FM 20-32 APPENDIX G

Appendix G

Countermine Data

This appendix provides a compilation of countermine information to assist commanders in the decision-making process for countermine operations.

BREACHING ASSETS VERSUS THREAT OBSTACLES

Tables G-1 and G-2 provide general guidance on the effect of breaching assets versus threat obstacles.

FOREIGN MINE DATA

Table G-3 through G-7 provide foreign mine characteristics.

FOREIGN MINEFIELD EMPLACEMENT DATA

Table G-8 provides foreign minefield emplacement data. Information is presented in the probability of occurrence based on historical data.

FOREIGN MINE DELIVERY SYSTEMS

Table G-9 contains characteristics of foreign mine delivery systems.

NOTE: Blank areas in the above tables indicate that the information is not applicable or that it was unavailable when this manual was published.

Table G-1. Mounted breaching assets versus threat obstacles

Asset	Track-Width AT Mine	Full-Width AT Mine	Side-Atk AT Mine	Cmd-Det Blast Mine	AT Ditch and Other Gaps	Wire Obstacles	Remarks
MCB with dog-bone assembly	Is more than 90 percent effective to 12 inches deep at speeds less than 10 kph (soil dependent)	Do not use against magnetic- influence mines; is more than 99 percent effective against tilt-rod mines	Do not use	Do not use	May be effective at filling in some shallow gaps or trenches	Do not use	The MCB provides almost 100 percent clearance of simple pressure-fused AT mines when used with the MICLIC. The MCB has minimal impact on the M1's maneuverability and speed when not plowing. The main gun should be traversed to the side to prevent damage in the event of a mine detonation when plowing. The reduction site should be relatively flat and free of large rocks and other obstructions. Plowing operations should begin about 100 m short of the suspected minefield and continue 100 m past its suspected end (typically 2 to 2 1/2 minutes to cover 300 to 400 m overall). Plowing operations should be performed in a straight line to keep the vehicle out of uncleared ground. Fifteen percent of pressure-fused AT-mine encounters across the MCB's width can be expected to detonate under the skid shoe, probably disabling the blade. The MCB is vulnerable to coupled mines and may be stopped by log-hurdle obstacles laid within a minefield as part of a complex obstacle. A second plow should not be used to clear the center of the lane because this will simply push mines into the area cleared by the first plow.
MCB with IDA	See above	Is effective against magnetic-influence mines; is more than 99 percent effective against tilt-rod mines	Do not use	Do not use	See above	Do not use	These AT mines are fitted with magnetic-influence fuses and AHDs may disable the blade. Dismounts should expect to encounter some pressure-fused AP mines in the breached lane that may be missed by the blade. The MCB clears a 180 inch-wide lane but leaves a 26 inch-wide area uncleared of simple pressure-fused mines and a 54 inch-wide area uncleared of double-impulse mines (under the skid shoes) in the middle of the breached lane. The berms and furrows left by the MCB aid in immediately marking the breached lane. Live mines remain in both berms and may roll back into the cleared lane. Over time, these may vibrate free and roll back into the breached lane.
MCR (including Panther) with dog-bone assembly	Is more than 90 percent effective to 12 inches deep at speeds less than 5 to 15 kph (soil dependent) Has reduced effectiveness against some (mostly Italian) blast-hardened mines Do not use against double-impulse mines	Do not use against magnetic-influence mines; is more than 99 percent effective against tilt-rod mines	Do not use	Do not use	Do not use	Do not use	Normally used to detect the leading edge of a conventionally laid tactical minefield and to proof lanes/routes cleared by other means. Use caution when crossing on an AVLB. May become stuck or ineffective in muddy conditions. The MCR is vulnerable to coupled mines. The MCR is designed to withstand up to two detonations per side. The MCR clears a 160 inch-wide lane but leaves a 72 inch-wide area uncleared in the middle of the breached lane. NOTE: The M113 also has 72 inches between tracks and must use extreme caution when following the MCR.
MCR with IDA	See above	Is effective against magnetic-influence mines; is more than 99 percent effective against tilt-rod mines	Do not use	Do not use	Do not use	Do not use	Multiple rollers are required to provide the overlap necessary for proofing the route's entire width when the MCR is used for proofing during route-clearance operations. Vehicle speed is limited to 5 to 15 kph. The main gun should be traversed to the side to prevent damage in the event of a mine detonation when rolling a suspected mined area. The IDA may be damaged by detonated mines.

Table G-2. Dismounted breaching assets versus threat obstacles

Asset	Pressure-Fused AP Mine	Trip-Wire/Break Wire-Fused AP Mine	Influence- Fused AP Mine	Cmd-Det Blast Mine	Wire Obstacles	Remarks
APOBS	Effectively clears 95 percent, including blast-resistant types	Effectively cuts 99 percent of trip wires in its path	Is ineffective	Is ineffective	Clears a footpath	Provides a 0.6- x 45-m footpath from a 25-m standoff Can be deployed by two men in 2 minutes Consists of two manpack units weighing approximately 55 lbs each
Bangalore torpedo	Effectively clears 85 percent of simple pressure-fused mines; is less effective against blast-hardened mines	Effectively cuts 99 percent of trip wires in its path	Is ineffective	Is ineffective	Clears a footpath	Provides a 0.6- x 15-m footpath Can be deployed by a squad in 5 minutes Consists of ten 1.5-m-long sections weighing 13 lbs each Is ineffective against AT mines
Grapnel hook and WLGH	Is ineffective	Effectively clears 99 percent of trip wires/break wires in a single pass	Is ineffective; however, it may snag the wires between the control unit and its mines	Is ineffective; however, it may snag the wires between the observer and his mines	Is somewhat effective at clearing trip-wire-fused mines integrated with wire obstacles	Has a range of 80 to 100 m when launched Can be thrown 15 to 20 m when hand thrown Must consider the lethal range/radius (up to 90 m in some cases) of fragmenting AP mines that may be encountered, and select a covered position or move back an adequate distance before pulling the grapnel Helps increase confidence by grappling an area several times Is hampered by thick vegetation/overhead obstructions which may reduce the range/effectiveness of the WLGH
Probe	Is effective at locating all buried mines; however, extreme caution should be used when probing for small mines (less than 3-inch dia) and sensitive mines (more than 10 lbs actuating force)	Is ineffective; the soldier must rely on clearance by other means and visual detection	Do not use	Ensure that observer is neutralized before approaching	Is ineffective
Wire cutter	Is ineffective	Do not cut a slack wire until both ends have been checked if break-wire-fused mines may be present; do not cut taught trip wires until both ends have been checked for tension-release FDs	Do not use	Ensure that observer is neutralized before approaching	Is effective; sound can be minimized by wrapping the wire with a cloth before cutting it
Gunfire	Is effective against surface-laid munitions	Is effective against surface-laid munitions	Do not use	Is effective against surface-laid munitions	Is ineffective	Is used as a last resort Is a relatively slow method for clearing visually detected ordnance Ensures protection of weapons operator Works better with larger caliber weapons (up to 25 mm), incendiary ammo works best May be the only option open to artillery, MP, and transportation units for dealing with SCATMINEs in the absence of engineers and reduction assets
MiniFlail	Is effective against simple pressure-fused AP mines Is less effective against blast-hardened AP mines	Is effective	Is ineffective	Is armored against fragmenting threats Is vulnerable to command-detonated blast mines	Do not use	Do not use if the presence of AT mines is suspected, because AT mines can destroy the MiniFlail. Can clear at a rate of about 1,500 square meters per hour
AN/PSS-12	Is very effective at finding metallic mines Is less effective against low-metal mines	Is effective at finding metallic trip wires and the fragmenting mines to which they are normally attached Cannot detect monofilament fishing line used for trip wires; it is undetectable by the AN/PSS-12. Visual detection and other neutralization means should be used first.	Do not use	Ensure that observer is neutralized before approaching	Is ineffective	Is less effective against low-metal mines and in areas contaminated with metal fragments (artillery, mortar, small arms) or areas that have heavily mineralized soils
Demolitions	Place at least a 1-pound charge within 6 inches of simple pressure-fused mines Ensure that the charge is placed within an inch of blast-hardened mines	Place at least a 1-lb charge within 6 inches of the mine after the mine at the end of a trip wire has been located Can use elevated charges if necessary against the claymore and stake-type mines	Do not use	Ensure that observer is neutralized before approaching Can use elevated charges if necessary against claymore-type mines	Is effective when used to make an improvised bangalore torpedo
Blast overshoes	May be effective against very small (up to 1 oz of explosive) mines Is ineffective against mines with more than 1-oz explosive weight	Can reduce casualty severity against fragmenting mines	Can reduce casualty severity against fragmenting mines	Ensure that observer is neutralized before approaching Can reduce casualty severity	Is ineffective
IBASIC	Will protect personnel near the individual who detonates a pressure-fused AP mine	Can reduce casualty severity against fragmenting mines	Can reduce casualty severity against fragmenting mines	Ensure that observer is neutralized before approaching Can reduce casualty severity	Is ineffective

Table G-3. Foreign track-width AT mines

Origin	Mechanically Planted	Scatterable	Metallic	Non-metallic	Simple Pressure	Double Impulse	Blast Hardened	AHD
Russia	TM-46/57/62	PTM-1	TM-46/57/62M	TM-62B/D/P	TM-46/57/62		TM-46/57	TMN-46
China	Type 72	Type 84B	Type 72	Type 72	Type 84B	Type 72	Type 72
Yugo	TMM-1		TMM-1	TMA-1/2/3/4/5	TMA-1/2/5		TMA-3/4	TMM-1, TMA-1/2/3/4/5
Czech	PT-MI-K, PT-MI-BA III		PT-MI-K, PT-MI-D	PT-MI-BA II/III	PT-MI-BA III, PT-MI-D		PT-MI-K, PT-MI-BA II	PT-MI-K, PT-MI-D
Italy	VS-1.6/2.2, TC-.6/6, SB-81	VS-1.6, SB-81		VS-1.6/2.2, TC-.6/6, SB-81			VS-1.6/2.2, TC-3.6/6, SB-81	VS-1.6/2.2
France	M-51, M-52			M-51, M-52	M-51, M-52			M-51
UK	L9 Barmine, MK-7		MK-7	L9 Barmine	L9 Barmine, MK-7	L9 Barmine, MK-7		L9 Barmine
Ger	PM-60, DM-11		DM-21	PM-60, DM-11	PM-60, DM-11, DM-21			PM-60, DM-11, DM-21

Table G-4. Foreign full-width AT mines

Origin	Mechanically Planted	Scatterable	Tilt Rod	Magnetic Influence	Seismic Influence	Coupled	AHD
Russia	TM-62/72/89	PTM-3	TMK-2	TM-62/72/89	TM-62/72/89		TM-62/72/89
China			Type 84C	Type 84A			Type 84A
Yugo	TMRP-6	KB-2	TMRP-6	TMRP-6, KB-2			TMRP-6, KB-2
Czech			PT-MI-P
France	HPD series	Lance	M-51, M-52, Model 1954	HPD series		Model 1953	HPD series, M-51, Lance
Hungary	UKA-63		UKA-63				UKA-63
Italy	VS-HCT/HCT-2, SB-MV	VS-SATM1, VS-HCT		VS-HCT/HCT-2, SB-MV, VS-SATM1		Fuse option	VS-HCT/HCT-2, SB-MV, VS-SATM1
Sweden	FFV-028			FFV-028		Fuse 15	FFV-028
UK	L9 Barmine	HB-876	L9 Barmine, MK-7	L9 Barmine, HB-876			L9 Barmine, MK-7, HB-876
Germany	DM-31	AT-2, MIFF		DM-31, AT-2, MIFF			DM-31, AT-2, MIFF
Romania						MC-71

Table G-5. Foreign side-attack AT mines

Origin	Command	Break Wire	Influence	AHD
Russia	MON-100/200/500, TM-83	LMG	TM-73/83
Yugo		TMRP-6, COBRA
France	MIACAH F1	MIACAH F1	MIACAH F1
UK	L14	L14	AJAX	AJAX
Germany			DM-12
Sweden		FFV-016, AT-4

Table G-6. Foreign pressure-fused AP mines

Origin	Scatterable	Low Metal	Simple Pressure	Small Diameter	Low-Operating Threshold	Pronged Fuse	Blast Hardened	AHD
Russia	PFM-1		PMN, PMD-6		PMN, PMD-6, PFM-1	OZM series	PMN-2
China	GLD-111	Type 72A, GLD-111	Type 72A, Type 58, GLD-111	GLD-111	Type-72, Type 58, GLD-111			Type 72A/B
Yugo		PMA-1/2/3	PMA-1, PMD-1		PMA-1/3, PMD-1	PROM-1/2, PMR-3	PMA-2
Czech			PP-MI-D, PP-MI-BA		PP-MI-D	PP-MI-SR, PP-MI-SR II
Italy	TS-50, VS-50, SB-33, VS-MK2	TS-50, SB-33, VS-MK2				Valmara 59/69	TS-50, VS-50, SB-33, VS-MK2	VS-50, SB-33, VS-MK2
France		M-59		M-59	M-59		M-59
UK	Ranger		Ranger	Ranger
Germany		DM-11	PPM-2		DM-11		DM-11

Table G-7. Foreign trip-wire/break-wire-fused AP mines

Origin	Scatterable	Trip Wire	Break Wire
Russia	POM-2	POMZ-2, OZM series, MON series	OZM series, MON series
China		Type 58, Type 59, Type 66, Type 69
Yugo		PROM-1/2/KD, PMR-2/3/4, MRUD	PROM-1/2/KD, PMR-2/3/4, MRUD
Czech		PP-MI-SR, PP-MI-SR II, PP-MI-SK
Italy	VS-SAPFM3	Valmara 59/69, BM-85, P-25, P-40, VS-DAFM1
France		M1951/1955, MAPED F1	M1951/1955
UK		PAD
Germany		DM-31, SM-70

Table G-8. Foreign emplaced minefields

	Russia	Iraq	North Korea	Bosnia
Manually
Antitrack AT	1	1	1	1
Antihull AT	2	3	3	2
Side-attack AT	3	4	3	4
Blast AP	1	1	1	1
Directional AP	1	4		1
Bounding AP	1	1	2	1
Stake AP	1	4	1	1
Mechanically
Antitrack AT	1	1	1	4
Antihull AT	2	3		1
Vehicle Scattered
Antitrack AT	1
Antihull AT	1
Blast AP
Directional AP
Bounding AP
Simple Frag	1
Artillery/MLRS
Antitrack AT	1	4
Antihull AT		1		1
Blast AP
Directional AP
Bounding AP
Stake AP	1
Helicopter/Fixed-Wing Aircraft
Antitrack AT	1	1
Antihull AT	1
Blast AP	1	1
Directional AP
Bounding AP
Stake AP	1
NOTE: Scored from 1 (most common) to 4 (very rare).

Table G-9. Foreign mine delivery systems

Origin	System	Type¹	Range	Mine Payload	Density²	Remarks
Russia	BM-21	R	20 km	PTM-1/3, POM-2	1.5	1,000 x 500 m per battery
	BM -22	R	35 km	PTM 1/3, POM-2	1.5
	PKPI	F, H	NA	PTM 1/3, PFM-1, POM-2	1.5	Lays relatively narrow strips
	KSMU	F	NA	PTM 1/3, PFM-1, POM-2	1.5
	UMZ	V	NA	PTM 1/3, POM-2	1.5
	GMZ/PMZ-4	MP	NA	Varies	0.4 to 1.0	3 systems can emplace 1,200 m with 624 mines in 26 minutes
	VMR-1/2	H	NA	Varies	0.4 to 1.0	3 Mi-8s can lay 1,200 to 3,000 m with 1,200 mines
China	Type 83	R	15 km	Type 84	0.5	900 x 800 m per battery
Yugo	M87	R	50 km	KB-2	0.5	900 x 500 m per battery
Italy	FIROS 25	R	22 km	VS-HCL, VS-Mk, VS-SAPFM 3	0.5	1,000 x 500 m per battery
	FIROS 30	R	35 km	VS-HCL, VS-Mk, VS-SAPFM 3	0.5
	DAT	H	NA	Varies	1.2	Lays relatively narrow strips of up to 320 AT mines
	Istrice	V	NA	SATM1, VS-Mk 2 EL, VS-SAPFM 3	Max 1.6	Typically 360 x 140 m
	ST-AT/V	MP	NA	Varies	0.3 to 1.5	240 mines per hour
	Grillo 90	MD	NA	SATM1, VS-Mk 2 EL	0.5	5 AT or 15 AP mines per dispenser
Sweden	FFV-5821	MP	NA	FFV-028	0.4 to 1.4	300 buried mines per hour or 500 surface-laid mines per hour
France	Minotaur	V	NA	Lance	0.7	1,200 x 600 m with 800 mines
	EBG	V	NA	Lance	1.5	60 x 600 m with 40 mines
	155-mm How	A	18 km	Lance		8 mines per round
	Matenin	MP	NA	HPD series	0.4 to 1.4	500 mines per hour
UK	JP-233	F	NA	HB 876		430 mines per Tornado aircraft
	Barmine layer	MP	NA	L9 Barmine	0.4 to 0.9	Up to 700 mines per hour
	Ranger	V	NA	L10		1,296 mines per dispenser
Germany	Skorpion	V, H	NA	AT-2	0.4	1,500 x 50 m with 600 mines
	MW-1	F	NA	MIFF, MUSPA	0.5	55 to 500 m wide and 200 to 2,500 m long with 892 AT mines
	LARS	R	14 km	AT-2	0.5	1,836 AT mines per launcher, 1,000 x 500 m per battery
	MARS	R	30 km	AT-2	0.3	1,000 x 500 m with 336 AT mines per launcher
	FFV-5821	MP	NA	DM-31	0.4 to 1.4	300 buried mines per hour or 500 surface-laid mines per hour
¹ A = artillery, H = helicopter, F = fixed-wing aircraft, R = rocket, V = vehicle dispensed, MD = man-portable dispenser, MP = mechanical planter ² AT mines per meter of front

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