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FM 34-80: Brigade And Battalion Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Operations

CHAPTER 6

Combat Service Support

CSS feeds, fuels, arms, maintains, and moves the brigade, maneuver battalions, supporting MI elements, and other combat, combat support and CSS elements. It provides this support as far forward as possible and throughout the AO.

This chapter describes the CSS necessary to maintain MI assets operating in the brigade or battalion AO. It outlines the brigade's responsibilities to these elements, identifies the key players who coordinate this support, and lists the services provided by the MI battalions' CSS elements. While the description centers heavily on the responsibilities of logistical planners and maintenance personnel within the MI organization, it is incumbent upon the brigade and battalion S2 to understand these roles and their relationship to the maneuver commanders and the logistical systems supporting these commanders.

Sustaining those elements that conduct combat operations is no less important than the operations of the fighters themselves. Understanding CSS principles common to the Army, and the sometimes unique support required of tactical MI organizations, is fundamental to understanding how the total Army fights.

IEW elements deployed and operating in the forward maneuver battalion and brigade zones will be provided CSS based upon their task organization, designated command relationship to the forward maneuver force, and, in certain areas, maintenance requirements unique to tactical MI organizations. IEW elements such as GSR, CI, and EPW teams, when attached to, or in DS of, the brigade or subordinate units of the brigade, will be supported logistically with all classes of supply by CSS elements of the brigade, less those unique areas such as GSR repair parts or maintenance which only the MI battalion can provide. Unlike many other organizations, however, tactical MI elements deployed well forward in the brigade sector and dispersed geographically across the brigade and division frontage, require CSS from forward maneuver units regardless of the command relationship between these IEW elements and the maneuver unit(s) in their proximity. This is due to the operating characteristics of tactical SIGINT and EW systems which require their deployment to be well forward in order to be effective. For integrity of intelligence operations through the analysis of technical information, they are designated as GS resources of the division. No other Army tactical organization operates throughout the width and depth of the division sector, yet requires centralized direction and management for coherent operations, like the MI battalion's technical collection assets.

As a result, support to these elements is more often misunderstood than not. To the maximum extent possible, the MI battalion commander ensures that his organic CSS capabilities are pushed as far forward as possible to meet the sustainment requirements of forward-operating IEW teams. This effort is mandated in those MI-unique areas such as fault diagnosis and repair of SIGINT collection systems, jammers, and radars. For Army common support such as classes I, II, III, IV, V, and IX, IEW teams deployed well forward will draw their support from CSS elements of the brigade in whose sector they are deployed. To ensure that this happens, CSS planning within the MI battalion is accomplished early and in great detail to account for all classes of supply and all levels of maintenance required. Most important, this planning is done along with the expected deployment scheme for IEW assets developed by the commander and S3, responding to stated and implied IEW missions. The concept for CSS to IEW elements, then, centers on the principles of--

• Fix forward.
• Draw CSS from forward-deployed units for Army common supply and service items.
• Sustain the IEW teams in all areas to the maximum extent possible, but coordinate CSS for those beyond the MI battalion's range of support.
• Identify CSS areas requiring division, brigade, and maneuver battalion support, and coordinate to ensure that support.

The MI battalion alone repairs, or evacuates for repair, MI-unique systems.

RESPONSIBILITIES

As in other organizations, the battalion executive officer serves as the commander's principal architect of unit CSS operations. The executive officer--

• Supervises S1 (administrative) and S4 (logistic) staff activities.
• Directs administrative and CSS planning accomplished by the MI battalion's S1 and S4.
• Ensures that the administrative and CSS systems work by coordinating required activities to maintain continuous support for all MI battalion elements.

The MI battalion S1 and S4 are the principal workers who, with their respective staff sections, accomplish the individual administrative and CSS tasks under the supervision of the executive officer.

The battalion S1 sustains the force by providing support to personnel within the battalion. Personnel support operations maintain unit strength to ensure crew manning and see to the morale and welfare of the individual soldier.

The MI battalion S4 is the principal staff officer responsible for developing the battalion's logistical plans, policies, and programs. Like personnel support operations, logistical support operations are based on detailed estimates resulting from the S4's analysis of the MI battalion's concept of the operation and deployment plan and planned to include all classes of supply and services and all levels of maintenance. The S4 coordinates logistical and maintenance requirements with the division G4 and those brigade S4s who will have IEW teams operating within their area of operations. Again, the unique capabilities provided by the MI battalion require thorough coordination to ensure the evacuation, repair, or replacement of uncommon mission-essential systems such as radars, intercept systems, and jammers. These systems are not replaced by spares stored within the DISCOM, since no such spares exist at that location for most of these low density items of equipment.

The final key coordinator for CSS operations is the IEW company team commander. Once deployed to operational sites, IEW teams rely on the company team commander for responsive CSS beyond that provided by forward maneuver units. This is assured through detailed prior coordination. The company team commander accomplishes that final required coordination with maneuver unit commanders or their S4s to guarantee the sustainment of forward-deployed teams under his command. He also receives daily strength accounting reports, reports of maintenance status, and requests for maintenance support from his IEW teams or platoons. He then coordinates the responsive support from the MI battalion's trains or supporting CSS units in the sector. The company team commander is the final key link in the uninterrupted chain of coordinated CSS to sustain the IEW force. Maintenance support teams or contact teams formed from assets of the MI battalion's service support company will normally be organized within the IEW company team to provide responsive support to the company team elements. The tailoring of this organic CSS, when done well, minimizes the problems normally encountered by IEW elements operating well forward of the limited CSS capabilities of the MI battalion.

COORDINATION

Preliminary coordination for CSS is initiated by the MI battalion S4 as soon as the battalion is notified that MI assets are being deployed to the brigade AO. The MI battalion S4 coordinates with the G4 and the brigade S4. The G4 includes in the division OPORD the anticipated support requirements. The brigade S4 arranges for all classes of supply which MI elements cannot obtain through the parent MI organization, when deployed. The brigade S4 coordinates with the maneuver battalion S4 for CSS required at that level. The IEW company team commander or the brigade IEW support element, when there is no IEW company team, coordinates with the brigade S4 for additional maintenance support. Additional requirements may be satisfied by organic brigade or maneuver battalion maintenance assets.

When an IEW company team is formed, the IEW company team commander assumes the CSS coordination responsibilities for all MI elements in the brigade AO. The initial requirements of the IEW company team, previously coordinated among the MI battalion S4, division G4, and brigade S4, are confirmed and expanded at this time. The IEW company team commander may deal directly with the brigade S4 or through the IEWSE at the brigade TOC. He coordinates the support required from the maneuver battalion with the brigade S4.

SERVICES

CLASSES OF SUPPLY

Supplies are grouped into 10 categories or classes, so that items may be easily identified. This establishes a common supply terminology and eases logistical planning and operations. MI elements use only 9 out of the 10 classes of supply. These nine classes are illustrated below.

SUPPLY SOURCES FOR MI ELEMENTS IN BRIGADE AREA OF OPERATIONS

Class I

Class I supplies include subsistence and gratuitous issue health and welfare items. Class I requirements are determined from daily strength reports. The MI company team commander receives strength reports from each of the MI elements deployed throughout the brigade AO. He consolidates these reports and presents a copy to the brigade S1 and S4. The brigade S1 integrates MI requirements into the brigade daily strength determined from this report and delivered to the Class I supply distribution point in the BSA.

The brigade S4 and the IEW company team commander coordinate the best means of Class I distribution. Generally, an IEW company team representative collects Class I from the brigade Class I supply distribution point and distributes them to MI units located in or near the BSA. Class I is prepared at multiple food service sections within the brigade AO and is released to MI units based on a distribution scheme developed by the IEW company team commander.

The IEW company team commander coordinates Class I support for MI units located near maneuver battalions with each battalion S4. Class I for MI units is distributed from the maneuver battalion field trains. Organic MI units' vehicles are used to pickup and deliver these supplies to IEW site locations. When hot meals are available, the IEW company team commander coordinates with the maneuver battalion S4 to ensure that MI personnel receive these rations in the battalion field trains, or that the appropriate number of meals is released to IEW team representatives for distribution at IEW site locations. When individual MI units are deployed to the brigade or battalion AO, the MI unit leader must coordinate Class I support with the nearest combat unit. Potable water, although not a Class I item, can normally be obtained from the food service element.

Class II and IV

MI units in the battalion AO request Class II and IV items through the IEW company team commander. The IEW company team commander coordinates with the maneuver battalion S4. If the requisition cannot be filled, it is passed to the brigade S4.

If individual MI units are deployed in the brigade AO, they must rely on previous coordination between the MI battalion and the brigade and battalion S4s for Class II and IV supplies. After deployment, they must confirm previous coordination and establish supply request procedures to ensure that they receive adequate supply support while deployed in the brigade AO.

Class III

MI elements located in the brigade AO require a full load of POL to meet mission requirements. The initial additional allocation of POL to the brigade for MI units is usually based on consumption experience records which are consolidated and maintained by the MI battalion S4. Other factors which must be considered when preparing a POL estimate are the duration of deployment and terrain trafficability.

The MI battalion S4 uses this information to prepare an estimate of POL requirements for MI elements about to be deployed to brigade AO. He coordinates with the brigade S4 and maneuver battalion S4. This ensures that adequate POL is available for MI elements once they are deployed in the maneuver brigade or subordinate battalion sectors.

Empty fuel vehicles and containers presented at the distribution point are sufficient to obtain POL; a formal request is not necessary. Bulk oil and lubricants are also distributed at Class III distribution points. Class III requirements for high POL consumption systems such as the MI battalion's M1015 and 30-kilowatt generators must be supported by the MI battalion refueling assets. POL for all other equipment can be supported by the maneuver battalion trains or BSA.

When the IEW company team is formed and deployed in the brigade AO, the team commander coordinates with brigade and battalion S4s to confirm and expand previous POL support arrangements and to ensure that MI elements receive adequate POL supply support. POL support to MI elements in the brigade AO is obtained through brigade and battalion supply channels. Daily consumption reports are submitted by MI elements to the battalion or brigade S4 (depending on the element's deployed position). Deployed MI elements provide POL consumption information to the IEW company team commander, who consolidates the reports and forwards them to the MI battalion S4. The MI battalion S4 uses these reports to plan for future operations.

Class V

Deployed MI elements' personnel and vehicles carry a basic load of Class V ammunition. The MI battalion S4 coordinates Class V ammunition supply requirements with the brigade and battalion S4s before MI elements are deployed into the brigade AO. Replenishment supplies of Class V ammunition and pyrotechnics are drawn from Class V distribution points in the battalion combat trains and BSA.

Coordination is essential to provide for ammunition resupply for MI elements in the brigade AO. Coordination enables MI elements to draw Class V supplies directly from these nearby resources.

The IEW company team commander confirms ammunition resupply arrangements with the brigade and battalion S4s. He is responsible for ensuring that problems in method, procedure, or location of ammunition resupply for MI elements are resolved as quickly and efficiently as possible.

Class VI

MI elements in the brigade AO may obtain personal items from mobile PX stations, when this service is available. For convenience, these stations are usually set up near food service sites. When PX service is not available, requests for Class VI items are routed through the IEW company team commander to the S1 of the MI battalion, the maneuver battalion, or the brigade. The requisition channel depends upon prior coordination between the S4s of the MI battalion and the brigade and battalion. Sundries packs are basic personal items allocated to personnel in the brigade AO and should not be confused with Class X items. Sundries packs are usually distributed along with Class I rations.

Class VII

Class VII major components and end items are identified in daily loss reports and obtained through formal requisition channels. When an IEW company team is formed, MI elements in the brigade AO submit daily loss reports to the IEW company team commander. The IEW company commander validates and consolidates the reports and forwards his report to the MI battalion S4 for further action. When an IEW company team is not formed, MI elements in the brigade AO report losses through the IEWSE or EW platoon headquarters, depending upon the type of maintenance support required. The IEWSE relays this information to the MI battalion S4.

The MI battalion S4 is responsible for consolidating these daily loss reports and for preparing requisitions for replacements. If the item can be replaced from equipment or systems already in the MI battalion trains area, he arranges for delivery to the using element. If the item cannot be replaced from MI battalion stockage, the S4 prepares a formal requisition.

When major end items are delivered to the MI battalion trains area, the S4 ensures that it is in ready-to-fight condition and that it is delivered promptly to the using IEW element. Through coordination with the S1, the S4 also ensures that personnel to operate the equipment are available at the receiving unit prior to delivery of the item.

Class VIII

When MI units deploy, their vehicles are equipped with first aid kits. Individual first aid kits are also issued to personnel. Additional supplies or replacements for expended Class VIII items from either the personal or vehicular kits are provided by the medical unit nearest to the deployed MI element. At the BSA, the medical clearing station provides this service. In the maneuver battalion AO, MI elements receive replacement Class VIII items from either the medical aid station in the battalion trains or from a maneuver company team aid station.

Class IX

Deployed MI elements receive maintenance and repair parts support from maintenance teams organic to the MI battalion. When MI units are task organized into IEW company teams, maintenance elements are included in the organization. Forward-deployed MI elements also may receive common equipment repair support from division intermediate DS maintenance units based in the BSA.

To expedite maintenance and keep critical systems operating, a direct exchange (DX) system is used. DX is accomplished between the using unit and the intermediate DS maintenance unit. It is a simple system of trading an unserviceable DX-coded component or assembly needing repair for a serviceable one from stock.

MI-peculiar repair parts are requisitioned through the MI battalion S4. These supplies may be delivered to the IEW company team area or picked up from the MI battalion by IEW team vehicles. Maintenance support teams take these parts or equipment to the using units as required.

Specialized repair parts, for such items as TEAMPACK and ECM sets, must be closely monitored by the MI battalion S4. Because of the low density of this equipment, sufficient repair parts are difficult to maintain in large quantity. The battalion S4 keeps a prescribed load of repair parts on hand or on order to support deployed MI elements in the brigade AO. Repair parts for MI-particular equipment are requisitioned by the unit that provides intermediate DS maintenance support. In most cases involving MI-unique systems, intermediate DS and sometimes intermediate GS maintenance is performed by elements of the MI battalion's service support company.

MAINTENANCE, REPAIR, AND RECOVERY

Repair is accomplished as far forward as possible. When repairs cannot be performed on site, or the equipment cannot be transported to a repair site, recovery operations are initiated. Equipment is moved, through the maintenance system, to maintenance facilities that can repair or replace unserviceable parts, components, or units. Although maintenance, repair, and recovery are separate operations, the overall system supporting these activities is generally referred to as maintenance.

The three-level maintenance system consists of--unit maintenance, intermediate DS and intermediate GS maintenance, and depot maintenance.

Unit maintenance is the care and repair done by a unit on its own equipment. It is characterized by replacement, minor repairs, adjustments, cleaning and lubricating, and repair by replacement. It includes operator maintenance.

Intermediate DS and GS maintenance are characterized by a more substantial maintenance or repair effort conducted in support of the user. Units conducting intermediate maintenance are specified. Intermediate-level maintenance is composed of intermediate DS maintenance and intermediate GS maintenance. Intermediate DS maintenance is performed in support of the user. Units performing this level of maintenance are tailored to perform repair on equipment and return it to the user. Intermediate DS maintenance units are employed at different locations, but the tasks performed are the same. The focus of intermediate DS maintenance is mobile support as far forward as possible, repair by replacement, and the ability to maintain high volume, fast moving operational readiness floats (ORF). Maintenance tasked at this level includes diagnosis, fault isolation, repair by replacement, and repair of selected high usage components in support of the DX system. Each intermediate DS unit also establishes and operates maintenance collection points (MCP) and base maintenance areas for support of all customer units. Intermediate GS maintenance is performed in support of the theater supply system through the repair of assemblies, components, modules, DX items, printed circuit boards (PCB), and ORF. It is performed by designated TOE and TDA units. The units are normally located at EAC and operate in semifixed or fixed facilities, and are semimobile. Intermediate GS maintenance units are job- or production line-oriented for repair of Class VII and Class IX items. Maintenance tasks at this level include diagnosis and repair of assemblies, components, modules, and PCB.

Depot maintenance includes complete rebuilding of entire systems and is usually accomplished in large, fixed manufacturing plants. Army Materiel Command (AMC) depots or activities, contractors, and host-nation support (HNS) personnel perform this level of maintenance in support of the supply system. Repair parts supply support for depot maintenance is limited to items to support assigned maintenance missions.

Though each level is separate and distinct, there are times when a shop performs more than one category of maintenance. The following chart gives a brief synopsis of the unit or organization which provides levels of maintenance for different types of equipment.

Maintenance Operations

Maintenance operations are conducted in support of MI elements deployed in the brigade AO. Maintenance for these elements during actual combat is guided by the mission and the situation. Maintenance contact teams are formed from the MI battalion and deployed to the brigade AO to accomplish equipment repair as far forward as possible. They repair this equipment on site, if possible. Other maintenance is situation dependent and generally conducted as time and conditions permit.

Maintenance and Repair Resources

MI elements deployed in the brigade AO depend upon the IEW company team commander to coordinate their maintenance and repair requirements. A variety of resources are used to meet these requirements quickly and efficiently.

Organic MI maintenance personnel and equipment deploy with the IEW company team as a maintenance contact team. They provide unit maintenance and repair support. They deploy with the capability to provide this support for common, C-E, GSR or REMS, and EW equipment. The IEW company team commander coordinates the activity of this team and ensures that deployed MI elements receive immediate unit maintenance and repair according to mission priorities. If additional or specialized support is needed, maintenance elements from the MI battalion service support company may be task organized and deployed to the AO on a case by case basis.

The IEW company team commander also may request assistance from elements of the forward support battalion located in the BSA. These maintenance elements provide mechanical and some C-E maintenance and repair support. The team commander coordinates requests for maintenance support through the brigade S4. These elements support MI units, depending on priorities established by the brigade S3, coordinating with the brigade S4.

Brigade and battalion also have supporting maintenance resources which can provide intermediate DS maintenance support to MI elements. The IEW company team commander coordinates this support with brigade and battalion S4s. Depending upon priorities established by the combat unit S3, each S4 determines the type and frequency of support they can provide to nearby MI elements. The essential ingredient in receiving brigade maintenance support for MI operations is continuous coordination between all involved personnel: the MI battalion S4, brigade S4, and IEW company team commander.

COMMON EQUIPMENT

Vehicles, air conditioners, and power generators make up the bulk of items known as common equipment. The MI company team's contact maintenance team performs on-site unit maintenance on MI-common equipment deployed throughout the brigade AO.

If equipment cannot be repaired on site, it is generally evacuated to the intermediate DS maintenance facility. It may be repaired there or further evacuated to intermediate maintenance or to a corps maintenance unit.

Unit maintenance for vehicles and generators belonging to GSR and REMS teams attached to the battalion task force is provided by the brigade maintenance support team (MST). When it is necessary to evacuate such equipment to an intermediate DS maintenance facility, it is generally moved by elements of the FSB. If beyond their repair capability, this equipment is evacuated to an intermediate maintenance (GS) unit.

Maintenance and repair parts support are closely related. The maintenance contact teams from the MI battalion carry repair parts as part of their mission load. These teams carry the following repair parts:

• Army-common equipment (track/wheeled vehicle parts, generator parts).
• MI-unique (SIGINT or EW, GSR or REMS) spare parts and assemblies.

If the contact team does not have the necessary repair parts, assistance can be obtained from the supported brigades only if the item is not MI-unique. Again, coordination among the MI battalion S4, brigade S4, and the company team commander, is essential.

COMMUNICATIONS-ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT

Unit maintenance for C-E equipment (except for COMSEC and RADIAC equipment) is provided by the tactical communications system repairer of the MI battalion's C-E maintenance section. This equipment is maintained and repaired on site, if possible. The forward operating elements, elements of the forward support battalion (heavy division) may provide on-site unit support--depending upon mission priorities and available resources--or equipment may be evacuated to the BSA for repair.

If additional maintenance is required, the equipment is evacuated to the MI battalion intermediate maintenance facilities located in the MI battalion trains area. The C-E maintenance platoon maintains a shop stock of repair parts and DX items for this equipment.

Unit maintenance is performed by radar operators. Other unit maintenance is provided by C-E maintenance personnel found within the MI battalion's contact team organized with the IEW company team. This element maintains and repairs equipment on site or evacuates the equipment to the C-E platoon repair facilities located in the MI battalion trains area for intermediate maintenance of DX replacements.

COMMUNICATIONS SECURITY EQUIPMENT

COMSEC equipment cannot be repaired on site. On-site unit maintenance is limited to minor adjustments and maintenance which can be performed by the operator. This equipment must be evacuated to the C-E platoon facilities in the MI battalion trains area for further evacuation to the division signal battalion for intermediate DS maintenance. If the signal battalion is able to repair the equipment, it is returned through established maintenance requisition channels. If repair is not possible, the signal battalion evacuates the equipment to the theater COMSEC logistics support unit (CLSU). In that case, the MI battalion S4 must requisition a replacement through supply channels.

SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE AND ELECTRONIC WARFARE EQUIPMENT

Unit maintenance for SIGINT and EW equipment is provided to deployed MI elements by the MI battalion contact teams. Equipment which cannot be repaired on site is evacuated to the MI battalion trains. The MI battalion provides intermediate DS maintenance support for this equipment. If the MI battalion cannot repair it, it is evacuated to an intermediate GS maintenance battalion repair facility.

RECOVERY AND EVACUATION OPERATIONS

Recovery and evacuation (R&E) operations are important elements of maintenance operations. Rapid return of equipment to users is required to sustain the battle. R&E operations consist of retrieving immobile, inoperative, or abandoned materiel, including enemy materiel from the battlefield or immediate vicinity. MI equipment is evacuated directly to the appropriate activity where repair or other disposition may be accomplished. Captured enemy equipment is recovered and immediately evacuated to the nearest unit authorized to evaluate and analyze it.

While the MI battalion service support company has primary responsibility for recovery of its organic equipment and systems, these recovery operations may also be performed by other maintenance units in the brigade AO. The IEW company team commander is responsible for coordinating recovery operations. He coordinates them with brigade and battalion S4s, as well as with the S4 of the MI battalion. In this way, support for recovery operations is provided by the nearest and most capable recovery support unit. Recovery operations may be conducted by elements of the supply and transportation battalion motor transport element, by the MI battalion service support company elements, or by organic maintenance units of nearby combat units.

Recovery operations are initiated when on-site repair of MI battalion equipment is not practical or possible. Whenever possible, organic or support resources are used to recover and evacuate these damaged or disabled items. Items of equipment are moved to nearby safe locations for immediate repair. If the MI battalion cannot recover the equipment, other maintenance resources are called to evacuate it to the nearest safe recovery point.

The MI battalion service support company evacuates recovered equipment, which cannot be repaired, to other maintenance support facilities using MI battalion resources. Prior to evacuation, the maintenance officer considers a controlled exchange of parts according to regulation and command guidance. With appropriate authorization, systems which have suffered extensive damage may be repaired by controlled substitution.

OTHER COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT

Personnel and administrative support for MI elements deployed in the brigade AO is coordinated through the IEW company team commander. He coordinates and consolidates leave and pass requests, pay dispersals, requests for special legal services, and other personnel and administrative support for deployed units. He forwards these consolidated requests, requirements, and information, along with recommendations, to the S1 section of the MI battalion.

Medical support for deployed MI elements is provided by medical units supporting the brigade. MI personnel located near the battalion task force receive medical support from the battalion aid station. When evacuation is necessary, it is generally to a divisional medical company in the BSA. Here treatment is given, and the patients are returned to their units or evacuated further to the rear, if necessary. In any case, the IEWSE company team commander must arrange for medical support for forward MI elements, and inform each element where to get its support.

Chaplain support is provided to all units deployed in the brigade AO on an area basis. Personnel from MI elements may attend services nearest to their deployed site.

The IEW company team commander forwards requests for additional or special transportation support to the MI battalion S4 or brigade S4, depending upon the type and amount of support required.

When bath and clothing exchange services are available in the BSA, MI elements are authorized to use these facilities.

Laundry service, when available, is also provided by units located in the BSA to deployed MI personnel.

When the combat situation prevents evacuation or recovery of damaged or inoperative equipment, or when equipment must be abandoned, MI equipment must be destroyed to prevent eventual repair and use by the enemy. Detailed methods of destroying MI equipment are covered in unit SOPs, user handbooks, and soldier training manuals. Each MI element is responsible for destroying its own equipment when ordered to do so or when capture is likely.

Destruction of this equipment must be thorough enough to prevent the enemy from duplicating it or from learning its method of operation. Any accompanying documents, notes, instructions, or other written material concerning the operation, maintenance, or use of the equipment, including drawings or parts lists, must be destroyed in such a manner that they will be useless to capturing forces.