
INDICATIONS
DETECTION
COMBAT CLEARANCE
CLEARANCE IN SECURE AREAS
Policy and Planning
Control Point
Control and Size of Parties
Marking
Clearing of Open Areas
Clearing of Buildings
Exterior Reconnaissance and Entry
Search Techniques
Clearing Installations and Facilities
Clearing Obstacles
Clearing Secure Areas
CLEARANCE METHODS
IMPROVISED TRAPS
NONEXPLOSIVE TRAPS
Punji
Closing Trap
Spike Board
Venus Flytrap
Section III. Expedient Devices
AUTHORIZATION
EMPLOYMENT AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
High-Explosive, Artillery-Shell Antitank Device
Platter Charge
Improvised Claymore
Grapeshot Antipersonnel Device
Barbwire Antipersonnel Device
APPENDIX A. INSTALLATION AND REMOVAL OF US MINES AND FIRING DEVICES
Section I. Antipersonnel Mines
M14
Characteristics
Installation
Removal
M16
Characteristics
Installation
Removal
Section II. Antitank Mines
M15
Characteristics
Installation Using the M624 Fuse
Removal Using the M624 Fuse
Installation Using the M603 Fuse
Removal Using the M603 Fuse
M19
Characteristics
Installation
Removal
M21
Characteristics
Installation
Removal
Section III. Firing Devices and Activators
M5 PRESSURE-RELEASE FIRING DEVICE (MOUSETRAP)
Characteristics
Installation
Removal
M142 MULTIPURPOSE FIRING DEVICE
Characteristics
Arming and Disarming
M1 AND M2 ACTIVATORS
APPENDIX B. CONTROLS AND COMPONENTS OF SPECIAL-PURPOSE MUNITIONS
M86 PURSUIT-DETERRENT MUNITION
SELECTABLE LIGHTWEIGHT ATTACK MUNITION
M93 HORNET
APPENDIX C. THREAT MINE/COUNTERMINE OPERATIONS
MINE OPERATIONS
CHEMICAL MINES
COUNTERMINE OPERATIONS
Organization
Equipment
APPENDIX D. AIR VOLCANO
COMPONENTS
M87-Series Mine Canister
M139 Dispenser
LIMITATIONS
EMPLOYMENT
Deep Operations
Close Operations
Rear Operations
Minefield Effects
Planning
EMPLACEMENT
Outside Friendly Territory
Within Friendly Territory
REPORTING
Scatterable Minefield Warning
Scatterable Minefield Report and Record
APPENDIX E. SAFETY AND TRAINING
STORAGE
LIVE-MINE TRAINING
LIVE-MINE DEMONSTRATIONS
M16 Antipersonnel Mine
M18A1 Antipersonnel Munition
M15, M19, and M21 Antitank Mines
RISK ASSESSMENT FOR LIVE-MINE DEMONSTRATIONS
RISK ASSESSMENT FOR LIVE-MINE TRAINING
APPENDIX F. MINE AWARENESS
SOLDIER
Visual Indicators
Probing
AN/PSS-12 Metallic Mine Detector
Evacuation Drills
LEADER
Risk Management
Recording and Mine-Data Tracking
Mine-Incident Report
TRAINING
Individual Training
Leader Training
Unit Training
APPENDIX G. COUNTERMINE DATA
BREACHING ASSETS VERSUS THREAT OBSTACLES
FOREIGN MINE DATA
FOREIGN MINEFIELD EMPLACEMENT DATA
FOREIGN MINE DELIVERY SYSTEMS
APPENDIX H. METRIC CONVERSION CHART
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
AUTHENTICATION PAGE
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
*This publication supersedes FM 20-32, 30 September 1992.
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