FM 34-80 - CHAPTER 2: Intelligence And Electronic Warfare Resources

FM 34-80: Brigade And Battalion Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Operations

CHAPTER 2 Intelligence And Electronic Warfare Resources

The ability of the brigade and battalion to successfully accomplish their combat missions with minimum casualties is dependent upon the knowledge and tactical skill of the brigade and battalion commanders and their staffs. Commanders and staff officers who understand the capability of organic, attached, and supporting IEW resources can integrate these capabilities with their combat maneuver forces. They get the full potential from their IEW, maneuver, and fire support systems.

Battalion and brigade IEW resources are components of a large IEW system that begins at the national level and extends down to the individual soldier. The IEW system includes virtually every individual soldier and operational element at every level of command capable of collecting and processing information, disseminating intelligence, providing CI support, and managing or executing EW operations. The IEW resources at each level are interlocked with other resources at higher, lower, and adjacent commands to provide a single, integrated, and interdependent IEW structure. The Army's IEW system is shown below. It is fully described in FM 34-1. While the total IEW system is interlocked and interdependent, the focus of intelligence operations varies at each echelon. Brigade and battalion intelligence operations focus on the development of a responsive combat information system and the infusion of intelligence provided by division. Therefore, brigades and battalions base their intelligence operations on the reconnaissance, counterreconnaissance, and surveillance capabilities of organic, attached, and supporting combat units. Intelligence requirements that can not be satisfied by these elements are passed to the division G2 for satisfaction. Although, brigades and battalions do analyze information and produce intelligence, the focus is on the timely collection and use of combat information in the conduct of close operations. Division normally provides intelligence needed to execute deep operational missions assigned to brigades and battalions. The following discussion of RSTA systems is intended to familiarize brigade and battalion commanders and their S2s with the numerous collection systems that support the development of combat information and intelligence through reconnaissance and surveillance (R&S) and formal collection management efforts. The allocation and apportionment of these systems to the brigade and battalion levels is dependent upon METT-T planning and doctrinal norms. Detailed information about IEW operations at echelons above brigade is provided in FM 34-10, FM 34-25, and FM 34-37.

The IEW systems at battalion and brigade consist of the commanders, their staffs, supporting IEW resources from MI units at division and corps, and other organic, attached, and supporting combat and fire support units. The IEW mission is accomplished through the integrated efforts of all of its components.

This chapter describes the basic organization and composition of the brigade and battalion IEW systems. It provides information about the functions, capabilities, and limitations of IEW resources which are organic or attached to the brigade and battalion or which support their combat operations. The IEW responsibilities of the brigade and battalion staff are also discussed, where pertinent; they are detailed in Chapter 3.

BATTALION IEW RESOURCES

The maneuver battalion is the basic combat unit in the US Army. It is the lowest echelon where combat, combat support, and combat service support capabilities are brought together, integrated, and directed against enemy forces. Accurate intelligence and effective CI support provided by the brigade and higher echelons is critical for planning and directing the battalion's employment. The battalion, however, relies primarily on the combat information provided by its organic, attached, and supporting IEW resources to execute all missions assigned. The availability and capability of the battalion's IEW resources to provide timely and accurate combat information may well determine the success of the battle.

The principal IEW resources available to the battalion include its organic scout platoon and subordinate maneuver companies. Patrols, observation posts, and individual soldiers are used and relied upon to collect and report information about the enemy, terrain, and weather.

INDIVIDUAL SOLDIERS

Individual soldiers provide company and battalion commanders with a large quantity of timely combat information. They perform patrols, man observation posts, and observe enemy forces with which they are in contact. They observe and report first-hand information concerning enemy troops and equipment, patrols, reconnaissance units, and the activities of each. The size, activity, location, unit, time, and equipment (SALUTE) formula is the basis for both the training of individual soldiers and the reporting of combat information.

OBSERVATION POSTS

Observation posts (OPs) are established to observe and listen to enemy activity within particular sectors and from which warning of the enemy approach is provided. They are placed where they can be supported by fire and where withdrawal routes are covered and concealed.

Communications between the parent unit and each observation post are essential.

Observation posts may be augmented by ground surveillance radars, remote sensors, or night observation devices. Night observation devices are either active or passive equipment designed to permit observation during the hours of darkness. Active equipment transmits infrared or white light to illuminate an object or an area. Passive devices use either ambient light--resulting from the stars, moon, or other low-intensity illumination in the battle area--or operate by detecting the differences in heat (infrared energy) radiated by different objects. These devices may be adversely affected by heavy rain, snow, fog, and smoke.

Night observation devices, organic to maneuver companies and the scout platoon, are used extensively for night patrols, observation posts, and night defensive positions. They may also be used to augment radar surveillance. This equipment includes night vision sights for crew-served weapons such as the tube launched, optically tracked, wire guided (TOW) missile system. The thermal sights on the improved TOW vehicle penetrate fog, smoke, dust, light foliage, as well as darkness. This improved capability enhances the TOW gunner's ability to observe the battlefield under adverse conditions.

PATROLS

Patrols are conducted both prior to and during combat operations for reconnaissance, counterreconnaissance, and security purposes. They are also used to conduct small-scale combat operations. There are two categories of patrols, reconnaissance and combat.

Reconnaissance patrols are used to collect information and confirm or disprove the accuracy of other information gained previously. The three main types of reconnaissance patrols are--

Route reconnaissance to obtain information about the enemy and any dominating terrain features along the route.

Zone reconnaissance to collect the information about enemy forces and the terrain between specific boundaries.

Area reconnaissance to gather information about the enemy or the terrain within a defined area, such as a town, ridgeline, woods, or other features critical to current or planned operations.

Combat patrols are used to provide security and to harass, destroy, or capture enemy personnel, equipment, and installations. There are three types of combat patrols--raid, ambush, and security. The collection and reporting of combat information is usually a secondary mission for combat patrols. Captured enemy soldiers, equipment, and documents are evacuated to the rear for exploitation at higher echelons. The results of such actions may prove to be of significant value as either tactical or strategic intelligence.

MANEUVER COMPANIES

Individual soldiers (or troops), observation posts, listening posts (LPs), and patrols are the principal means available to maneuver company commanders to gather information about the enemy, terrain, and weather in their immediate areas and to acquire targets for immediate attack. A fire support team (FIST) from divisional artillery and ground surveillance radar teams and remote sensor teams (if available) from the division's MI battalion are also available to help satisfy the maneuver company and battalion commanders' IEW requirements. The functions, capabilities, and limitations of these supporting resources are discussed later in this chapter. Their general capabilities, however, together with those of the company's organic resources described above, are shown below.

Company commanders direct the placement of organic and attached RSTA assets in accordance with the guidance provided by the battalion commander or his S2. The battalion S2 plans for and recommends the deployment of all organic, attached, and supporting RSTA assets, to include the battalion's reconnaissance or scout platoon. Subordinate company commanders deploy patrols, establish OPs, and task subordinate platoons to collect the information needed or to provide security for their combat operations. CI and EW support is limited and that which may be required is satisfied by higher echelons.

SCOUT PLATOON

As the primary intelligence-gathering asset, the mission of the scout platoon is to provide reconnaissance and security for its parent battalion and to assist in the control and movement of the battalion and its subordinate elements. The scout platoon is used--

To conduct route, zone, and area reconnaissance missions.

To establish observation posts.

To conduct chemical detection and radiological survey and monitoring operations.

To screen one flank, the front, or rear of the battalion.

To act as part of an advance, flank, or rear guard.

To establish a roadblock.

To provide traffic control and road guides.

To participate in area damage control operations.

To provide contact teams, conduct liaison missions, and perform quartering functions. It also conducts limited pioneer and demolition work.

The scout platoon, or elements thereof, various combat service support units all may be attached to a maneuver company provide the maneuver battalion commander for a specific operation. Reconnaissance operations are conducted under the staff supervision of the battalion S2, who coordinates these requirements with the battalion S3. Security operations are conducted to provide early warning of enemy maneuvers and to deny information to the enemy concerning the battalion's disposition or movements. Security operations are planned and conducted under the supervision of the battalion S3, who coordinates with the S2 for information on enemy activity. The organization and operations of the scout platoon are detailed in FMs 71-2J and 7-20.

SUPPORTING RESOURCES

Field artillery, military intelligence, Army aviation, tactical air forces, air defense artillery, combat engineers, and additional means and resources to satisfy his IEW requirements.

Field Artillery

Field artillery battalions, in direct support of the brigade, provide each maneuver battalion headquarters with a fire support section (FSS) to help plan, direct, and coordinate fire support operations. The FSS establishes and maintains the fire support element (FSE) at the maneuver battalion's command post. The FSS also provides the FIST, mentioned earlier, to each of the battalion's maneuver companies. The fire support officer (FSO), who is in charge of the maneuver battalion's FSE, also supervises the operations of the company FIST.

Forward observers (FOs) from each FIST are deployed at both company and platoon levels and may accompany reconnaissance patrols or help to man observation posts. They are the "grass roots" of the field artillery's target acquisition effort. They observe the battlefield to detect, identify, locate, and laser-designate targets for suppression, neutralization, or destruction. They also monitor friendly fires on specific targets to assess damage effectiveness, adjust fires, and ensure that the desired effects are achieved. They report both targeting data and combat information to the maneuver battalion FSO and S2, respectively, using either organic or supporting communications means.

Fire support teams and forward observers are specially equipped to accomplish their tasks. Digital message devices (DMDs) are used to send and receive messages digitally using existing FM radios. It is a hand-held, battery-powered unit used to call for fire, to pass targeting data, and provide the location of the FO, or to send plain text messages with combat information.

The battery-powered AN/GVS-5 laser range finder is held and sighted like a large pair of binoculars. The FO looks through a single 7 x 50mm eyepiece to locate and range targets. Distance is displayed in meters. By ranging the initial adjusting round, an FO gives instant feedback to fire direction control centers through the DMD, "closing the loop" and facilitating rapid massed fire for effect.

The ground or vehicular laser locator designator and its ancillary equipment are configured to provide distance, direction, and vertical angle as well as laser illumination termed "designation" for Army, Navy, and Air Force laser guided munitions. While the designator can be transported by members of a FIST, it is normally mounted in a vehicle. It is battery powered and operates with an AN/TAS-4 night sight. It inputs target location direction into the DMD, which sends the data to the tactical fire direction system (TACFIRE).

The FIST vehicle (FISTV) integrator, ground laser designator-range finder, the DMD, and night observation devices with the improved TOW vehicle enhances the FIST chiefs role as an FO and fire support coordinator (FSCOORD) at the company level. The improved accuracy of this system and the speed of its operations greatly enhance the fire support provided the company and battalion.

The capability of the FIST to provide real-time combat information and intelligence to the battalion cannot be overlooked. The battalion FSO receives information from, and passes information to, the FIST. He also exchanges targeting data and combat information with the brigade FSO and elements from the direct support field artillery battalion. He coordinates with the battalion S2 and S3 to identify and verify targeting data and combat information derived from the battalion's overall collection effort. Thus, the FSO is both a producer and consumer of combat information and intelligence at the maneuver battalion. He is also the battalion's FSCOORD.

Military Intelligence

Leaders from other combat support elements such as MI, air defense, and engineer, perform functions similar to those of the FSO. This is especially true for supporting MI resources, in general, and the ground surveillance radar (GSR) squad or team leader, in particular, when attached to or placed in direct support of battalion, company, or scout platoon operations. Extensive coordination and effective C³ are required.

GSR Resources. GSRs provide the maneuver battalion a highly mobile, near all-weather, 24-hour capability for battlefield surveillance. They may be employed on patrols and at observation posts and are used with remote sensors and night observation devices. They may be employed near the FLOT, forward of the FLOT, on the flanks, or in the rear area. The supported battalion S2, company commander, or scout platoon leader selects general locations from which the radar may operate. The GSR team leaders select the actual site within these general locations. GSR site requirements and selection criteria are shown in the following illustration.

Surveillance platoons organic to the division's MI battalion are currently equipped with two types of radar--the AN/PPS-5 and the AN/PPS-15. These systems provide the supported commander with timely and accurate combat information and target acquisition data. They are designed to detect and locate moving objects under conditions unfavorable to other RSTA assets. They are best used to search small areas on a continuing basis for random or specific targets. Their capabilities are best exploited when used to cover specific areas on a scheduled basis. The AN/PPS-5 radar is used to detect and provide early warning of enemy movements at ranges greater than the AN/PPS-15 radar. The AN/PPS-5 is also used to search beyond engaged forces for indications of reinforcement or withdrawal activities and enemy movements to outflank or bypass friendly forces in the engagement area. The AN/PPS-15 radars provide the commander with highly mobile GSR support in operations where the heavier, less portable AN/PPS-5 radar is impractical. The range and accuracy of both these radars are shown below.

The AN/PPS-5 and AN/PPS-15 radars can detect targets and provide more accurate distance and directional data than is possible by visual estimate. However, they add to, rather than replace, other surveillance means. They can detect and locate targets over a considerable distance under conditions of darkness and poor visibility. However, they can be used just as effectively during periods of good visibility. Their use should not be limited to a certain type of terrain, a rigid set of conditions, or to a few particular operations. Their common capabilities and limitations, other than those unique to each system and reflected in the preceding illustration, are the determining factors in how they are best employed. The capabilities of the AN/PPS-5 and AN/PPS-15 include--

They can penetrate smoke, haze, fog, light rain and snow, and light foliage.

They are equally effective day or night.

They can detect moving personnel and equipment.

They can distinguish between wheeled vehicles, tracked vehicles, and personnel.

They are transportable and man-portable.

They have quick set-up and tear-down times.

They are capable of real-time reporting.

The limitations of the AN/PPS-5 and AN/PPS-15 are--

They require line of sight (LOS) to the targeted area.

Their performance is degraded by heavy rain and snow, dense foliage, and high winds.

They are active emitters and are subject to enemy REC activities and subsequent enemy fires.

They cannot distinguish between enemy and friendly movers.

One unique limitation--the AN/PPS-5 is a heavy system and its effectiveness is reduced in fast-moving operations.

The AN/PPS-5 and AN/PPS-15 GSR are capable of performing a variety of surveillance missions to support the battalion's combat operations. They can be used--

To search for enemy activity on avenues of approach, possible enemy attack positions, and assembly areas.

To observe point targets, such as bridges, road junctions, or defiles, to detect movement.

To scan final protective fire areas for enemy movement to ensure timely firing.

To confirm targets developed by other collectors, such as remotely employed sensors (REMS), OP, and other surveillance means.

To extend surveillance capabilities of patrols by surveying surrounding areas and distant points for enemy movement.

To help in the control of units, especially during night operations, by locating friendly units, vectoring patrols, and warning them of enemy activity near their positions or along their routes.

To assist the visual observation of units during daylight by detecting targets partially hidden by haze, smoke, or bright sun.

To increase the effectiveness of fire support by accurately locating targets.

To cue the FIST by reporting enemy activity.

To determine the rate of movement of a target by plotting its location and measuring the time it takes to move from one point to another.

To survey target areas immediately after friendly-fires are lifted to detect enemy activity and determine effectiveness of fire.

Remote Sensors. REMS, like GSRs, are a near all-weather, day/night surveillance system. They provide an additional source of information for the battalion commander. These sensors can be used either alone or to complement or supplement other RSTA assets, such as ground surveillance radars. They provide information for the production of intelligence and timely, accurate target acquisition data. They are emplaced in areas of expected enemy activity and monitored by teams located in friendly forward areas. Movement of enemy forces within the sensor radius is detected and indications are transmitted to the monitoring team. These indications are then analyzed by the team and the resulting information is reported to the battalion S2.

The major advantages of remote sensors are--

Timeliness. Information is near-real time and can effect an immediate response or target acquisition role by the supported command.

All-weather. Adverse weather conditions will not affect the operational cycle of remote sensors.

Full-time or constant operation without regard to visibility or fatigue.

Suitable for employment in high-risk environments due to expendability and a high probability of recovery in certain situations.

Sensors may be hand-emplaced by maneuver unit patrols, long-range reconnaissance patrols, long-range surveillance operations, or by sensor teams. The major advantages of hand emplacement include accurate determination of sensor location, better camouflage, and confirmed detection radius of each sensor. Disadvantages include threat to the implant team, the time factor required to install several strings, and the limited number of sensors that can be carried by the implanting team. Aerial emplacement is primarily by helicopter. This method provides an accurate and quick response to the ground commander's request for support. Air delivery provides access to areas inaccessible to ground elements, speeds emplacement, and increases the number of sensors that can be emplaced during a single mission. Army air asset capabilities are limited by enemy air defense measures, the inability to accurately determine the detection radius. and adverse weather conditions. Although not currently used in this role, high performance aircraft and Army fixed-wing aircraft may also perform sensor implant missions.

Remote sensor personnel from the division's MI battalion may be attached to, or placed in direct support of the maneuver battalion as members of the surveillance platoon or squad mentioned earlier. They may be further attached to the maneuver battalion's subordinate companies or the scout platoon. These sensors are used--

To monitor roads, trails, and avenues of approach.

To monitor road junctions and bridges.

To monitor possible assembly areas.

To monitor drop and landing zones.

To provide target data for immediate use.

To extend OP capabilities.

To monitor obstacles and barriers.

To perform similar tasks designed to detect the movement of personnel or vehicles.

Other MI Support. Counterintelligence, signals security (SIGSEC), enemy prisoner of war (EPW) interrogators, and EW resources from brigade and higher echelons are capable of providing IEW support to the maneuver battalion. However, this support is limited and is normally indirect in nature. The maneuver battalion's requirements for such support are usually submitted to, and satisfied by, echelons above battalion level.

OPSEC evaluations conducted by CI, SIGSEC, and other specially trained IEW personnel is one form of support which would require direct contact with the maneuver battalion commander and his staff.

These forms of IEW support provided by MI organizations are described in greater detail later in this chapter and in follow-on chapters, as well.

Army Aviation

Division- and corps-based Army aviation units provide the maneuver brigade and battalion commanders a responsive, mobile, and extremely flexible means to find, fix, disrupt, and destroy enemy forces and their supporting C³ facilities. These combat aviation assets include--

Cavalry or reconnaissance squadrons to perform reconnaissance, surveillance, and security or screening missions.

Attack helicopter battalions to provide aerial escort and suppressive fires to support air assault operations, to destroy enemy C³ and logistics assets, to attack enemy formations penetrating the close operations area, and to conduct deep attack and joint air attack team (JAAT) operations.

Combat aviation companies and battalions to provide airlift support for combat troops and assault forces; to evacuate damaged equipment, casualties, and EPW; and to implant aerial-delivered scatterable mines and REMS.

Aerial Scouts

MI combat electronic warfare and intelligence (CEWI) aviation assets at division and corps perform offensive EW and aerial reconnaissance and surveillance missions.

The majority of combat aviation assets discussed above normally remain under the operational control of their parent organization or respective branch command and control authorities. They usually provide general support (GS) to echelons above brigade. This is especially true for the MI CEWI assets. For example, the aerial EW and surveillance companies subordinate to the MI brigade (CEWI) (corps) always remain as integral elements of all MI brigades and usually are GS to the corps, as a whole. The QUICKFIX flight platoon subordinate to each division's combat aviation brigade (CAB) also remains OPCON to the MI battalion (CEWI); it is usually held in GS to the division.

The combat missions capable of being performed by Army aviation assets are of extreme importance to maneuver brigade and battalion commanders, regardless of the command and support relationships involved.

EPW evacuation plans should address aviation asset availability to expedite captured personnel, documents, and equipment to the rear as fast as possible.

Remote sensor operations must be coordinated, especially if MI supporting REMS monitoring teams are required in the forward maneuver battalions' AO.

Combat information, target acquisition data, and intelligence must also be exchanged.

Both lethal attack and nonlethal ECM attack efforts against close or penetrating enemy forces must be integrated and synchronized with the brigade and battalions' ground maneuver schemes and supporting fire plans.

The suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD) weapons systems and their supporting C³ system as well, is an integral part of any combat aviation operation. It is only through the fully synchronized and coordinated effort of the entire air-ground combat team that the success of close maneuver forces can be achieved. Air-ground combat and combat support operations require the full participation and both intra- and interaction of all staff sections at echelons of command. The maneuver battalion's participation is limited, however, to operations conducted within its immediate or adjacent AO after proper coordination has been conducted. The maneuver battalion commander plans for and requests Army combat aviation and tactical Air Force support, as well. Their plans and requests for Army or joint air support include all of the forms of IEW support described above.

Tactical Air Force

JAAT, a combination of Army attack and scout helicopter and Air Force close air support (CAS) aircraft, normally operate with ground maneuver forces of brigade or battalion size. They combine with field artillery, mortars, and air defense weapon systems to attack high payoff targets. Both Air Force electronic combat and Army aerial and ground-based jammers support their attack to suppress enemy air defenses. Army ECM systems may also support or participate in the attack of primary and secondary C³ targets.

Preplanned JAAT missions, even those planned on a contingency basis, are absolutely essential if the full potential of the entire air-ground combat team is to be realized. The forecasting of operational requirements and generation of operational concepts stimulates the detailed planning necessary at higher echelons and supporting headquarters. Again, all staff officers participate, especially the S2, the S3, S3-air, fire support officer, and Air Force liaison officer (ALO) from the tactical air control party (TACP).

The TACP at the maneuver battalion is the bottom link in the tactical air control system (TACS). The TACS, together with the Army air-ground system (AAGS), comprise the air-ground operations system (AGOS). The AGOS provides an interface for the joint air-ground fire support system. It links Army fire support coordination agencies--the fire support elements--with TACP from battalion through corps level and on up to the tactical Air Force headquarters or tactical air control center (TACC).

The AGOS also provides the means for the maneuver battalion S2 to forward immediate tactical air reconnaissance requests up the chain in the most expeditious manner. Air reconnaissance (air recce) reports, inflight combat information reports, and air situation reports are all available via the AGOS and TACP.

Joint protect and counter C³ actions--all actions, to include coordination of Air Force electronic combat (EC) and Army offensive EW--are communicated via the AGOS. It provides the most expeditious means for forwarding EC/EW support requests. Immediate recognition of probable EC interference on friendly C³ systems is communicated via the AGOS. An immediate means to recognize such interference is available and will be discussed later within this manual.

Air Defense Artillery

Short-range air defense (SHORAD) elements normally support the maneuver battalion. These may include both Stinger/Redeye teams or sections and Chaparral/Vulcan squads. The air defense artillery (ADA) platoon or section leader functions as the battalion air defense officer. He works closely with the battalion S3-air, the fire support officer, and the ALO. He helps plan, direct, and coordinate both offensive and defensive counter-air and air defense operations. He also interfaces and exchanges information with the battalion S2 regarding enemy ground and air activities. The battalion air defense officer's resources are specially equipped to support this function.

Forward area alerting radar and target alert data display set (FAAR/TADDS) systems provide air alert warning information to Chaparral and Vulcan squads and Stinger/Redeye teams. Alert warning information includes the tentative identification and approximate range and azimuth of approaching low-altitude aircraft out to a range of 20 kilometers. Other characteristics and capabilities are shown below.

The FAAR/TADDS systems provide low-altitude air defense weapons early warning to assist the engagement process. Final identification, however, for all low-altitude ADA weapons is always visual. None-the-less the information provided by the FAAR/TADDS systems, together with information available from the area-wide ADA command and control system, provides the battalion commander important combat information regarding the enemy air situation. The possibility of enemy air assault and air-ground attack operations to exploit close-in tactical objectives or to thwart counterattacks carried out by the battalions should never be forgotten. The dissemination of early warning information to forward-deployed subunits allows for earlier final identification. Small arms air defense systems such as 25mm cannons and 7.62mm or .50 caliber machine guns can then be used to engage the aircraft in accordance with active air defense procedures and objectives.

Combat Engineers

The maneuver battalion receives engineer support from the engineer company normally placed in direct support of the brigade--a combat engineer platoon. Its mission is to provide mobility, countermobility, survivability, and general engineering support to the battalion and its organic, attached, or supporting units.

The mobility mission is to negate the effects of natural or man-made obstacles and to enhance the mobility of maneuver and combat support forces.

The countermobility mission is to construct obstacles, barriers, and denial positions. The purpose is to impede the mobility of enemy forces, to increase the time for target acquisition, and to maximize the effects of friendly maneuver of firepower in designated engagement areas.

The survivability mission is to develop protective positions in order to counter enemy surveillance capabilities and to reduce the effectiveness of enemy weapon systems.

General engineering missions are performed to support any other requirements deemed essential for maneuver and combat support units.

Intelligence and electronic warfare support, per se, is not endemic to the mission of combat engineers. It is limited to the combat information provided by individual soldiers and engineer reconnaissance or terrain data obtained to support their assigned missions. The support which combat engineers provide to other IEW resources however, is absolutely essential.

Electronic warfare resources from the division and corps require line-of-sight to their target areas and, for the most part, operate within the maneuver battalion's AO. Many of these systems have limited mobility. Others require flat terrain for the employment of given antenna systems. The degree of slope in given geographical areas may render these vital collection and jamming systems virtually inoperative. Accessibility to key terrain is imperative. Combat engineer support is critical and must be provided prior to combat, when required.

This is another situation in which direct contact and extensive coordination among the S2, S3, and engineer support officer, and the EW platoon or team leader is required. Such coordination at brigade and division level early in the planning process sets the stage for effective follow-through actions at the maneuver battalion itself.

Combat Service Support

Combat service support (CSS) resources organic or available to the maneuver battalion, like combat engineers, do not have an IEW mission beyond that of the individual soldier. Their support to other IEW resources, however, is just as essential as that of the combat engineers, when required.

One requirement which must be considered and planned for is the evacuation of captured enemy documents (CEDs), equipment, and EPW from the forward combat areas. The maneuver battalion S2 must anticipate the accrual rate. The availability of transportation and security assets required to ensure the most rapid evacuation of captured EPW and material must then be determined. Requirements that exceed the battalion's capability are forwarded to the brigade and higher headquarters for incorporation into the area-wide evacuation plan. Contingency plans must also be considered, developed, and maintained. This is the job of the battalion staff, the support platoon leader, and subordinate company commanders. Battalion resources are illustrated below.

The maneuver battalion's organic, attached, and supporting IEW resources are capable of providing the commander with a vast amount of information about close-in enemy forces. The ADA FAAR/TADDS systems and MI GSR resources provide the commander early warning and indications of enemy air and ground activity out to and beyond the limits of the battalion's AO. They can acquire, track, and monitor HPT as they enter the battalion's close operations area. Field artillery FIST at the maneuver companies acquire, track, and report close HPT for immediate destruction by indirect fire means. Patrols, night observation devices, and observation posts conducted, used, and established by the maneuver company commanders and the scout platoon leader also acquire, confirm, report, track, and monitor HPT in the close operations area. Ultimately, it is the individual soldier, who is in the right place at the right time, who knows, sees, and kills his enemy and wins the fight.

BRIGADE IEW RESOURCES

Brigade, division, and corps commanders ensure the success of the maneuver battalions' close and rear operations. They plan, direct, and coordinate attacks against enemy follow-on echelons. They attack enemy first-echelon sustainers and follow-on echelons, as well. Their purpose is to attrite the fighting capacity of advancing enemy forces before they close on the maneuver battalions' AO. Intelligence and electronic warfare resources support their synchronized battle plans.

The maneuver brigade commander's IEW resources include his coordinating and special staff, cross-reinforced maneuver battalions--battalion task forces--and attached or supporting combat and combat service support units. The manner in which the brigade is organized for combat is derived from the division commander's concept of operations and his evaluation of the brigade commander's information and operational needs--the METT-T planning factors.

The maneuver brigade commander has direct influence on how his brigade is organized for combat. He and his staff continuously plan and forecast their requirements to higher headquarters. They consider the functions, capabilities, and limitations of all IEW resources available within division-and corps-based units. They integrate IEW into their operations plan. They realize the maximum potential from their IEW, maneuver, and fire support systems. They succeed in combat.

However, requirements not considered are requirements not specified. Requirements not specified are, potentially, requirements not fulfilled. And requirements not fulfilled in combat lead to defeat. All requirements must be considered, specified, and fulfilled if the division's close operations are to be successful.

FIELD ARTILLERY

Field artillery target acquisition resources detect, identify, and locate HPT for immediate attack. They also provide accurate and timely combat information to orient and cue other RSTA assets. Sound-ranging and weapons-locating radars are the principal means within division artillery for locating active enemy indirect-fire weapon systems. Moving-target-locating radars and sound observation posts normally positioned along the forward edge of the battle area (FEBA) are also capable of acquiring targets and collecting combat information. Division artillery also provides survey support to divisional and non-divisional RSTA assets using conventional survey techniques or the position and azimuth determination system (PADS).

Weapons-Locating Radars

The target acquisition battery (TAB) of division artillery (DIVARTY) is equipped with three AN/TPQ-36 mortar-locating radars and two AN/TPQ-37 artillery-locating radars.

AN/TPQ-36. The AN/TPQ-36 radar detects and locates enemy mortars and artillery for immediate engagement by indirect fire means. It uses a combination of radar techniques and computer-controlled signal processing methods to detect, verify, and track projectiles in flight. The tracking data are used to determine the projectile's trajectory. These data are used to determine the location of enemy weapon systems and firing batteries via the back azimuth of the projectiles. The data are transmitted digitally to a fire direction center (FDC) or the DIVARTY tactical operations center (TOC). This system can detect and locate weapons firing simultaneously from multiple positions. It can also be used to register and adjust friendly indirect fire. The maximum range of the AN/TPQ-36 is 15 kilometers for mortars and artillery and 24 kilometers for rockets.

AN/TPQ-37. The AN/TPQ-37 detects and locates enemy artillery and rocket weapons for immediate counterfire. It uses techniques similar to those of the AN/TPQ-36 radar system and has similar capabilities. Its automatic search and simultaneous tracking capabilities allow it to detect and locate enemy weapon systems firing simultaneously from multiple positions. Its maximum range is 30 kilometers for artillery and 50 kilometers for rockets.

AN/MPQ-4A. The AN/MPQ-4A radar can detect and locate enemy mortars, cannons, and rockets using techniques similar to those of the AN/TPQ-36 and AN/TPQ-37 radars. However, it has only a one-round detection capability. It is vulnerable to saturation from multiple rounds being fired. Its range is limited to 15 kilometers. The AN/MPQ-4A is currently being replaced by the new AN/TPQ-36 and AN/TPQ-37 radars. It may still be used in some DIVARTY TABs.

All of the weapons-locating radars discussed above are active emitters and are, therefore, subject to enemy radio direction finding activities and subsequent jamming or destruction.

Sound Ranging Equipment

The DIVARTY TAB is currently equipped with four sound ranging sets--the AN/TNS-10. Two AN/TNS-10 are used with an OL-274 computer, two radio data links, AN/GRA-114, and two sound plotting sets, M-53. Two AN/TNS-10 systems can cover an area 10 kilometers in width and approximately 20 kilometers in depth.

Under favorable conditions, accuracies of 0-150 meters can be obtained. Sound ranging does not require line-of-sight and can be used, therefore, to locate enemy artillery in defilade. It is particularly effective in fog. It is a passive collection system. It is not vulnerable to enemy detection and subsequent jamming or destruction. Gusty winds, mountainous terrain, and heavy bombardment are factors which limit its performance.

Moving-Target-Locating Radars

The DIVARTY TAB is equipped with either one AN/TPS-25A or one AN/TPS58B moving-target-locating radar (MTLR). These battlefield surveillance radars are similar to the GSR described earlier, in that they can detect, locate, and distinguish wheeled vehicles, tracked vehicles, and dismounted personnel. They are used as the GSR to augment other radar surveillance systems to cover critical areas, such as major avenues of approach.

The AN/TPS-25A radar can locate moving targets to within 100 meters. Its maximum range is 18.28 kilometers for vehicles and 12 kilometers for personnel.

The AN/TPS-58B radar's maximum range is 10 kilometers for personnel and 20 kilometers for vehicles. It can locate targets to within 50 meters.

More detailed information about the capabilities and employment of MTLR, weapons locating radars, and sound ranging systems is shown below.

Air Observers

The DIVARTY support platoon of the heavy division's CAB provides rotary wing aircraft for DIVARTY air observers. Field artillery air observers (FAAOs) are allocated by the DIVARTY S3 to augment other target acquisition assets in the forward areas, as required. Their mission is to call for and adjust fires from any fire support means available. FAAO are used to cover areas masked from ground observers, to cover thinly resourced areas, to provide coverage while ground-based RSTA assets displace, and to reinforce surveillance of vulnerable areas. They accompany highly mobile forces and normally operate as close to the line of contact as possible. Targeting data and combat information are reported to the FSO at the maneuver brigade or battalion, the DIVARTY TOC, or the FDC of the direct support (DS) field artillery battalion responsible for that brigade zone or sector.

Direct Support Field Artillery Battalion

A field artillery battalion from DIVARTY is usually placed in direct support of the maneuver brigade. One mortar-locating radar, the AN/TPQ-36, is normally attached to the DS field artillery battalion. Other target acquisition assets which may be employed are battalion observation posts and MTLR.

Weapons-Locating Radar Section. An AN/TPQ-36 radar section, when attached to the DS field artillery battalion, may be further attached to a subordinate firing battery. However, it remains under the operational control of the DS battalion. The radar section also remains responsive to DIVARTY guidance on positioning, coverage zones, cuing, frequencies, and transmission duration.

The DS field artillery battalion S2 has staff supervision responsibility for the radar. He coordinates with the DIVARTY counterfire office, the DS field artillery battalion S3, and the FSO at the maneuver brigade to integrate his target acquision effort and to ensure that both fire support and maneuver coverage requirements are met. Cuing instruction and target criteria are required to maximize the effectiveness of the radar. Such information is routed through the DS field artillery battalion's TOC to the radar. Again, EW resources operating in the brigade or battalion's AO can provide information to cue the AN/TPQ-36 before the enemy fires. They strive to locate mortar and artillery firing batteries, FDC, and COP. They can also disrupt enemy mortar and artillery C³. These capabilities and the staff interaction necessary to see that it gets done are discussed later in this chapter.

Battalion Observation Posts. Field artillery battalion observation posts (BOPs) are established to increase area coverage. These BOPs are manned by personnel from the field artillery battalion's survey parties or other available trained personnel. These personnel survey designated target areas. They perform field artillery observation duties to include high burst (HB) and mean point of impact (MPI) registrations. Targeting data and combat information collected by personnel are transmitted to the field artillery battalion FDC or the FSO at the maneuver battalion or brigade.

The employment of BOPs is dependent upon the availability of survey personnel who provide survey support to all field artillery and other combat support units operating within the brigade's AO. Survey requirements have priority over BOP prior to combat. Most EW intercept and direction-finding systems require survey support, especially at night. Other IEW resources may require similar support. The IEW support element (IEWSE) should coordinate all survey requirements with the DS battalion S3.

Moving-Target-Locating Radar Section. The DS field artillery battalion may have one MTLR section equipped with either the AN/TPS-25A or the AN/TPS-58B. The MTLR section is normally kept under DIVARTY control. However, it may be attached to the DS field artillery battalion to provide DS to the maneuver brigade in certain situations. The MTLR is a source of both targeting data and combat information for the maneuver brigade commander, regardless of the command and support relationship which may exist. The FSO at the maneuver brigade TOC receives information collected by the MTLR from the DS field artillery battalion or the DIVARTY TOC itself. He exchanges this information with the maneuver brigade S2 and S3. The opposite is also true. The maneuver brigade S2 and S3 provide the FSO targeting data, combat information, and intelligence collected or produced by all other resources available to them to help cue the MTLR.

Fire Support Coordination

The DS field artillery battalion commander is the FSCOORD for the maneuver brigade. He provides the brigade headquarters with the FSS which was described earlier in this chapter. The FSS establishes and maintains an FSE at the brigade TOC. The brigade FSE is similar to the maneuver battalion FSE described earlier. It is run by an FSO. The FSO is the brigade's assistant FSCOORD. He is the DS field artillery battalion commander's senior representative at the brigade TOC. The FSO interfaces with members of the brigade's coordinating and special staff to help integrate, plan, direct, and coordinate IEW, maneuver, and fire support operations. The FSE is responsible for coordinating both lethal and nonlethal attack means for the brigade S3.

The FSEs at brigade and maneuver battalions are equipped with a variable format message entry device (VFMED) to send and receive information to and from TACFIRE computers at the DS field artillery battalion TOC and DIVARTY TOG. An FSE at the division TOC is also equipped with a VFMED. Thus, the fire support command and control system in TACFIRE-equipped organizations is extremely responsive to tactical commanders at all echelons from company-through division-level. The company FIST DMD, discussed earlier in this chapter, interfaces with the VFMED-equipped FSE at the maneuver battalion and also the TACFIRE computer at the DS field artillery battalion. Each firing battery subordinate to the DS field artillery battalion is equipped with a TACFIRE receive-only battery computer system (BCS). The BCS can receive TACFIRE information from either the company FIST using the DMD or the DS field artillery battalion's TACFIRE computer. Command and fire nets using secure FM voice communications provide a secondary means to interface components of the fire support C² system. Secure FM voice communications are the primary means of C² in non-TACFIRE units. Intelligence and operations nets also extend from company-through division-level to provide maneuver and field artillery commanders a continuous flow of targeting data, combat information, and intelligence. The fire support C² system is illustrated below.

The maneuver brigade and battalion S2 have direct access to the fire support C² system via the FSO. Targeting data, combat information, and intelligence collected by other IEW resources such as GSR and EW are passed to the FSO. Such information flows both ways. Thus, the maneuver brigade and battalion S2, S3 and FSO provide the conduit for exchanging all forms of information. Well planned and effectively executed RSTA activities and lethal and nonlethal attack missions depend on their knowledge and ability to skillfully maximize the combat potential of all fire support, maneuver, and IEW resources.

MILITARY INTELLIGENCE

Military intelligence resources are dedicated to the IEW missions. Multidisciplined intelligence, CI, and EW resources are available at both division and corps levels to support the maneuver brigade and battalion. The MI battalion (CEWI) (division) provides GS and DS IEW capabilities to the division and elements of the division based on METT-T planning. The MI brigade (CEWI) (corps) may provide the division MI battalion additional IEW resources depending on the factors of METT-T, aggregate requirements, and mission priorities. The IEW resources organic or OPCON to the MI brigade and MI battalion include:

EPW interrogator--both.

CI support personnel--both.

Aerial surveillance assets--side-looking airborne radar (SLAR), infrared, and photography--corps only.

Aerial EW assets--ESM only at corps, ESM and ECM at division.

Ground-based EW assets--both.

GSR and REMS assets--division only.

The distribution of these IEW resources and their normal allocation of support to the division and its subordinate maneuver brigades and battalions are shown below.

The corps MI brigade commander normally retains his organic aerial surveillance and aerial ESM resources in GS of the corps and under his operational control. He retains and allocates EPW interrogator and CI resources, as required, to satisfy corps, division, and brigade requirement. Most of his ground-based EW resources, however, require LOS to their target areas and must operate within the forward areas close to the FLOT. They are normally allocated, therefore, to divisional and nondivisional MI units to support their respective IEW operations.

The division commander, like the corps commander, normally retains his aerial EW resources in GS of the division and under his operational control. His organic and supporting EPW interrogator and CI resources are task organized to provide GS to the division and DS to the maneuver brigades when required. His organic and supporting ground-based EW resources, however, normally remain under the operational control of the MI battalion commander. The ground-based EW resources respond to brigade requirements in accordance with the priorities and coordinating instructions established by the division commander and the G2 and G3, respectively. The MI battalion commander task organizes his GSR and REMS assets to provide support to divisional brigades. These resources are normally attached to the brigade. They can be further attached to the brigades' maneuver battalions, scout platoon, and company teams.

Brigade and battalion commanders' information and operational needs--their IEW requirements--and the division commander's concept of operation are the major considerations which ultimately determine how MI resources are task organized. The capabilities, limitations, and availability of MI resources to satisfy aggregate maneuver and fire support requirements are the prime factors considered by all commanders and staff personnel, battalion through corps. The process begins at the maneuver battalion.

Ground Surveillance Radars and Remote Sensors

The capabilities and limitations of GSR and REMS were discussed earlier in this chapter. Most of these resources operate in DS of the maneuver battalions. However, some of them may be held in DS of or attached to the brigade or placed in DS of other division elements. For example, the brigade elements and DISCOM'S forward support battalion (FSB) in the brigade support area (BSA) may require GSR support for security purposes. Rear operations cannot be forgotten. Aggregate requirements are considered by the brigade S2, the division tactical surveillance officer (TSO), the division G2, and the MI battalion commander and his staff. Reconnaissance and security requirements, mission priorities, and the availability of GSR and REMS resources are the determining factors.

The number of GSRs authorized the MI battalions organic to armored and mechanized divisions (heavy), infantry divisions (light), and air assault and airborne divisions, respectively, are shown in the illustration below.

The number of GSR systems equates to the number of GSR teams available. There are three personnel per AN/PPS-5 team and two people per AN/PPS-15 team. Team mobility is tailored by TOE to match that of supported units. The types of vehicles used range from armored personnel carriers, Ml 13, to the new highly mobile and multi-wheeled vehicle (HMMWV) 5/4-ton 4x4 truck, M1028. Each team is equipped with a standard VHF FM radio--an AN/VRC-46, an AN/PRC-77, or an AN/GRC-160.

There are three surveillance platoons organic to each MI battalion. The surveillance platoons in the heavy division MI battalions have two GSR squads. Each squad has one AN/PPS-5 team and three AN/PPS-15 teams. The three surveillance platoons subordinate to the MI battalions organic to other types of divisions have three GSR squads. Each of these squads has one AN/PPS-5 team and one AN/PPS-15 team. An additional 12, 15, and 18 AN/PPS-15 teams are also authorized the MI battalion organic to infantry, air assault, and airborne divisions, respectively. These additional AN/PPS-15 teams are task organized to round up the number of GSR teams available to each GSR squad and surveillance platoon placed in DS of or attached to maneuver brigades and their subordinate battalions. They may also be held in DS of the brigade or placed in DS of other brigade and division elements. Thus, a maneuver brigade subordinate to the heavy, light, air assault, or airborne division may expect at least one surveillance platoon with from 8 to 12 or more GSR teams in support of their combat operations. A nominal brigade slice of GSR assets for each type of brigade is shown in the following illustration.

The MI battalions organic to heavy, light, and air assault divisions are authorized five REMS teams each. The MI battalion organic to the airborne division is authorized three REMS teams. Each REMS team consists of three personnel, one vehicle, and one radio, together with REMS monitoring equipment. Their employment is dependent on mission requirements and the actual availability of sensors themselves. The REMS teams are task organized to augment the surveillance platoons in DS of the maneuver brigade and its subordinate battalions. Additional REMS teams are authorized on augmentation TOE for employment of the Remotely Monitored Battlefield Sensor System (REMBASS), when fielded.

The GSR squads and their subordinate teams are usually attached to the maneuver brigade's subordinate battalions. They may operate with the maneuver battalion's scout platoon, its subordinate company teams, rifle platoons; FIST or other supporting combat units. Staff responsibilities are discussed later in this chapter. Command, control, and communications are discussed in Chapter 3.

EPW Interrogations

Interrogators are specially trained linguists and intelligence analysts. Their job is to screen and interrogate EPW, detainees, and refugees and to translate CED. Their mission is to collect and report all information possible to satisfy the supported commander's priority intelligence and information requirements. Interrogators are capable of providing information about--

The past, present, and future missions of given enemy units.

The composition of given enemy units to include their type (for example, artillery, tank, motorized rifle), organizational structure, and chain of command.

The disposition of enemy units at given locations, security measures employed, and anticipated times of departure.

The strength of given enemy units, to include personnel, weapons, ammunition, equipment, and fortifications.

The tactics, procedures, and techniques used by enemy units to satisfy their mission requirements.

The logistical support provided enemy units to include the location of rearming and refueling points, supply points, and maintenance repair facilities.

The combat effectiveness of enemy units, to include their training status, combat readiness, morale, losses, and replacements.

Electronic technical data with major emphasis on the enemy's C-E operating instructions--frequency usage, call signs, and operating schedules.

Other miscellaneous information such as the names, background, experience, and competence of enemy unit commanders and staff officers.

The capability of interrogators to provide such information is limited by--

The time provided at different locations to screen and interrogate EPW, detainees, and refugees.

The willingness of EPW, detainees, and refugees to cooperate with the interrogator.

The content and subject matter of CED.

The number of EPW, detainees, refugees, and CED to screen, interrogate, and translate, respectively.

The availability of interrogators to do the job.

The number of interrogators authorized within the MI battalions organic to armored, mechanized, infantry, air assault, and airborne divisions follows.

Interrogation resources are task organized to satisfy aggregate mission requirements. The interrogation section is normally deployed at the division collecting point in GS of the division. Interrogation teams are normally placed in DS of forward-deployed brigades. Interrogation teams extend the division's human intelligence (HUMINT) collection effort into the forward areas, when required. Forward-deployed teams usually operate from the maneuver brigade's EPW collection point in the BSA. Each team includes two interrogators, one vehicle, and one VHF FM radio. The interrogation section has two vehicles and two or three VHF FM radios. Additional resources from the corps MI brigade may augment the interrogation section or interrogation teams. The teams may also be cross-attached, based on mission priorities and the workload itself, in one or another brigade AO.

Interrogation operations conducted below division level emphasize rapid screening and brief tactical interrogations of EPW, detainees, and refugees. Enemy documents found on EPW are used to support the screening and interrogation efforts and may themselves provide substantive combat information or intelligence for the commander. All other CED are evacuated to the rear areas as swiftly as possible for exploitation purposes.

Forward-deployed interrogation teams may be placed in DS of the maneuver brigade. The brigade may further allocate these DS interrogation teams to its subordinate maneuver battalions to accomplish specific missions for a specific period of time. Direct support interrogation teams are tasked by, and respond to the brigade or battalion S2. On occasion, DS interrogators may be attached to a company team or combat patrol. Such missions are unique and usually require detailed planning and approval by higher headquarters, brigade and above. Command and control in such situations is normally retained by the brigade or battalion commander.

Counterintelligence Support

Counterintelligence activities are conducted on a continuous basis throughout all phases of military operations at all levels of command from battalion through EAC. The commander, his staff, and all assigned, attached, and supporting personnel take the actions necessary at each echelon to defeat or degrade the enemy's multidiscipline RSTA effort. Counterintelligence operations include all staff functions regarding the identification of enemy RSTA capabilities and activities; they support the development, execution, and maintenance of OPSEC, deception, and rear operations plans. Counterintelligence operations also include specific operational activities such as--

Liaison.

Security investigations.

Defensive source operations.

Technical OPSEC and deception evaluations and assistance.

Security training.

CI screening and line-crosser operations.

The specific operational activities outlined above are conducted primarily by specially trained CI personnel assigned to MI organizations at echelons above brigade. Such operations are oriented to identifying and defeating or degrading sabotage and espionage activities, such as those conducted by terrorist groups, enemy sympathizers, and enemy-controlled agents--the Level I threat to rear operations areas.

The staff and operational CI functions described above are also designed to identify and counter Level II and Level III threats to rear operations areas. Level II threats include sabotage, reconnaissance, and diversionary operations conducted by special purpose forces (that is, sabotage and reconnaissance groups) and raids, ambushes, and reconnaissance missions conducted by regular combat reconnaissance units of smaller than battalion size. Level III threats include heliborne, air assault, airborne, and amphibious operations conducted by regular and special purpose forces, and deliberate ground force combat operations conducted by an operational maneuver group (OMG) or conventional ground forces to exploit a specific breakthrough in the close operations area. Tactical Air Force, attack helicopter, long-range artillery, rocket, missile, and REC units will also conduct and support deep attack missions against key elements in friendly rear operation areas. These threats may be present at all rear area threat levels, such as I, II, or III. Enemy collection means are illustrated below.

Enemy commanders, as friendly commanders, need accurate and timely intelligence, combat information, and targeting data in order to conduct deep attack missions, while conducting their close and rear operations at the same time. Accurate and timely intelligence, combat information, and targeting data are dependent on the availability and capabilities of multidiscipline collection means and a responsive C³ system. The enemy has a vast array of multidiscipline collection means to satisfy his intelligence, combat information, and targeting requirements. These collection means include HUMINT, imagery intelligence (IMINT), signals intelligence (SIGINT), and surveillance and target acquisition resources shown in the foregoing illustration.

The majority of enemy HUMINT collection resources were discussed above in regard to Level I, II, and III threats to friendly rear operations areas. Enemy IMINT, SIGINT, and to a lesser degree, enemy surveillance and target acquisition resources also pose a significant threat to brigade, division, corps, and EAC rear operations. The RSTA threat to the maneuver brigade and battalions' close operations is also readily apparent--it is intense.

The maneuver brigade and its subordinate, attached, and supporting units require extensive CI support during peacetime and prior to actual combat. The division and corps provide the brigade and battalion with intelligence pertaining to enemy RSTA capabilities and existing or anticipated threats to the brigade rear area. The division G2, G3, and MI battalion commander may allocate organic or attached resources to maneuver brigade commanders to satisfy their aggregate CI requirements for OPSEC, deception, and rear operations. These resources come from OPSEC support teams, which include CI and other specially trained personnel from the division staff and the MI battalion.

CI members of the support teams are capable of identifying and countering the specific enemy HUMINT, IMINT, SIGINT, and surveillance and target acquisition means which pose a significant threat to brigade operations. They help develop or refine friendly forces profiles and monitor and evaluate the most sensitive aspects of the division and brigades' OPSEC program and deception operations. More specifically, they assist the brigade's coordinating and special staff in--

Identifying the hostile collection and rear operations threat to the brigade and its subordinate maneuver battalions.

Determining the essential elements of friendly information (EEFI) that require protection.

Identifying brigade and battalion vulnerabilities to enemy RSTA, REC, and destruction activities--vulnerability assessments.

Performing risk analyses and selecting EEFI that must be protected.

Maintaining intelligence, OPSEC, and deception data bases.

Nominating enemy RSTA and REC assets or units for suppression, neutralization, destruction, or exploitation.

Recommending OPSEC and deception measures to be employed.

Monitoring the effectiveness of OPSEC and deception measures employed or counteractions taken--OPSEC evaluations.

Recommending adjustments to the brigade's OPSEC program, deception operations, or battle plans.

Training brigade and battalion personnel in counterintelligence and security matters.

Most of the CI functions listed above support the development and refinement of battalion, brigade, and division operation plans and orders (OPLANs and OPORDs) and the training necessary to ensure combat readiness at each respective echelon.

Counter-HUMINT. The maneuver brigade, its subordinate battalions, and attached or supporting combat and combat service support units face a HUMINT threat posed principally by close enemy maneuver forces. The HUMINT threat also includes enemy sympathizers, agents, saboteurs, and interrogators. The enemy's HUMINT collection effort is focused on determining the types of units in given areas, their disposition, strengths, weaknesses, capabilities, and current or projected activities. Signatures and patterns developed by the enemy may be used for immediate targeting and maneuver or for the development of friendly unit profiles. The brigade and its subordinate, attached, or supporting units uses basic countersurveillance techniques such as light, litter, and noise discipline, camouflage, and other selected OPSEC and deception measures to counter enemy HUMINT activities. All efforts are made to conceal the brigade's true signature and patterns. False signatures and patterns which the enemy is most likely to believe and verify are also implemented for deception purposes.

Counterintelligence personnel perform a number of functions to counter enemy HUMINT capabilities. These include--

Personnel, physical, and document security investigations, to include incidents of sabotage and espionage directed against the US Army (SAEDA).

Counterinterrogation training, to include threat awareness briefings regarding enemy collection capabilities and information pertaining to hostile interrogator techniques and procedures.

Liaison activities with local military, paramilitary, and civilian authorities and indigenous CI elements to identify CI targets and to impair the effectiveness of enemy HUMINT operations.

Screening and line-crosser operations to identify enemy sympathizers, agents, or saboteurs; the knowledge they or the enemy commander may have of friendly units and their activities; and collaborators for potential return as low-level US agents to the enemy-held area from which they came.

CI screening and interrogation of refugees, detainees, and EPW to determine the effectiveness of friendly OPSEC and deception measures and the enemy RSTA collection effort itself. CI personnel and EPW interrogators provide one another mutual support to accomplish common intelligence and CI objectives, missions, and tasks.

Counter-IMINT. Counterintelligence personnel may assist the brigade and battalion S2 in determining enemy imagery collection capabilities and activities to include side-looking airborne radars and photographic, thermal, and infrared systems. They may also perform friendly pattern and movement analyses to assist the S2 in determining the enemy's knowledge of friendly activities based on exposed signatures, patterns, and recognized vulnerabilities.

Army aviation and Air Force reconnaissance assets may provide SLAR, infrared and photographic reconnaissance support to CI OPSEC, and deception operations directed and coordinated at division and higher echelons. The brigade and battalion S2 requests such support through operations and intelligence channels or the AGOS C² systems as described earlier in this chapter. Results of such missions provide the S2 and supporting CI analysts additional information to confirm or negate their previous conclusions. Enemy actions are determined and friendly counteractions are recommended, selected, and implemented.

Counter-SIGINT. Both enemy and friendly commanders use camouflage, cover and concealment, radio silence, emission control, and disinformation to protect their respective C³ activities and combat operations. However, C-E emitters are employed by each force to command and control their forces and gather and transmit combat information and intelligence both prior to and during combat operations. SIGINT resources, therefore, area lucrative source of information to both enemy and friendly commanders prior to the initiation of hostilities. Such information is used for planning purposes. It is also used to cue close RSTA assets to look for, find, and report the locations of HPT to maneuver and fire support systems--direct targeting data.

Enemy SIGINT or radio and radio-radar reconnaissance assets are a significant threat to both brigade and battalion C² systems. These assets are distributed among--

Enemy regimental, division, and army reconnaissance units.

Enemy division, army, and FRONT-level artillery target acquisition units.

Both army and FRONT-level intelligence and REC units.

Enemy SIGINT resources at division and lower echelons are RSTA assets. They have one prime objective--to detect, identify, and locate battalion, brigade, and division C³ emitters and facilities. Their targets include: radiotelephone, radioteletype, multichannel communications emitters, and noncommunications or radar emitters such as GSR, weapons-locating radars, MTLR, and air defense radars. These enemy RSTA assets are organic to close-in maneuver and fire support units. They provide direct targeting data to lethal attack systems. Close-in army and FRONT-level REC assets are similarly equipped with organic radio direction finding (RDF) systems which provide direct targeting data to nonlethal ECM attack systems.

Army and FRONT-level SIGINT assets are also targeted against battalion, brigade, and division C³ emitters and facilities. Their purpose is to monitor current close operations to support on-going operations and near-term maneuver, logistics, and fire support planning functions. These SIGINT resources are also targeted against corps and EAC C³ systems to support long-term planning efforts for future battles. REC assets are also targeted against higher level C³ systems, extending from brigade through corps, to disrupt our senior tactical commanders' decision making process. Lethal attack against deep targets such as division and corps main CPs, brigade trains, and DISCOM or COSCOM support facilities is anticipated.

Brigade commanders, their staffs, and all assigned, attached, or supporting personnel take the steps necessary to counter enemy SIGINT/REC capabilities and to protect their own C³ systems. These measures include--

Data bases maintained on enemy SIGINT/REC capabilities.

The predicted location and disposition of enemy SIGINT/REC assets, units, and support facilities.

Friendly electronic signatures, C-E profiles, operating patterns, and vulnerability assessments developed and maintained on a continuous basis.

Development of OPSEC and deception measures, appropriate lethal and nonlethal counteractions, coordinating instructions, and attack schedules.

Employment of deception, SIGSEC, and defensive EW measures.

The conducting of OPSEC evaluations.

Confirmation of the location and disposition of close-in enemy SIGINT/REC assets, using specific operational techniques and procedures and by capitalizing on the aggregate capabilities of all IEW resources.

Suppression, neutralization, and destruction of critical HPT in the enemy's SIGINT/REC forces on a systematic basis in the earliest stages of combat

CI personnel may assist the brigade staff in performing many of the counter-SIGINT functions described above. The primary emphasis of CI services are communications security (COMSEC) and electronic security (ELSEC) vulnerability assessments which are usually conducted as integral tasks of an OPSEC evaluation in general, and a SIGSEC survey in particular.

The need for a SIGSEC survey is directly related to the hostile SIGINT/REC threat. Intelligence about enemy SIGINT/REC capabilities and their potential threat to brigade and battalion operations, as previously mentioned, is usually provided by division and higher echelons. Preliminary SIGSEC vulnerability assessments are conducted by division, brigade, and battalion staff personnel. They are used to determine the need for the SIGSEC survey itself, and aid in the selection and prioritization of subjects to be examined and tasks to be performed.

Signal security specialists conduct the SIGSEC survey as a C-E review and not as a security investigation or inquiry with disciplinary overtones. The objective of the SIGSEC survey is to conduct on-the-spot examinations of all C-E required for planning and executing brigade and battalion combat operations. It assists commanders in eliminating SIGSEC weaknesses that serve as sources for enemy intelligence. The survey begins with the planning stage of an operation and continues through the execution, evaluation, and adjustment phases.

The purpose of a SIGSEC survey is to identify areas for improvement in the overall operating effectiveness of the brigade and its subordinate battalions through improved SIGSEC practices and procedures. Particular attention is focused on the means of communications and the operational use of noncommunications or radar systems. The SIGSEC survey emphasizes--

Personal interviews.

On-site observations.

COMSEC monitoring and analysis of unencrypted communications.

ELSEC assistance.

Cryptofacility inspections.

Cryptonet evaluations.

Identification of C-E profiles associated with the combat operations and staff functions.

Personal interviews are critical to the success of the SIGSEC survey. When coupled with on-site observations, they provide valuable insight into how the unit actually performs. Participation in the actual operation of the unit is an invaluable part of the survey as it allows the teams to observe and listen to what actually occurs rather than to rely solely on information obtained through personal interviews and the review of documents. C-E operations are observed as they are normally conducted to make realistic judgements and recommend practical solutions for enhancing SIGSEC practices. Participation in the actual operations also permits brigade and battalion personnel to do their job without interference, but with positive assistance.

COMSEC monitoring is an extremely important SIGSEC function. COMSEC monitoring operations are well planned. They focus on specific C³ facilities which are critical to the success of division, brigade, and battalion combat operations. They are conducted to enhance the brigade and battalions' OPSEC posture. They are designed to augment rather than replace the application of effective ECCM and SIGSEC practices. They also ensure the continued use of the commanders' C³ system.

SIGSEC personnel are capable of conducting both passive and active COMSEC operations. Passive operations include COMSEC monitoring and analysis functions. Operations listen to, copy, and record the content of friendly radiotelephone communications. Analysts evaluate such material to determine the degree of security provided to these communications. COMSEC monitoring is one of the best methods for gathering the data necessary for traffic studies and vulnerability assessments. It also provides the commander with a means to evaluate the adequacy of his SIGSEC training program and the effectiveness of applied ECCM. COMSEC monitoring also plays an important role in developing the data base needed to plan and successfully execute an electronic cover and deception operation.

The COMSEC monitoring functions described above support the planning and preparatory phase of combat operations, to include peacetime garrison activities. They also support active COMSEC operations in combat. SIGSEC personnel are capable of performing the following active COMSEC support functions

Operators transmit MIJI tipoff reports to friendly ESM resources to identify and locate enemy jammers, as required.

Operators relay messages to appropriate recipients when enemy jamming of critical transmissions is experienced and primary routing is impossible.

Operators coordinate. evaluate. and support COMJAM screening operations to ensure their effectiveness and to preclude their inadvertent disruption of critical friendly C³.

Counterintelligence personnel may provide ELSEC assistance to the brigade and its subordinate, attached, or supporting units regarding the operational employment of given noncommunications emitters or radars. ELSEC assistance includes the usual CI support activities, such as the identification of enemy collection capabilities, friendly profiles, pattern analyses, risk assessments, and training. Personal interviews and on-site observations may also be used for conducting ELSEC vulnerability assessments. However. the best means of evaluating the ELSEC posture of any unit supporting the brigade is by targeting friendly noncommunications or ELINT intercept and DF equipment against friendly radar emitters during field training exercises (FTX). ELSEC targeting, like COMSEC monitoring, in peacetime is an extremely effective means for evaluating the adequacy of applied ECCM and ELSEC measures. ELSEC targeting also plays an important role in developing the data base needed for OPSEC and deception plans and operations. Personal observations conducted at RSTA radar sites while ELSEC targeting is under way, with the necessary C³ between ELSEC observers and ELINT operators, is an extremely effective method for training radar operators and developing sound operational techniques and procedures. The dialogue and interaction between ELINT personnel from the division's MI battalion and RSTA radar operators from other division-based units (such as field artillery and ADA) greatly enhances the interoperability among mutually supporting IEW, fire support, and ADA systems on the battlefield. A greater appreciation for each other's missions and operational environments is obtained. Cuing procedures, coordinating instructions, and mutually supporting techniques and procedures are developed, tested, evaluated, and refined. The commander realizes the full potential from all of his noncommunications collection means. His troops survive. They win the battle.

Cryptofacility inspection, cryptonet evaluations, and the identification of friendly C-E profiles are also important SIGSEC support functions. They, like passive COMSEC monitoring and ELSEC assistance, are performed in garrison. They have little or no value later in actual combat. However, actions taken as a result of such efforts may well determine the success or failure of brigade and battalion combat operations. These SIGSEC support functions are fully explained in FM 34-60. The latter--C-E profiles--are also discussed in greater detail within this manual.

The enemy's surveillance and target acquisition effort against the brigade and its subordinate, attached, and supporting units is extremely intense. The means for surveillance and target acquisition available to the enemy include--

Air defense radars.

Counter-mortar and counter-battery radars.

Sound and flash ranging systems.

Sonic listening devices.

Battlefield surveillance radars.

Remote sensors.

Range finders and laser designators.

Night observation devices.

Enemy collection capabilities are illustrated below.

These resources are organic to enemy ADA, rocket, missile, artillery, reconnaissance, and maneuver units. All of these resources, less air defense radars, are integrated organizationally with HUMINT and SIGINT resources in given combat, reconnaissance, and target acquisition units. All of these resources, to include air defense radars, are fully integrated with the maneuver forces or weapon systems they support.

The enemy also has an extremely robust C³ system to support the interaction among all the RSTA, maneuver, and fire support systems or units previously mentioned. Long range RSTA assets provide the intelligence needed to focus short range systems. Lower echelon close-in RSTA assets detect, identify, tip off, locate, and confirm or negate HPT in the close operations area. They provide direct targeting data to maneuver and fire support systems.

Counterintelligence operations, deception operations, and corps, division, and brigade OPSEC programs are conducted and implemented to counter both long-range and short-range enemy RSTA capabilities and C³ activities. Their emphasis at echelons above brigade is weighted on the former--countering the enemy's long-range HUMINT, IMINT, and SIGINT collection capabilities, since poor intelligence results in an illinformed, misguided, and ineffective RSTA effort close-in.

The enemy's close-in RSTA effort is further complicated by RTO and radar operators who use sound operating procedures and proven ECCM and SIGSEC techniques. Enemy attempts to detect, identify, and locate friendly C³ facilities and key maneuver units and weapon systems early on are thwarted. The enemy's short-range RSTA effort directed against the maneuver brigade is also countered by--

The effective application of engineer survivability and counter-surveillance support measures.

The effective planning and timely execution of field artillery countertop and counter-CP programs.

Well-planned, fully coordinated, effectively executed EW operations to include both protect and counter C³ programs.

The effective use of smoke-generating systems.

Soldiers who are well trained in the use of camouflage, cover, and concealment, as well as light, litter, and noise discipline.

Ultimately, it is the well-trained individual soldier who ensures the elements of surprise up to the moment of actual contact with enemy force.

CI personnel may assist brigade and battalion staffs in performing all CI functions previously described. In regard to other CI activities--

They help to identify the close-in enemy surveillance and target acquisition capabilities.

They help to identify friendly force vulnerabilities, perform risk analyses, and recommend appropriate OPSEC, deception, and countersurveillance measures.

They recommend HPT for destruction and disruption.

They conduct OPSEC evaluations in peacetime and countersurveillance investigations in combat, as required.

They help train brigade and battalion personnel in the proper use of the basic countersurveillance techniques previously described.

CI Resources

Resource availability and mission priorities are the prime factors which determine the degree of CI support to brigade and battalion operations. Sufficient resources should be available from division, corps, and EAC to satisfy peacetime requirements--planning, training, and evaluation. However, in combat, mission priorities change. Mission requirements for CI resources, per se, increase, especially with regard to Level I, II, and III threats to friendly rear operations areas. Level I threat activity will most likely have been accelerated during the 24-48-hour period prior to actual combat. Level II threats, such as small sabotage-reconnaissance groups, may also become active within rear operations areas during the last few hours before combat. Naturally, units stationed within contingency areas will have deployed to their general deployment plan (GDP) area many hours and, hopefully, several days before the initiation of actual hostilities. Counterintelligence resources, just like all other IEW assets, will also have deployed with their parent or supported units. They will have been performing their primary combat support functions for some time.

The primary combat support functions of CI resources organic or attached to the division MI battalion include a number of staff and operational support activities previously described. Among the many staff support functions necessary to be performed in combat, emphasis is placed on the function of monitoring the effectiveness of applied OPSEC and deception measures. Many other staff functions stem from, or depend on, the results of this task.

Operational support functions also emphasize the monitoring of the effectiveness of applied OPSEC and deception measures. They include those specific field activities designed to counter enemy HUMINT and SIGINT capabilities, namely liaison activities, CI screening, line-crosser or interrogation operations, and COMSEC monitoring. Countersurveillance investigations, as previously mentioned, are also performed in combat, as required.

The CI resources authorized in the MI battalions, organic to armored and mechanized divisions (heavy), infantry divisions (light), and air assault and airborne divisions respectively, are shown below. These resources are distributed among five CI teams and five COMSEC teams on the TOE of each MI battalion. An ELSEC assistance team of three specially trained ELINT personnel is also authorized in the MI battalion (CEWI), infantry division (light). Each of the CI teams has two or three CI agents per team, depending on the type of division to which the MI battalion itself is subordinate. The five COMSEC teams authorized in the MI battalions organic to heavy, light, and air assault divisions have three SIGSEC specialists each; they employ either a telephone or radio monitoring sets--the AN/TTR-lA or AN/TRR-33, respectively. Two of the five COMSEC teams authorized in the MI battalion (CEWI), airborne division, have five SIGSEC specialists each and employ either the AN/TTR-lA or AN/TRR-33. The other three COMSEC teams have three SIGSEC specialists each and employ a standard VCR-12 series radio for COMSEC monitoring purposes. These CI resource authorizations are shown below.

The CI resources, assigned or attached to the MI battalion, are task organized to provide CI support on an area-wide basis throughout the division AO. The actual number and makeup of CI support teams and their individual zones of responsibility are based on aggregate mission requirements and other METT-T planning factors. The availability of CI resources from corps and EAC, cross-attachments between organic CI and COMSEC teams, and the mission requirements of all of the division's major subordinate commands (MSCs) are considered. An example of CI support teams employed on an area-wide basis is shown below.

The majority of CI resources, like other HUMINT assets in the MI battalion (that is, EPW interrogators), are usually held in GS of the division. Teams deployed within the division's rear area are normally collocated with the rear area operations center (RAOC) in the division support area (DSA). Personnel from these CI support teams assist the rear operations officer (ROO) and staff in identifying the threat to rear operations areas and in monitoring the effectiveness of applied OPSEC measures and deception operations. Individuals from one or more of these teams may operate with EPW interrogators at the division EPW collection point to perform CI screening and line-crosser operations. Other individuals may be dispatched to locations within their CI support team's assigned zone of responsibility to perform liaison activities and countersurveillance investigations.

Forward-deployed CI support teams are usually collocated with the brigade rear CP of committed divisional brigades. They perform CI functions similar to those just described for CI support teams deployed in the division's rear area. Their assigned zones of responsibility may transcend division and brigade AO boundaries. It is for this reason that the forward-deployed CI support teams are normally held in GS of division combat operations and deployed under an area support concept. However, personnel and resources from these forward-deployed teams may be placed in DS of the maneuver brigade or its subordinate, attached, or supporting units on a temporary basis to perform specific CI missions. For example, COMSEC resources may be assigned tasks to monitor and actively support brigade and battalion C³ facilities. Counterintelligence resources may also be assigned tasks to perform countersurveillance investigations or missions in the brigade's close operations area.

Contingency missions for light, air assault, and airborne divisions, and the manner in which their subordinate maneuver brigades are deployed may also dictate one or more CI support teams (reinforced) to be placed in DS of brigade combat operations. CI teams may be placed in DS to the brigade when such requirements exist. The CI support teams revert to MI battalion control for GS to the entire division once the division is deployed and operational.

Electronic Warfare Support

The EW resources organic to, or attached to, the division's MI battalion are capable of performing a number of tasks in support of brigade combat operations.

They can identify, locate, track, and monitor the activities of enemy RSTA, REC, and fire support units which pose a threat to brigade C³ facilities--combat information and targeting data.

They can disrupt enemy SIGINT and REC collection activities by screening friendly communications deemed critical to the success of brigade combat operations--COMJAM screening.

They can communicate essential orders and requests of brigade and battalion commanders when enemy jamming is experienced or long-range skip-echelon communications are required--high power communications support.

They can deceive enemy commanders by jamming specific enemy C³ facilities in support of friendly battlefield deception operations, such as demonstrations and feints--demonstrative COMJAM operations.

They can create a series of time delays in the enemy commanders' decision cycle by disrupting specific enemy command, control, communications, and intelligence (C³I) facilities in concert with maneuver and fires--offensive COMJAM operations.

They can identify, locate, track, and monitor the activities of enemy first- and second-echelon battalions and regiments and supporting fire. combat engineer, and combat service support units--combat information and direct targeting data.

The capability of EW resources to perform any one of the tasks described above is dependent upon a number of METT-T factors. The primary factor is intelligence and the availability of specific electronic order of battle (EOB) information about the enemy's disposition, frequency utilization, and C-E operating instructions (CEOI). National agencies and SIGINT resources at EAC may provide corps and division MI units with this essential EOB information. However, this information may not be available in given contingency areas. It may also prove to be of little or no value in the initial hours and days of actual combat in given theaters of operations. These statements are predicated upon the following assumptions:

The enemy will conduct extensive OPSEC and deceptions to cover the movement of combat forces to wartime assembly areas and firing positions.

Wartime frequency utilization may differ significantly from the established norm in peacetime.

The enemy may introduce and use more highly sophisticated C-E equipment than originally anticipated.

The CEOI used by the enemy, once the attack begins, will be drastically different than the CEOI used prior to combat.

The conclusion drawn from the above discussion is that "cold start" EOB or SIGINT data bases may have to be developed by corps and division EW resources, once deployed. Thus, the EW resources available to support brigade combat operations have another mission to perform, a mission which is actually endemic to all of the EW tasks previously described. This mission is SIGINT.

The SIGINT mission is an operational imperative for all division EW resources, especially in the prehostility and post-deployment phases of combat operations.

The primary objective is to provide the division, brigade, and battalion commanders with the intelligence they need to plan, direct, coordinate, support, and conduct their combat operations. All of the EW resources available to the division are "netted" via the IEW C² system. The combat information, targeting data, and SIGINT technical data collected by each EW collection or jamming team is reported to intermediate processing, analysis, and control elements located within the forward brigade AO.

An intermediate processing, analysis, and control element may be an EW platoon operations center, a SIGINT processing platoon operations center, or an IEW company team TOC. Either one of the former may be collocated with the latter.

EW and SIGINT analysts at these locations relay all information received to the technical control and analysis element (TCAE) located at the MI battalion tactical operations center. Combat information and targeting data essential to brigade planning and targeting efforts are provided immediately to the brigade S2 by the IEWSE, which gleans the information by monitoring the MI battalion TCAE to the EW platoon tasking and reporting net (FM). EW and SIGINT analysts at the MI battalion tactical operations center process and analyze all information received. Combat information and targeting data essential to the division's overall planning and targeting effort is reported immediately to the division G2, upon recognition.

Intelligence resulting from the comparison and analysis of combat information and the correlation of targeting and technical data is reported to the division G2 for further analysis or immediate dissemination to the appropriate MSC.

The SIGINT process and reporting flow described above provides essential information needed by each division MSC to further refine and adjust their respective collection plans, battle plans, attack schedules, and HPT lists--both prior to and during combat operations. The entire process begins and ends with SIGINT technical data. SIGINT technical data, such as frequencies, call signs, and C-E operating schedules, when combined with SIGINT RDF results and combat information, is the basic means used by SIGINT/EW analysts to "sort" and isolate HPT emitters and to "template" the electronic battlefield.

The SIGINT/EW analysts at the TCAE and intermediate processing, analysis, and control elements use intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB) procedures to template the electronic battlefield and to develop and maintain EOB maps. They use target value analysis (TVA) procedures to identify high value target (HVT) emitters. In addition, they use SIGINT technical data, SIGINT RDF results, combat information, and special SIGINT analytical methodologies to identify, locate, track, and monitor HPT emitters, enemy C³I facilities, and the units or weapon systems they support.

Electronic templating and EW targeting are endemic to specific IEW responsibilities of the brigade S2 and S3. The S2 is responsible for collection management, situation development, and target development. Electronic templating--general in nature and done without SIGINT technical data--supports both situation and target development functions and helps determine the brigade's EW collection requirements. The S2's ability to identify high value C³I targets, to include the predicted locations of enemy SIGINT, REC, and other electronic surveillance and target acquisition systems, is critical to the S3. The S3 is responsible for EW, overall, and ECM in particular. He ensures that ECM is integrated with brigade maneuver schemes and supporting fire plans. High value C³I targets, developed by the S2, are considered by the S3, FSO, and EW officer from the IEWSE in their overall targeting effort. High payoff target emitters, C³I facilities, and both active and passive SIGINT, surveillance, and target acquisitions systems are identified and scheduled for attack. The availability of munitions and delivery means and the desired effects on the commander ultimately determine the brigade's ECM requirements. Aggregate EW requirements are forwarded to the division for consideration and incorporation into the division and MI battalion's OPLAN/OPORD.

The mission, functions, and tasks capable of being performed by EW resources in support of brigade combat operations are summarized in the following illustration. They relate directly to the brigade commander's critical EW tasks discussed in Chapter 1.

Electronic templating, IPB, TVA, collection management, situation development, target development, EW targeting, and all other IEW functions performed to prepare the brigade for combat operations are discussed in Chapter 4. Similar functions performed in combat are discussed in Chapter 5. Division tactical SIGINT operations and detailed information about EW and SIGINT processing, analysis, and reporting functions performed in the TCAE are further described in FMs 34-10 and 34-40(S). Detailed information about the specific capabilities and limitations of all division EW systems is also contained in FM 34-10. Information deemed essential to brigade commanders and staff officers is provided in the following discussion of this chapter.

EW Collection Resources

All ground-based EW collection systems available within the corps MI brigade and the division MI battalion may operate within the AO of forward maneuver brigades. The division's airborne EW system, QUICKFIX, also having a significant collection capability, operates within the forward area. All these systems are capable of supporting brigade combat operations. They include--

A ground-based HF and VHF communications intercept and VHF DF system--TRAILBLAZER--heavy divisions only.

Ground-based noncommunications intercept and line of bearing (LOB) systems--TEAMPACK--all divisions (less the light divisions) and corps.

Ground-based HF, VHF, and UHF communications intercept and LOB systems--such as TEAMMATE--all divisions and corps.

Airborne VHF communications intercept and LOB systems--QUICKFIX--all divisions.

TRAILBLAZER. The special purpose detecting set, AN/TSQ-l14A, or TRAILBLAZER, is a ground-based HF and VHF communications intercept system with a VHF DF capability. The A-model TRAILBLAZER system consists of two master control stations (MCSs) and three remote slave stations (RSSs). Each MCS and RSS is configured in a protective shelter, mounted on a modified M548 ammunition carrier, the M-1015 tracked vehicle. The MCS is capable of intercepting and providing LOB data on enemy AM, FM, continuous wave (CW), single side band (SSB), single channel voice (SCV) and manual Morse communications. The RSS can operate in a remote or local mode. In the remote mode, the RSS is remotely turned by, and tasked to provide LOB data to, the MCS. No operator control is required in this mode, once deployed and initialized. In the local mode, the RSS functions as an independent platform providing intercept and LOB data. Intercept and LOB data, generated by either the MCS or RSS, is correlated at the MCS to provide DF locations on enemy communications emitters. Each station has identical 30 kw power units transported by a 6-ton flatbed trailer. Backup power is provided by an on-board 60 kw generator. A self-supporting telescopic DF antenna is mounted on top of each MCS and RSS shelter. (Note: All future doctrinal publications will refer to a remote slave station (RSS) as an out station (OS) instead.)

The MCS equipment is contained in a ballistically protected S-280 shelter. The S-280 shelter can be mounted on a tracked cargo carrier or a 5/4 ton truck. Each MCS and RSS is equipped with a quick-erecting antenna. The antenna system is mounted on the S-280 shelter. The quick-erecting antenna assembly consists of a self-supporting telescoping mast and a folding antenna array. The mast is erected to the vertical position by a hydraulic ram system and raised to the desired height by a pneumatic system. The antenna can be operational within 6 minutes. One station of the TRAILBLAZER system is shown in the following illustration.

Each MCS has two identical intercept positions. These two intercept positions, shown in the illustration below, are also used for DF target acquisition. Each position enables the operator--

To tune on-board receivers.

To remotely tune RSS DF receivers.

To initiate DF commands to the computer.

To intercept HPT communications emitters.

To record and gist HPT communications traffic.

To edit DF results.

To initiate or generate reports.

Each MCS intercept and DF team consists of five voice intercept operators and one manual Morse operator--six operators total. The MCS team leader and a senior voice operator are usually designated as work shift supervisors. They man one position within the MCS and continually search the band for HPT emitters. They tip off the second operator regarding HPT emitters. The second operator initiates DF requests into the system. The DF requests are automatically processed within the on-board computer and transmitter via UHF data link to the other MCSs and RSSs for LOB data. The LOB data, received from the other MCSs and RSSs, are automatically processed; the DF results are displayed to the DF operator in the MCS.

One MCS is always designated as the net. control station (NCS) for automatic DF operations. A second MCS functions essentially as an RSS when the system is in automatic mode. The two operators in the second MCS receive HPT emitter tipoffs from the NCS primary officer/team chief. They record and gist HPT communications traffic. All DF results and SIGINT technical data are transmitted via HF radioteletype (RATT) communications to the TCAE for further analysis and reporting. Combat information, targeting data, and DF results are also reported to the TCAE via VHF FM communications. Such information is also transmitted to other intermediate processing, analysis, and control elements, such as the EW platoon, which may be operating in the same brigade AO. SIGINT technical data may also be included. Information pertinent to brigade combat operations is passed to the brigade S2 via the IEWSE.

Each of the three RSSs has one DF position. Each RSS team consists of one vehicle and generator mechanic and two DF operators. No recording or gisting of enemy HPT communications traffic can be performed at the RSS. The DF operators merely set up the RSS for remote or automatic DF operations. As mentioned previously, they can provide basic intercept and LOB data in local mode operations. Local mode operations are conducted by netting all MCS and RSS via VHF FM secure voice communications. The VHF FM secure voice communications provide a backup to automatic UHF data link operations. Thus, local mode operations equate to degraded mode operations. No one station, by itself, can produce DF fix results. Three of the stations, the RSSs, cannot provide combat information, targeting data, or anything more than basic technical data. The RSS DF operators are not language qualified.

The M-1015 is a 6-ton tracked vehicle designed to provide improved mobility and a higher degree of survivability for TRAILBLAZER and other EW systems, as well. Its physical characteristics are the same as the M-548 with the following modifications:

A trailer-towing capability.

An intercommunication system which allows operators in the S-280 shelter to speak with personnel in the cab of the vehicle.

An electronically-operated ground rod driver which reduces system set-up and tear-down times.

A 60 kw generator backup power subsystem, previously mentioned.

The tactical mobility of the M-1015, the quick-erect pneumatic mast antenna, and the electronically-operated automatic ground rod driver significantly enhance the ability of TRAILBLAZER stations to operate well forward in the brigade AO.

All five stations of the TRAILBLAZER system require radio LOS to their predicted or assigned HPT communications emitters. They also require radio LOS for UHF data link communications between stations for effective C³ and automatic DF operations. The stations must also be protected from enemy detection and possible direct fire attacks. Thus, the TRAILBLAZER system normally occupies an area 40 kilometers wide and 10 kilometers deep with forward RSS kept at least 3-5 kilometers behind the FLOT.

Optimum DF accuracy and target area coverage with the five stations of the TRAILBLAZER system is relatively simple if the target area is small and the stations can be positioned anywhere desired to establish the required baseline. However, in many combat situations the target area is very large; it may be much wider than TRAILBLAZER is capable of covering. Terrain may also preclude the intercept and DF of critical HPT emitters in given sectors. Target priorities and the division and brigade commanders' information needs are the primary factors which determine how and where the TRAILBLAZER system will be used. At any rate, all of the stations must be positioned to provide as much coverage of the enemy's AO as possible. They must be deployed to concentrate their "fix" area where it is most probable the HPT emitters will be located. Plans are made to combine the LOB and "cuts" obtained from other LOB systems in the area in order to obtain a fix and to provide the necessary combat information and targeting data. A defilade area may require redeployment of the system itself.

Examples of various deployment configurations of the TRAILBLAZER stations and their respective areas of coverage are shown in the illustration below. These examples are based on LOS ranges for flat terrain and assume the FLOT will be a relatively straight line. Local terrain conditions and radio wave propagation conditions are taken into consideration when planning TRAILBLAZER operations.

Deployment 1, as shown in the above illustration, indicates that if the stations operate at the maximum radio line-of-sight range for effective C³, the system will not produce any DF fixes-only LOB and "cuts". The other two deployments illustrate how the fix, cut, and LOB areas are modified by the relative positioning of the stations. Deployment 2 permits a relatively large fix area and provides for deployment of the MCS at a closer distance to the FLOT. The distance to the TCAE for radio communications, however, is increased. Deployment 3 represents the optimum base-line for effective TRAILBLAZER operations; the target area of DF coverage is maximized and deeper targets can be located. All METT-T factors and especially C³ must be considered.

TRAILBLAZER stations must also be redeployed frequently even when required to maintain coverage of one target area for an extended period. Failure to do so is a sure way to have all of the stations in the TRAILBLAZER system located by the enemy. Caution must be exercised to avoid detection during the redeployment by selecting march routes that cannot be observed and by eradicating any telltale signs, such as vehicle tracks leading into the new site.

The TRAILBLAZER system is the heavy division G2's primary organic means for identifying, locating, tracking, and monitoring the movement of enemy first- and second-echelon regiments. division and Army C² facilities: fire support units, and CSS facilities. The DF accuracy of the TRAILBLAZER system is not sufficient, itself, for targeting most lethal attack fire support systems. However, the DF results obtained and produced by TRAILBLAZER are more than adequate for the cuing of other available RSTA systems as the enemy forces move closer to or into the forward brigade AO. The DF results are also adequate for division and brigade commanders to make decisions regarding the employment of maneuver forces. High payoff targets may also be developed for deep attack as a result of performing terrain analysis and by comparing the DF results with information provided by other RSTA assets.

The greatest limitation of the TRAILBLAZER system is the fact that it can only cover a one- or two-brigade front. This limitation is directly related to, and actually is the reason for, the system's greatest vulnerability. The UHF data link communications system, which is the primary means for C³ and automatic DF operations, presents a unique signature on the battlefield. Data link signals are emitted 360 degrees from omni-directional whip antennas. Thus, the system itself is not only vulnerable to enemy SIGINT, DF, and indirect fire systems, its employment against high priority target areas or on major avenues of approach used by friendly forces may provide the enemy commander a significant indicator of brigade and division main objectives. The TRAILBLAZER MCS and RSS teams use special operating procedures and techniques and battlefield tactics to reduce their vulnerability, to preclude compromise of the division and brigades' objectives, and to enhance their target coverage area capability at the same time. These special operating procedures, techniques, and tactics are discussed in Chapter 5. They are detailed in FM 34-10. Degraded mode operations, using backup VHF FM voice communications means, may be favorable in high density SIGINT threat environments. The UHF data communications signature could also be used to friendly advantage for deception purposes.

Other factors which limit TRAILBLAZER's effectiveness are--

MCS and RSS cannot fully deploy their antennas in high winds (50 mph or more).

MCS and RSS cannot fully deploy their antenna in high winds (50 mph or more).

Heavy rains and snow, dense foliage, metallic objects, tall buildings, close proximity to railroad tracks, power lines, buried cables and pipelines, wire fences, and bodies of water all degrade system performance.

The principal means used to counter the threat and to maximize the effectiveness of TRAILBLAZER operations is effective C³ and system flexibility.

The TRAILBLAZER MCS and RSS teams are assigned to the SIGINT processing platoon (SPP) subordinate to the EW company in the heavy division's MI battalion. The SPP is normally held in GS of the division. However, the platoon normally deploys its MCS and RSS teams within the AO of forward brigades. An EW and SIGINT analysis team, also assigned to the SPP, is usually deployed with the MCS designated as the TRAILBLAZER NCS. An AN/GRC-122 RATT system from the MI battalion's service support company also deploys with the SPP to provide HF communication record traffic between the SPP and TCAE. The MI battalion S3, TCAE operations officer, IEW company team commanders, and EW support officers effect the necessary coordination with the brigade S2 and S3. The MCS and RSS team leaders interface with battalion S2 and S3 for coordination purposes, when required.

The platoon leader and platoon sergeant form the SPP headquarters. They are equipped with one VCR-12 series VHF FM radio and one 5/4-ton cargo truck. The platoon headquarters is usually collocated with the TRAILBLAZER MCS designated NCS.

The EW and SIGINT analysis team is normally deployed as part of the SPP headquarters. The team consists of three DF analysts and three ELINT analysts. This team is equipped with one S250 and one S280 shelter-mounted M1028 5/4-ton truck and one AN/VRC-47 radio. The DF analysts maintain an EOB map and perform preliminary analysis of the DF results produced by the TRAILBLAZER system. The ELINT analysts compute the LOB data reported by the MI battalion's three TEAMPACK systems, which will be discussed shortly. The ELINT and DF analysts work together to correlate RDF fixes on HPT communications and noncommunications or radar emitters. They report both initial and follow-on SIGINT technical data and RDF results to the TCAE over the HF RATT net.

The SPP analysis team's COMINT and ELINT RDF correlation effort is the initial step in templating the electronic battlefield, which was previously explained. Their major effort, however, is to ensure that TRAILBLAZER stations and TEAMPACK systems are targeted on the HPT emitters in a synchronized manner and to ensure that the desired RDF results are passed to the TCAE on a timely basis. The analysis team may also pass or relay combat information and HPT location data to the brigade S2 via the IEWSE. Reporting criteria are determined by the division G2 and G3 and the MI battalion S3. When the NCS-designated MCS reaches its storage capacity, it transfers TRAILBLAZER NCS responsibility to the other MCS. This permits continuous operations. The second MCS is usually collocated with an EW platoon operations center or the IEW company team TOC in an adjacent brigade's AO for C³ purposes and analysis support.

In actuality, NCS responsibility may change dynamically between the two MCS on a time-shared basis in order to satisfy aggregate mission requirements and HPT priorities for the division and its subordinate maneuver brigades. Time-shared NCS responsibility lends greater flexibility to the TRAILBLAZER system. It is a basic technique employed for maintaining continuity of operations as given RSS and other MCS displace to new positions.

Time-shared requirements are determined as HPT emitters located in each brigade AO. Deeper targets are developed by the TCAE and become the responsibility of the MCS in the AO of the brigade most likely to be affected by the HPT emitter and the enemy unit or weapon system it supports. HPT revisit requirements to provide target location update information (tracking data) ultimately determine the HPT sets for which each MCS is responsible. Combat information and HPT location data pertaining to target units within or approaching the brigade AO are passed via the IEW C² system to the brigade S2 in accordance with established unit SOP, coordinating instructions, and the reporting criteria mentioned earlier. The brigade S2 uses all other RSTA assets organic, attached, or supporting brigade and battalion combat operations to acquire, track, and monitor HPT units associated with the target emitters. These RSTA assets may include other EW resources from the division's MI battalion.

TEAMPACK. There are three noncommunications collection teams assigned to each MI battalion. Each team is equipped with a TEAMPACK system, the AN/MSQ-103A. The teams consist of four electronic intelligence (ELINT) operators each. These teams are targeted against HPT radars and other noncommunications emitters, the majority of which may be found within the brigade's close-in and deep operations areas of responsibility. Priority targets usually include--

Meteorological radars supporting enemy fire support units, to include surface-to-surface missile (SSM) units.

Countermortar and counterbattery radars associated with enemy rocket and artillery units.

Battlefield surveillance radars supporting enemy reconnaissance and fire support units.

Target surveillance, target tracking, and fire control radars associated with enemy antiaircraft artillery (AAA) and SAM units.

The AN/MSQ-103A, shown in the following illustration, is configured in an S-623 shelter mounted on the M-1015 EW system carrier, previously described. Like the TRAILBLAZER stations, it utilizes a quick-erect antenna and has an onboard power generator to facilitate rapid set-up and relocation operations in heavy divisions. A lightweight version of TEAMPACK is currently being developed for use by airborne and air assault divisions. The lightweight version will be a similarly shelter-mounted system on the 5/4-ton M-1028 commercial utility cargo vehicle (CUCV) or M990 HMMWV.

Each TEAMPACK system is capable of detecting, intercepting, and providing LOB information on HPT noncommunications emitters, such as those described above. The onboard computer can be programed to rapidly search specified frequency bands. SIGINT technical data and LOB information is stored in the computer's memory and can be displayed to the operator or printed out on hard copy upon command. The approximate location of an HPT radar emitter can be determined by triangulation of several TEAMPACK intercepts. The approximate locations of HPT radars, like the communications intelligence (COMINT) DF results produced by TRAILBLAZER, are adequate for cuing other RSTA assets in the close operations area. In fact, it is standard practice to cue COMINT systems with ELINT tipoffs, and vice versa, within EW units. Information provided by aggregate TEAMPACK systems, once processed at the SPP or TCAE, is also sufficient to provide front-line traces and AO parameter information about close-in enemy forces. Terrain analysis, target correlation with COMINT DF results, and comparison with enemy communications operating schedules generate, in many cases, HPT nominations suitable for targeting lethal fire support systems. TEAMPACK DF accuracy is also greatly enhanced when intercept sites are surveyed by field artillery survey teams using the PADS system mentioned earlier. The circular error probable (CEP) is reduced and greater RDF accuracy is achieved.

There are two major factors which limit the effectiveness of TEAMPACK operations. The first limitation factor is that the VHF FM voice communications means used for DF flash tipoffs, technical data, and LOB information reports are slow. The second limitation factor is the fact that three TEAMPACK systems, like the five stations of the TRAILBLAZER system, cannot cover the entire division front. The fields of view and forward deployment of each TEAMPACK to achieve triangulation, maximum range, and LOS to the HPT emitters, restricts the target coverage area, front-wise, to that of one and possibly two brigades in best case situations, flat and level terrain notwithstanding. Dense foliage, ground clutter, the enemy's use of terrain masking, electromagnetic propagation losses, and the multipath effects of given radar systems can also have adverse impact on TEAMPACK's RDF capability and detection range. The intercept and DF capability of each TEAMPACK, however, is not hampered by smoke, haze, fog, light rain or snow, or light foliage.

The two major limitation factors mentioned above are well recognized. Major efforts are under way to provide TEAMPACK a UHF data link communications capability similar to that which is employed on the TRAILBLAZER system. Corps augmentation (three TEAMPACK systems authorized) and the cross-attachment of other TEAMPACK systems in adjacent divisions and the corps separate brigade or armored cavalry regiment (ACR) may also be used to increase TEAMPACK's target coverage area. Corps, division, separate brigade, and ACR intelligence officers and TSOs work together to ensure adequate ELINT DF coverage of critical areas. National, EAC, and corps-based airborne ELINT systems such as QUICKLOOK are also considered. The intelligence, combat information, and targeting data capable of being collected and produced by ELINT systems at echelons above division is of paramount concern to both division and brigade commanders. The challenge is getting it down to the division and brigade commanders who can put it to best use. Such information may not only provide direct targeting data for lethal deep attack systems, but cuing data for TEAMPACK and other close-in RSTA assets, as well.

The manner in which the three TEAMPACK systems are deployed and employed ultimately determines their individual and collective contributions to battalion, brigade, and division combat operations.

One of the three TEAMPACK systems and noncommunications collection teams assigned to each MI battalion is subordinate to one of three EW platoons (heavy division), collection and jamming (C&J) platoons (light and air assault divisions), or C&J companies (airborne division), depending upon the type of division to which the MI battalion itself is organic. It has been common practice, doctrinally and historically speaking, to place each of the three platoons or companies mentioned above in DS of the division's three maneuver brigades. The field of view, maximum range, LOS, and RDF tipoff and reporting requirements, however, dictate a more flexible operational concept for TEAMPACK systems.

Centralized control at the TCAE and intermediate control at the SPP or MCS is required. Trade-offs between maximum range (depth) and frontal coverage (width) capabilities are determined by the division G2 and TSO in coordination with the MI battalion S3 and TCAE operations officer. The three TEAMPACK systems, and any additional systems from corps, are task organized in accordance with the division commander's operational guidance, information requirements, and concept of operations. They may be placed in DS of one brigade or held in GS of the division to provide priority of support to two forward-committed brigades. In either case, the TCAE and SPP exercise technical control of TEAMPACK operations; OPCON is retained by the IEW company team commander or the MI battalion commander and S3, depending upon the situation.

The three or more TEAMPACK systems are targeted against HPT noncommunications emitters supporting enemy first-echelon reconnaissance and fire support units found beyond the limits of friendly observation and within the brigade and divisions' indirect fire range. The LOB information, emitter identification, and combat information regarding the specific activities indicated are reported to the TCAE via the TEAMPACK-designated NCS and intermediate processing, analysis, and reporting elements, previously specified. The TEAMPACK systems may be collocated with TRAILBLAZER MCS or RSS or with other EW communications intercept and LOB systems operating in the forward areas. Their collocation enhances the cuing effort between communications and noncommunications collection systems and provides an enhanced communications and reporting capability. CSS and security requirements are also reduced. Additional information about the deployment and employment of TEAMPACK systems and the support they are capable of providing the maneuver brigade is contained in Chapter 5. More detailed information is provided in FM 34-10.

The MI battalions subordinate to heavy, light, air assault, and airborne divisions are authorized an equivalent number of voice collection teams to satisfy division and brigade requirements. They have three teams each, with six operators per team to man three intercept positions. The air assault and airborne division MI battalions are authorized an additional six and nine low-level voice intercept (LLVI) teams, respectively. These LLVI teams employ the AN/TRQ-30 manpack radio intercept receiving set. The AN/TRQ-30 is actually a component of the AN/TRQ-32 voice collection and LOB system used by the voice collection teams mentioned above. The LLVI teams augment the voice collection teams--two and three LLVI teams per voice collection team in air assault and airborne divisions, respectively. The LLVI teams in the air assault division are authorized two operators per team. The airborne division LLVI teams, however, have three operators per team--a greater capability to satisfy aggregate combat requirements.

The voice collection teams in each MI battalion consist of six operators each. They are equipped with one AN/TRQ-32 per team. Each AN/TRQ-32 has two intercept positions. The AN/TRQ-30, as a component of the AN/TRQ-32 system, provides the team one additional position and a capability to reach intercept sites otherwise inaccessible to the voice collection team. The AN/TRQ-30 provides a backup and surge augmentation capability to the team's primary system. It also provides the team a means to maintain continuity of operations in fast-paced combat situations. The above information is summarized in the following illustration.

The AN/TRQ-32 system is configured within an S-250 shelter. The shelter is usually mounted on a 5/4-ton M-880 cargo truck. It can also be mounted on the M-561 Gamma Goat. The replacement for the AN/TRQ-32, the TEAMMATE system, which will be discussed shortly, is mounted on an M-1028 5/4-ton truck. The AN/TRQ-30 is usually carried and may be mounted in an M151A 1/4-ton jeep or the new M1009 3/4-ton 4x4 truck. These systems are illustrated below.

These systems have similar capabilities and limitations. They are capable of intercepting both HF and VHF single channel voice and manual Morse communications facilities supporting enemy first-echelon units.

Both of these systems also have a VHF line of bearing capability. Their primary HPTs usually include the C³ facilities supporting--

Enemy first- and second-echelon battalion CP.

Enemy first- and second-echelon regimental CP.

Enemy first-echelon division forward and main CP.

Fire direction control centers and command observation posts associated with rocket and artillery units supporting enemy first-echelon divisions.

Meteorological stations supporting enemy first-echelon fire support units.

Rocket, artillery, AA, and SAM firing batteries.

The AN/TRQ-32 and AN/TRQ-30 systems are the primary means available to the heavy division G2 for extending the RDF baseline of the TRAILBLAZER system described earlier. Secure VHF FM voice communications provide the basic means for netting TRAILBLAZER MCS with the AN/TRQ-32 and AN/TRQ-30 via the IEW C² system. RDF flash tipoffs are communicated both ways over these VHF FM circuits. Rapid identification and location of HPT emitters is given primary emphasis in the TRAILBLAZER system, especially in the prehostility phase of combat operations. However, combat information and targeting data, and the tracking and monitoring of HPT, is the primary effort for AN/TRQ-32 and AN/TRQ-30 operators. They track and monitor the communications activity on the HPT C³ facilities mentioned above. They provide indications and warning data to the brigade S2 via the IEW C² system as targets approach the brigade AO or as enemy fire support units target friendly close-in forces. They flash RDF tipoffs and help provide target location update information on HPT as they enter and proceed to close on brigade battle positions. They also monitor the lethal and nonlethal attack against critical HPT located beyond the limits of observed fire. They provide battle damage assessment reports to the brigade S2 and division G2 via the IEW C² system. They also evaluate the effectiveness of COMJAM operations against enemy HPT emitters; they coordinate directly with ECM operators located nearby to ensure proper COMJAM adjustments to counter enemy ECCM activities.

TEAMMATE--AN/TRQ-32(V1). TEAMMATE, the AN/TRQ-32(V1), is a product improvement of the AN/TRQ-32 system described above. It provides HF, VHF and UHF communications intercept, and VHF LOB data. The system is mounted on the M-1028 5/4-ton 4x4 CUCV. The quick-erect antenna, antenna mast, and hydraulic 5 kw generator and air conditioner are attached to the exterior of the S-457 shelter, making the system self-contained.

The TEAMMATE system, shown in the following illustration, will eventually replace all AN/TRQ-32 systems on a one-for-one basis; some are available in given MI battalions today.

The AN/PRD-10, MRDFS. The AN/PRD-10 Man-transportable Radio Direction Finding System (MRDFS)--vehicle or pack-frame mounted--is a lightweight modular radio intercept and direction finding system. It is capable of operating in two modes--autonomous or netted. In the autonomous mode, an individual station can provide intercept and LOB data. In the netted mode, up to four stations can be interfaced to provide intercept and RDF fix location data on HPT. The MRDFS will eventually replace all AN/TRQ-30 systems on a one-for-one basis, Armywide. Some are in the hands of troops today.

Voice Collection and LLVI. The voice collection and LLVI teams previously described are distributed evenly among the three EW platoons, C&J platoons, and C&J companies in the MI battalions subordinate to heavy, light, air assault, and airborne divisions, respectively. These EW platoons, C&J platoons, and C&J companies, as mentioned in the discussion about TEAMPACK, have been traditionally placed in DS of the respective division's subordinate maneuver brigades.

The number of SCV collection and LOB systems authorized in air assault and airborne divisions, and their equal distribution among three C&J platoons or companies, permits effective DS to each maneuver brigade. These DS assets can still operate under the technical control of the TCAE to satisfy SIGINT and the division G2's intelligence requirements. The individual voice collection and LLVI teams are netted under the control authority of the C&J platoon or company in each brigade's area; the voice collection teams, using the AN/TRQ-32, serve as the RDF NCS. The C&J platoon and company processing, analysis, and control elements are similarly netted under the centralized control authority of the division MI battalion's S3 and TCAE. A continuous flow of combat information, LOB and RDF fix location targeting data, and SIGINT technical data provides all elements--to include the division G2 and brigade S2--the information needed to successfully conduct the division's close, deep, and rear operations. The brigade S2 has direct access to the communications intercept and LOB systems via the IEWSE and C&J platoon leader or company commander. A C&J platoon or company may be reinforced with other voice collection and LLVI teams, cross-attached from other C&J platoons or companies. A prime example is when a divisional brigade is deployed forward by itself, as the initial division maneuver MCS, into a given contingency area. In such situations, the TCAE, or personnel therefrom, may augment the IEWSE at the brigade TOC. A tighter interface and more responsive support is then provided the brigade commander. The MI battalion commander and S3 may accompany the forward MI elements with the brigade making the initial assault or deployment.

The number of voice collection teams in the divisional MI battalions does not normally permit DS to maneuver brigades of DF assets. Each team has only one AN/TRQ-32; the AN/TRQ-30, even when used, is collocated with the AN/TRQ-32 most of the time. These two systems cannot be deployed to provide a sufficient baseline for DF purposes. In any case, only a "cut"--two LOBs--would be produced. Thus, the single voice collection team within any one brigade AO cannot produce anything other than a general direction to HPT emitters. A general direction to an HPT emitter is adequate for nonlethal COMJAM attacks. However, a general direction to an HPT is inadequate for targeting by lethal attack systems. All three of the voice collection teams, therefore, must be netted under one centralized control authority.

The TCAE is the centralized control authority in most situations when the entire division is deployed and operational. Tasking and reporting, however, between the voice collection teams and TCAE, are still performed using intermediate control elements--the C&J platoon operations centers, TRAILBLAZER MCS/SSP, or EW platoon headquarters. In heavy divisions equipped with TRAILBLAZER, the voice collection teams may be cross-attached to provide an extended RDF baseline against key target coverage areas. Thus, one brigade may have up to two or three voice collection teams and one RSS from TRAILBLAZER operating within its AO. The actual mix of communications intercept and LOB or RDF stations within any brigade's AO is METT-T and situation dependent.

The infantry division (light) is authorized three voice collection teams. These teams are sufficient for providing DS to only one maneuver brigade at a time in most situations. These three voice collection teams, however, cannot possibly cover a division front in excess of 40 kilometers unless special preparations and modifications are made in regard to personnel availability, enhanced CSS, and highpowered communications. These changes could include--

Moving a number of personnel forward to augment the C&J platoon's analysis effort and reinforcing the voice collection team with two voice intercept operators from the C&J platoon's transcription and analysis element.

Identifying personnel from the IEW company team or a local CSS unit to transport fuel and rations to forward-displaced AN/TRQ-32 and AN/TRQ-30 teams on a scheduled basis.

Using the high-powered communications capability of COMJAM systems operating on the flanks of the division or designated brigade AO to support the extended baseline requirement. A third COMJAM system would be needed at the centrally-located AN/TRQ-32 which, in most cases, may be designated the RDF NCS.

The type of DF and COMJAM support operations described above may be well suited to light division operations conducted against an adversary which lacks sophisticated DF capabilities. The use of COMJAM systems to support DF operations in high density enemy SIGINT environments, however, is not recommended.

The infantry division (light), because of its limited number of authorized voice collection teams and LOB systems, will have to optimize the communications intercept and LOB capabilities of other EW systems it has available to satisfy aggregate mission requirements. QUICKFIX is one of these systems.

QUICKFIX. Each MI battalion exercises operational control over the three QUICKFIX aircraft which are organic to the division CAB. Two versions of QUICKFIX are currently fielded. The first version is the QUICKFIX IB, AN/ARQ-33-A, which is mounted on the EH-lH modified helicopter. This version is capable of intercepting and jamming HPT communications emitters in the VHF band. It also has an HF intercept capability. It does not have an LOB or RDF capability.

The second version is the QUICKFIX IIA, AN/ALQ-151, which is mounted on the EH-1X modified Huey helicopter. It has all of the capabilities of the AN/ARQ-33, plus an LOB or RDF capability. It has only one operator position, however, whereas its predecessor has two. A new model of of QUICKFIX, the QUICKFIX IIB, mounted in an EH-60A Blackhawk helicopter, has all of the capabilities of the QUICKFIX IIA, plus two operator positions. QUICKFIX IIB in the Blackhawk is not yet fielded.

The LOB and RDF capability of QUICKFIX IIB was originally designed to provide general direction LOB information in support of QUICKFIX COMJAM operations. However, QUICKFIX, as with all other COMJAM systems, has an inherent mission to collect combat information and both targeting and SIGINT technical data to satisfy the aggregate information requirements of the division. Its collection mission during the prehostility phase of combat operations is extremely important to both division and brigade commanders.

QUICKFIX is usually considered a deep attack jamming system. Its enhanced radio LOS provides the division G2 and G3 with and extended VHF intercept and jamming capability which reaches beyond brigade AO into the division's deep attack zone. Its HF intercept range is unlimited. The division G2 and MI battalion S3 use the QUICKFIX aircraft to extend the DF baseline of ground-based communications, intercept, LOB, and RDF systems. They, in coordination with the division G3 and brigade S2 and S3, also use QUICKFIX to target key NAI and target areas of interest (TAI) in defilade to ground-based collection and jamming assets. The QUICKFIX aircraft are used extensively to support the division's overall SIGINT collection and electronic battlefield templating effort prior to combat.

The QUICKFIX aircraft operate well forward in brigade AO prior to combat operations. QUICKFIX missions are preplanned and on call. One aircraft is on station at all times during the specified mission time. frame, while another aircraft is enroute to or from a forward arming and refueling point (FARP). A series of flight tracks may be established across brigade fronts to support area-wide communications DF operations for key time periods against key target areas.

QUICKFIX operations are controlled by the MI battalion S3 and TCAE. The IEW company team TOC, E W platoon operations centers, SSP, C&J platoon operations centers, or C&J company TOC serve as intermediate control authorities when required. They also provide a communications relay, alternate communications routing, or back-up communications capability to support QUICKFIX operations. Combat information and LOB or DF fix location targeting data pertinent to specific maneuver brigades is transmitted by TCAE analysts to the brigade S2 via the IEW C² system in accordance with the reporting criteria and coordination instructions previously described. At times, such information may be routed directly from the QUICKFIX aircraft to the brigade S2 via one of the intermediate control authorities previously mentioned and the IEWSE at the brigade TOC. The latter communications routing is most prevalent in those unique situations when QUICKFIX aircraft are placed in DS of a specific maneuver brigade. Independent brigade operations, such as described for air assault and airborne operations previously, are good examples of when such procedures are used.

The Ultimate Challenge. The EW and SIGINT collection, DF, and electronic battlefield templating efforts are predominant in the prehostility, postdeployment phase of combat operations. Virtually all EW collection and jamming resources remain in GS of the division during this time period. Their aggregate collection capabilities are exploited to support the templating done at the MI battalion TCAE. The results, refined EW target lists and jamming schedules (EWTL/JS), are used to program forward-deployed EW collection and jamming systems. HPT sets are keyed to specific forms of maneuver schemes. They are time- and location-phased in accordance with supporting fire plans. Direct support to maneuver brigades is now feasible. Individual voice collection and COMJAM teams are focused on specific HPT emitters, units, and weapon systems. They are prepared to collect and report pertinent combat information and targeting data critical to the brigade and division commanders. COMJAM operators are prepared to attack HPT communications links critical to brigade and division combat operations. EW operators are ready when the attack begins.

In connection with the scenario described above, when expanded to the all-source intelligence and overall targeting effort of the division, readiness is the ultimate goal of EW operations in the prehostility phase of combat. However, this goal is extremely difficult to achieve. The enemy's use of radio silence, OPSEC, deception, and new CEOI in combat are elementary factors to deal with when compared to another factor not yet mentioned. That factor is the enemy's extensive use of secure communications means to command and control troops and weapon systems. This last factor reinforces the need for an aggressive SIGINT collection, processing, and analysis effort within the division as a whole. "Aggressive" does not mean "extensive". EW operators and analysts concentrate on five information elements deemed essential to all tactical commanders. These essential elements of information are--

Branch.

Echelon.

Activity.

Location.

Time of intercept.

EW operators and analysts are specially trained to provide such information. ELINT operators and analysts are not constrained in their efforts to identify and locate HPT noncommunications emitters. The foundation they provide to the electronic battlefield templating effort is tremendous. COMINT technical data and signal parametric data, together with LOB and RDF information and IPB products from the division G2 staff, when compared with ELINT EOB information, provide an overview of the enemy situation and order of battle on the battlefield. HPT communications and noncommunications emitters can be determined, and both lethal and nonlethal attack schedules can be refined. The electronic battlefield templating can only be done by EW and SIGINT analysts at the TCAE.

The information derived from the electronic templating process, described above, provides the voice intercept and COMJAM operators the initial identification and general location data of HPT emitters within their respective zones of responsibility.

COMJAM operations in the initial hours of combat are conducted to drive HPT communications facilities into the clear. Once the enemy is forced into clear-text voice communications--

HPT identifications can be confirmed.

Enemy event schedules and intentions can be determined or confirmed.

Indications and warning data can be provided.

HPT can be provided to target lethal attack fire-support systems.

The enemy's event schedule will have been significantly altered to provide the necessary time windows for decisive tactical maneuver by friendly forces on and over the air-land battlefield.

This scenario and its ultimate goal, a series of battlefield successes which will win the air-land battle, is the ultimate challenge facing all EW personnel.

The above scenario is focused on COMJAM operations and the necessity of driving critical enemy C³ facilities into the clear. The disruption of HPT enemy C³ facilities must begin at the exact moment of the attack. It must be a concerted effort of all available maneuver and fire support assets. The combined effects of maneuver, fires, and communications jamming against critical enemy C³I facilities will result in a geometrical degradation of the enemy commanders' ability to effectively command and control their maneuver forces and fire support units. The elimination or degradation of key C³ facilities such as regimental and division CP, force illinformed decisions to be made at ever higher and lower echelons in a disjointed manner. The skip-echelon communications required to command and control far distant forces lend themselves, at the same time, to ever more effective COMJAM operations. The COMJAM resources, their capabilities and limitations, and their availability to support division and brigade combat operations in a unified and single coherent manner may determine who succeeds and who does not succeed on the electronic battlefield of today.

COMJAM Resources

All of the ground-based and airborne COMJAM resources available to the division can be used to augment the division's overall EW and SIGINT collection effort prior to combat, when deemed necessary. QUICKFIX IIA, however, is the only COMJAM system in the inventory that has an on-board LOB or RDF capability. All of the ground-based COMJAM systems, therefore, cannot be used to extend the division's RDF baseline. They can and are used, however, as search and monitoring positions.

Ground-based COMJAM operators are capable of identifying and tipping off HPT emitters to other EW collection, LOB, and RDF resources in their immediate areas of employment. Such interaction is normally coordinated by the intermediate processing, analysis, and control authority in the assigned AO. Ground-based COMJAM operators are also tasked to monitor HPT communications and to report all essential combat information, targeting data, and SIGINT technical data heard.

The TCAE ensures adquate EW and SIGINT collection coverage throughout the division AO. All efforts are made to ensure that forward EW collection and jamming resources are focused on HPT emitters critical to the brigade in whose AO the resources are operating. Such focusing greatly enhances the ability of the entire EW system to respond to specific brigade requirements. The development of SIGINT/EW technical data is a major effort with both the TCAE and intermediate processing, analysis, and control elements having ECM control authority over COMJAM operations. This information, such as primary, alternate, reserve, and skip-echelon frequencies; call signs; powerout; LOB; and vertical or horizontal antenna polarization, is absolutely essential to optimize the COMJAM capabilities of given systems.

The Huey-mounted (EH-1X) QUICKFIX IIA, AN/ALQ-151, EW system was described earlier. This airborne EW system employs the VHF AN/TLQ-17A jammer. This jamming system can be programmed for up to 256 frequencies for enhanced search and monitoring functions. Sixteen frequencies can be prioritized for automatic time-shared sequential spot jamming operations. A number of the sixteen frequencies can also be used to "lock out" and protect friendly frequencies from being inadvertently jammed. The QUICKFIX system uses an ommi-directional whip antenna and radiates jamming signals 360 degrees. The brigade S3, S3 air, and C-E officer must all consider the QUICKFIX when developing their respective portions of the brigade OPLAN. COMJAM targets, such as regiment-to-battalion C³ links, airspace management and fire support coordination means, CEOI, and protected frequencies must all be considered. The brigade S2 should also consider QUICKFIX collection capabilities in his collection, reconnaissance, and surveillance plans.

TRAFFIC JAM. TRAFFIC JAM also employs the AN/TLQ-17A jammings system. This ground-based version is capable of jamming both HF and VHF HPT communications emitters. It has the same programming and automatic jamming capabilities as mentioned above for QUICKFIX. It also employs omni-directional whip antennas for communications intercept and jamming operations. An illustration of this system follows.

The TRAFFIC JAM system, is usually mounted on the M-151A 1/4-ton jeep. It may also be mounted in the M-113 armored personnel carrier or on the M-1028 5/4-ton 4x4 CUCV. The HF band-1 antenna has seven mast elements which, when fully erected, reach a height of 28 feet. Five and seven elements are used for COMJAM operations against HPT emitters in the higher and lower bands of the HF spectrum, respectively.

The HF band-1 antenna can be mounted in the M-416 trailer, as shown above, or dismounted and set upon more favorable terrain. The VHF band-2 whip antenna can also be trailer-mounted, as shown above. However, it is usually mounted on the rear of the M-151A to facilitate rapid set-up and tear-down time.

The TRAFFIC JAM HF and VHF COMJAM teams also have an additional vehicle for support purposes. It is an additional M-151A 1/4-ton jeep which pulls a second M-416 trailer. The support vehicle, an M-1028 CUCV, in the future will be used to carry the TRAFFIC JAM teams' VHF FM radios used for C³ purposes.

The brigade and battalion S2, S3, and C-E officers consider the use of TRAFFIC JAM systems when planning combat operations. They take special care to ensure that these systems are not employed closer than one kilometer to friendly battle positions. Friendly CEOI and COMJAM schedules are also coordinated to ensure minimum interference with friendly C³. Rules of engagement, ECM control mechanisms, and coordinating instruction are developed and employed. Major coordination is required among the brigade S3, C-E officer, and the EW support officer from the IEWSE.

Some MI battalions may still be equipped with the older AN/TLQ-17 HF and VHF jamming system, rather than TRAFFIC JAM. The AN/TLQ-17 does not have a 256 frequency programmable capability. It does have a 15-frequency COMJAM prioritization or friendly lockout capability, however. The normal ratio of enemy HPT emitter frequencies to be jammed and friendly frequencies to be protected is 10:5. The AN/TLQ-17, unlike TRAFFIC JAM, has a directional VHF log periodic antenna (LPA). This VHF LPA allows for greater effective radiated power (ERP) and also reduces the likelihood of COMJAM interference with friendly communications in the area. This LPA, however, takes considerable time to setup and tear down. It is a manual operation. Thus, the AN/TLQ-17 may not be employed as closely to the FLOT as the TRAFFIC JAM system.

There are three HF and VHF COMJAM teams which employ either TRAFFIC JAM or the older AN/TLQ-17 in the MI battalion subordinate to heavy and light divisions. The air assault and airborne division MI battalions are authorized six such teams. These HF and VHF COMJAM teams normally operate within the main battle area (MBA). They are usually located on the flanks of their supported unit relatively close to the FEBA when conducting VHF COMJAM operations. They deploy further to the rear and are more centrally located when conducting HF COMJAM operations.

The TRAFFIC JAM and AN/TLQ-17 systems, the latter also M-151A-mounted, are effective against VHF HPT communication facilities within the brigade's close operations area beyond the limits of observed fire. They are not effective against short communications link-distanced targets within the close operations area 1-5 kilometers beyond the FLOT. TRAFFIC JAM, due to its omni-directional whip antennas, is not suitable for performing COMJAM screening operations or providing high power communications support. The potential interference to critical friendly C³ and the broadcasting of critical information in 360 degrees must be precluded in most combat situations. Calls for fire using the TRAFFIC JAM system, however, may over-ride all other considerations at given times in battle. The enemy commander knows where a maneuver battalion is when he has it cut off, pinned down, and encircled. Direct accessibility to TRAFFIC JAM's high power communications capability and its use by the maneuver battalion or brigade commander is recommended in such situations.

TACJAM--AN/MLQ-34. The TACJAM, AN/MLQ-34, is the most powerful and mobile ground-based COMJAM system in the inventory today. It is a semi-automatic, computer-assisted VHF COMJAM system, capable of jamming up to three enemy HPT communications facilities at one time. TACJAM, shown in the following illustration, is enclosed in an S-595 shelter, mounted on the M-1015 EW System Cargo Carrier. It utilizes a quick-erect pneumatic antenna mast, folding LPA, and on-board power generator. It is a completely self-contained system.

TACJAM has the most rapid set-up and tear-down times of any ground-based COMJAM system. The power takeoff (PTO) unit allows the system to become operational by simply putting the transmission into neutral. The automatic ground-rod driver and pneumatic mast antenna allow the system to become operational within approximately two minutes. Preloaded "mission data" are stored in the on-board computer. The 40-foot pneumatic mast, VHF directional LPA, and the system's high ERP make TACJAM extremely effective against HPT communications facilities supporting enemy first-echelon units in both the brigade and division's deep operations areas. TACJAM is also effective against close-in HPT. However, these HPT are numerous. TACJAM, therefore, is normally targeted against HPT C³ facilities beyond the limit of observed fire--both HPT within and beyond the range of TRAFFIC JAM systems.

There are three VHF COMJAM teams which employ the TACJAM system in the MI battalions of armored and mechanized divisions. There are also three TACJAM teams in the corps MI brigade. These TACJAM teams are usually employed well forward in the division AO. They can operate in the MBA or in the covering force area (CFA). They are usually deployed with TRAFFIC JAM systems when operating in the MBA and conducting VHF COMJAM operations.

TACJAM, due to its high ERP and directional LPA, is an extremely valuable COMJAM asset. It can be used to screen friendly C³ without unintentionally jamming friendly communications. This capability, however, is limited to just one frequency at a time, due to the manual nature of the jamming operation and the rather sophisticated techniques and procedures used. These techniques and procedures, explained in FM 34-10, are designed to deceive the enemy SIGINT or REC intercept and DF operators, to ensure that the brigade and division's OPLAN and intentions are not inadvertently compromised, and to ensure the survivability of the TACJAM team itself. COMJAM screening operations require detailed planning and extensive interaction among many members of the IEW team. Two COMJAM systems are required for each frequency to be screened. COMSEC operators may assist the up and down cuing effort. Such operations are executed on a preplanned basis. They are conducted for cover and deception purposes. They should not be attempted unless all personnel involved are adequately trained.

COMJAM screening operations are also conducted for pure OPSEC purposes in the heat of battle. The full capability of TACJAM--three-frequency automatic jamming, simultaneously performed--can be used when such operations are required. This type of COMJAM screening operation does not require the use of sophisticated procedures and techniques. They are conducted on an on-call basis and do not require extensive preplanning and coordination. They do require, however, a more precise knowledge of where the enemy SIGINT and REC assets are located. This requirement is reduced though, when two TACJAM systems are used in tandem; their overlapping field of cover toward suspect target areas is adequate to do the job for a short period of time. Their field of cover can also be increased when augmented by the PIRANHA systems, soon to be discussed. More information pertaining to COMJAM screening operations, procedures, and techniques is provided in FM 34-10.

TACJAM systems are also extremely valuable as skip-echelon high power communications systems. Directional COMJAM systems, using emission control (EMCON) procedures and being strategically placed on the battlefield from battalion through corps rear areas, allow for the continued use of friendly C³ in all situations. This C³ capability provides commanders at all echelons with an important means to synchronize close, deep, and rear operations throughout the corps AO in worst-case situations when no other means of C³ are available.

AN/GLQ-3B. The AN/GLQ-3B is the fore-runner to the TACJAM system. It is employed in both the heavy division's MI battalion and corps MI brigade. The AN/GLQ-3B is mounted on the 5/4-ton M-880 series wheeled vehicle. It is a manual system capable of jamming just one HPT frequency at a time. It has no programmable capability. It is an extremely effective COMJAM system even in light of its stated limitations. It has the highest VHF frequency range of any COMJAM system. It employs a directional LPA and has the equivalent ERP of TACJAM, when TACJAM is used in the three-channel mode of operation. The AN/GLQ-3B is more effective against longer range HPT than the TRAFFIC JAM system. It is also capable of providing both high power communications and COMJAM screening support to the brigade and division or corps.

There are three AN/GLQ-3B assigned to the MI battalion in each heavy division. These COMJAM systems normally operate in the MBA. They are not usually located as close to the FEBA as the lighter and more mobile TRAFFIC JAM or AN/TLQ-17 systems. They may be employed with the TRAFFIC JAM or AN/TLQ-17 systems when the latter two systems are held back to conduct HF COMJAM operations. The AN/GLQ-3B systems may also operate in conduction with other forward-deployed HF COMJAM systems, such as the AN/TLQ-15, from the corps MI brigade. The AN/TLQ-15 HF jammer will be discussed shortly.

All of the VHF COMJAM systems described above are authorized a backup VHF COMJAM system for surge augmentation purposes and to provide an enhanced capability to maintain continuity of operations in a swift-paced combat situation. This backup system is the PIRANHA.

PIRANHA OG-181. Each divisional MI battalion is authorized three PIRANHA OG-181 amplifier groups. The PIRANHA system is composed of an SG-886 signal generator, a power amplifier, spectrum analyzer, frequency scanner, and directional LPA. It can be used to augment COMJAM operations. The system is illustrated below.

The directional LPA, mounted on the front bumper of the M-151A 1/4-ton jeep, is a significant improvement over the LPA used on the AN/TLQ-17. It is a telescopic hand-cranked antenna which allows the system to be set up in just a few minutes. It can be taken down in seconds. It folds back over the vehicle when the team moves. The omni-directional whip antenna on the rear bumper can also be used for VHF COMJAM operations. This dual antenna feature allows for greater flexibility and continuity of operations. The whip antenna can be used when HPT emitters dip down out of radio LOS of the primary LPA--an important feature in hilly or mountainous terrain. The whip antenna also permits jamming operations while on the move--a design feature and capability which is of extreme importance in fast-paced retrograde and pursuit operations. The ERP is limited, however, when jam-on-move COMJAM operations are performed.

The team can now also provide high-power communications support using the PIRANHA system. COMJAM screening operations are possible. The potential interference to friendly C³ is reduced. In addition, the C³ capability of all VHF COMJAM teams is greatly increased. The PIRANHA's high-powered communications capability, directional in nature, can be used for long-range C³ and coordination purposes even while the primary COMJAM systems are operational.

AN/TLQ-15. The AN/TLQ-15, mentioned previously, is an HF COMJAM system. There are three AN/TLQ-15 HF COMJAM teams assigned to each MI brigade at corps. These HF COMJAM systems usually operate well forward in the division and brigade AO for radio LOS requirements to HF ground-wave HPT and communications facilities. They are usually attached to the division's MI battalion and are normally held in GS of the division. They must collocate with other E W resources for C³ purposes; the HF COMJAM teams have no organic C³ means. The normal deployment for AN/TLQ-15 teams is to collocate with AN/GLQ-3B VHF COMJAM teams in the MBA. Collocation with TRAFFIC JAM teams conducting HF COMJAM operations is also very practical in given situations.

The AN/TLQ-15, like the AN/GLQ-3B and PIRANHA, is a manual COMJAM system. However, it provides the corps and division commander an extended HF COMJAM range capability. The AN/TLQ-15. however. uses an omni-directional whip antenna; HF COMJAM schedules and friendly CEOI must be fully coordinated at all echelons of command from brigade through corps.

COMJAM Resource Availability. The number of given COMJAM resources authorized in division and corps MI battalions and brigades are summarized in the illustration below.

The number of jamming systems shown below equates to the number of COMJAM teams authorized in each type of division and corps MI unit. Each ground-based COMJAM team has three operators--two voice operators and one manual Morse operator. A fourth operator has been authorized each COMJAM team under new TOE force structures.

The three QUICKFIX aircraft assigned to each combat aviation brigade are subordinate to the GS aviation company, as previously mentioned. One HF and VHF TRAFFIC JAM team and one VHF TACJAM or AN/GLQ-3B team are assigned to each of the three EW platoons, C&J platoons, and C&J companies in the MI battalions subordinate to heavy, light, air assault, and airborne divisions, respectively. The ground-based COMJAM teams at corps are assigned to the EW company in the tactical exploitation battalion (TEB) of the corp's MI brigade.

Electronic Attack Options and Task Organization

The EW collection and jamming teams, described below, are task organized to satisfy aggregate mission requirements. The corps and division G2, G3, and electronic warfare officers (EWOs) work closely with the MI brigade and battalion commanders and S3 to determine task organization requirements for each operation. They consider both the informational and operational EW requirements of all subcommanders.

"Identify, locate, and jam" are the major electronic attack options available to the corps and divison G2, G3, and EWO. The capability of individual and collective EW resources to identify and locate HPT emitters and the enemy units and weapon systems they support is a major consideration; it provides a fourth attack option--destruction. The destruction of enemy C³I facilities at critical times in battle is the preferred attack option.

The electronic attack options are considered for each high payoff C³ target set associated with given enemy combat, combat support, and CSS units found in specific attack zones beyond the FLOT. Nominal attack zones and HPT sets are shown in the following illustration.

Corps and division ground-based EW resources and the division QUICKFIX aircraft are focused primarily on the HPT C³I facilities within the division AO. The division AO, as shown in the illustration, may represent the corps' close operations area. The enemy's C³I system within this AO, as mentioned earlier in the discussion about CI support, is extremely robust. Alternate means of communication are available at almost every echelon of command in the enemy's force structure, from battalion through Front levels. The compatibility among given HF, VHF, and UHF C³ facilities, and the skip-echelon capability of the enemy, offer a significant challenge to friendly EW systems. The flexibility and capability of friendly EW systems to work in such a dynamic signal environment can only be ensured by applying a centralized control and decentralized execution concept of operations on the battlefield. EW communications-intercept, DF, and jamming targets-the NCS or specific subscribers or outstations on critical C² facilities--may be located in different battalion, brigade, and division AOs. In other words, the communications links of given enemy C² nets may cross friendly battalion, brigade, and division commanders' AO boundaries and their respective battle areas of responsibility. In fact, a major goal of combined maneuver, fires, and jamming is to force this to happen--force the enemy to use skip-echelon communications to slow down his C² process and to make his critical communications facilities more susceptible to COMJAM attack at the same time. This is the geometrical degradation of the enemy's C³I system mentioned earlier.

The centralized control and decentralized concept of operations for division EW and SIGINT operations dictates the need for all EW resources to be held in GS of the division as a whole. It is only through GS that effective EW support can be provided any brigade commander. The IEW C² system, reinforced by IEW company teams in each brigade AO, is the means by which aggregate EW requirements are satisfied on a division-wide basis through all phases of combat.

INTELLIGENCE AND ELECTRONIC WARFARE COMPANY TEAM

The MI battalion's IEW resources which support the brigade or operate in the brigade AO are normally organized into an IEW company team. The IEW company team provides for centralized control and coordination of MI resources. It provides the brigade commander and staff with a single point of contact for tasking supporting MI units and for requesting additional MI support which may be necessary to satisfy the brigade commander's aggregate IEW mission requirements. A nominal IEW company team is illustrated below.

The composition of each IEW company team is based on the division and brigade commanders' overall IEW requirements and the METT-T planning factors. An IEW company team, as portrayed in the above illustration, may include--

The IEWSE which is normally located at the brigade TOC.

An EW platoon with one transcription and analysis (T&A) team and a number of voice collection, noncommunications intercept (ELINT), and COMJAM teams.

An intelligence/surveillance platoon with a number of GSR and REMS teams, as well as one or more EPW interrogator, CI, and COMSEC teams which normally deploy in the area of the brigade rear CP.

A service support section to provide logistical and maintenance support to the company team.

In heavy division operations, an SSP element with at least one RSS and possibly an MCS as well, may be attached to the company team for service support purposes only.

The IEW company team may be "heavy", such as shown in the preceding illustration, or "light", with few resources other than the GSR assets portrayed.

The majority of MI resources in each IEW company team are usually held in GS of the division, as previously stipulated. They can, however, be placed in DS of the maneuver brigade when METT-T factors and existing battlefield situations so dictate. The GSR and REMS assets are normally attached to the maneuver brigade and further allocated to the brigade's subordinate battalions.

The division OPLAN/OPORD prescribes the designation of the IEW company team supporting each brigade and the control and support relationships, as well. The MI battalion OPLAN/OPORD prescribes the composition and task organization of each of these company teams.

IEW Support Coordination

The IEW company team commander is the MI battalion's IEW support coordinator for the brigade. He is responsible for--

Exercising control over MI assets placed under his command.

Coordinating with the brigade S2 and S3 concerning the deployment, movement, and security of MI units operating in the brigade AO.

Coordinating combat service support for MI assets in the brigade AO.

The IEW company team commander also provides the IEWSE at the brigade TOC. The IEWSE is supervised by a trained electronic warfare officer in charge (OIC) assigned by the MI battalion. The OIC, IEWSE serves as the IEW company team commander's senior representative at the brigade TOC. He functions as a special staff officer. He interfaces with other members of the brigade's coordinating and special staff to help integrate, plan, direct, and coordinate MI operations conducted within the brigade AO.

The brigade commander and his staff have direct access to the MI battalion's IEW C² system via the IEWSE. The MI battalion's IEW C² system is further described in Chapter 3; and is described in detail in FM 34-10.

OTHER COMBAT SUPPORT UNITS

The Army aviation, tactical Air Force, ADA, and combat engineer units, described earlier in this chapter, all support brigade combat operations.

Army Aviation

All combat aviation resources have an implied mission to observe the battlefield and report enemy activity to include enemy locations, equipment, and movement. They also report weather observation and terrain information. Aviation units support OPSEC by observing and reporting poor camouflage and light discipline. Aviation units normally report through aviation channels to the division unless OPCON to the brigade. When OPCON to the brigade, they report highly perishable information directly to brigade, S2, S3, and FSO in accordance with defined brigade procedures.

Air Defense

Division air defense units are deployed throughout the division area to protect critical facilities and other potential targets of enemy aircraft. The ADA units supporting the brigade or operating in the brigade AO employ the FAAR/TADDS system described earlier in this chapter. They report combat information directly to the brigade via the ADA support officer. They can provide information about enemy air activity, aircraft losses, and air avenues of approach into and within the brigade area of influence. A type of deployment of division ADA units and the FAAR/TADDS systems is provided in the following illustration.

Armored Cavalry

The armored cavalry squadron is the primary reconnaissance and security force for the heavy division. As such, it may operate on the flanks, forward, or to the rear of the maneuver brigades. It collects and reports combat information about enemy identification, disposition, and movement. It also provides information about the terrain and the effects of weather on the terrain.

Combat Engineers

A combat engineer company is routinely placed in DS of the brigade. This company is critical to the brigade IEW effort in several respects. First, through engineer reconnaissance, it provides critical information concerning where brigade and enemy forces can and cannot move. Second, terrain data is vital to the intelligence process--engineer reconnaissance data, along with terrain data, helps the brigade S2 determine the limitations and tactical opportunities that the terrain presents. The DS engineer company also helps the brigade reinforce the terrain; it conducts both mobility and countermobility operations as described earlier in this chapter.

Military Police

A military police (MP) platoon is usually provided DS to each maneuver brigade. It performs both battlefield circulation control and area security operations within the brigade AO. It secures the division's forward EPW collection point in the BSA. In this capacity it plays a vital role in supporting interrogation operations. The MP platoon supports OPSEC by observing and reporting activity in the vicinity of facilities with which it is charged, and by securing LOCs during battlefield circulation control operations. MP personnel can also provide vital information to CI teams supporting the brigade and division.

Supply and Transportation

The supply and transportation (S&T) battalion from DISCOM provides essential support to the brigade. It provides basic transportation means for evacuating EPW, detainees, and refugees, as well as CED and material from the forward BSA. Thus, S&T resources, as well as Army aviation assets, must be considered by the brigade staff when developing its evacuation plans. Brigade requirements feed the division and corps area-wide EPW evacuation plans.

Command and Control

The maneuver companies, maneuver battalion, and attached or supporting IEW resources from field artillery, MI, combat aviation, tactical Air Force, ADA, combat engineer, and CSS units in the division and corps provide the brigade commander a significant wartime IEW capability. The capability, shown in the following illustration, permits the brigade commander to secure his force and provide intelligence support, allowing the commander to synchronize his total combat operations.

The capabilities and limitations of each IEW resource available to support brigade combat operations were described in considerable detail within this chapter. The ability of the brigade commander and his staff to realize the full potential of each IEW resource is dependent on how well they plan, support, and coordinate individual and collective IEW missions. Synchronization of combat power on the battlefield is a basic tenet of air-land battle doctrine. Synchronization begins with the integration of combat power in the OPLAN/OPORD itself. Synchronization, however, is ultimately dependent on an effective C² system. Command and control of brigade IEW operations is discussed in Chapter 3. It provides the foundation for follow-on subject matter regarding IEW preparation for combat and actual combat operations as well. These subjects are covered in Chapters 4 and 5, respectively.

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