Iranian Air Defense Radars - Search
Air defense radars include scanning (search) radars and tracking or engagement (fire control) radars. The air defense mission is 1) to detect, track and identify all air vehicles entering the assigned air space, 2) to intercept unidentified objects, and 3) to shoot down or turn back hostiles (also called penetrators or intruders) soon after they enter defense sensor coverage. Search radars typically have ranges of several hundred kilometers, while engagement radars operate at ranges of tens of kilometers. A tracking radar is normally directed by a scanning radar, so the tracking radar can limit its search for a target to a very small range, azimuth and elevation sector at a time. Search radars use lower frequency transmissions to determine the general location of a target, while engagement radars operate at higher frequencies to achieve greater precision in target location. Search radars may support various air defense systems, while engagement radars are normally associated with a specific type of surface to air missile.
National Radar
The arrival of new radars to Iran after the imposed war and its functional differences with the existing experts of the country made this decision that digital radar and internal construction should be provided. This eventually led to the construction of a national radar with a range of 450 kilometers in 1998, the stages of its design and construction were entirely carried out by the internal forces. Prior to this, the great work of transmitters, receivers and some of the components of the radar systems was repaired by the specialists, and in the absence of the necessary parts of the sanctions, by designing that section natively, the piece or section (module) of Iran was installed on the system.
The first radar designed and developed native radar is National. This radar was built alongside the 1 and 2 digital receivers that were added to the existing radar systems at that time. The results of the research by the experienced radar staff on the world-level technologies made the national radar with high-range conditions and a very good distance and angle separation, and most importantly, cut off the dependence of the world. In fact, due to the built-in radar's long range, it's possible to cover a wide part of the country that was not previously possible. The most important advantage of the national radar is that it is easy for the technical team and the repair process because the radar is quickly diagnosed and eliminated due to the use of new technologies. Another advantage of this is the operational comfort of the team, because the radar has obviously clear signs (scopes), and the user easily finds the goals from the fixed goals easily. The other advantage of the national radar is to automate many of its functions so that it can easily connect to a fully integrated and integrated national air defense system.
National radar limitations, especially in terms of production constraints, are lower than existing radars. At the moment, national radar is at least serving in the east, north and west of the country and is used as part of the air surveillance chain at long distances and early warning. The national radar has shown that the weather conditions have a very small impact on its operation, and has been tested in all seasons and in a variety of humid, mountainous, and even desert environments and has shown the slightest limitations and limitations to existing radars. The radar is also used for both early warning and tracking of aerial targets, and the data is sent to the command centers and operational bases to show the fastest response to the conditions.
The national radar range is about 450 km, which puts it in the category of long-range radars. The radar antenna has a three-piece structure and a mesh-net. As a result, the mass of the antenna is reduced and its resistance to wind is also increased. This steady radar is mounted on radar positions and seems to have a semi-movable tread type.
Explorator 1 TM-ASR-1
Explorator 1 is an all-moving radar, middleware, in the S-band with a maximum range of 150 km, and a 14-km-high roof, and its performance is 2-D, meaning that the two spatial targets of the target are measured in their own right, including the distance and the angle. From the processing, it displays the coordinates x and y, which is related to the horizontal distance and the height of the targets.
The radar, also called the TM-ASR-1, has a power output of 800 kilowatts and is based on its range as a secondary alert radar in the discovery process. Depending on the frequency used, the discoverer has the ability to detect targets with low radar cross-sections such as small drone and cruise missiles. To ensure the high performance of the Explorers in the battlefield, the Electronic Countermeasures Opportunity (ECCM) has also been developed.
After detecting and tracking the target, the radar sends the information to the command and control center or air defense boom. The antenna of the parabolic radar has 360 degree rotation speeds of 3, 6 or 12 rpm, in line with the tactical position and the presence of threats in the area. The explorer also has a map of the clutter (reflections of surface effects) and can display sensitive areas as reinforced on its multipurpose displays. The discoverer has the ability to detect more than 100 targets and track detection while searching for 20 targets.
All of the subsystems of this radar include power generation, crew chambers, processing and control systems, and mechanical components for unlocking and moving radar in a truck, which is one of the factors driving this set.
The radar's ability to get ready for work or exit from the working position is very high for moving to another area and is ready for less than 30 minutes. The average time between the occurrence of two failures in the detector-1 is more than 1000 hours and the average time required to fix the failure is less than 30 minutes. As a result, in addition to increasing its reliability, the work and repairs are done in a short time and the radar returns to the operational cycle. The radar is capable of operating at an air speed of 25 mph (90 km / h) and 95% humidity.
Explorator 2
Explorator-2 has been developed with various improvements on the explorer-1 so that the final range of the radar is up to 200 km, which represents an increase of 33% compared to the previous generation. The transmitter and receiver in the radar are fully integrated with solid state technology, which enhances the operational capabilities and increases the reliability of the corresponding subnets. Therefore, the distance between the two incidents in Kashif -2 is more than the previous generation.
An apparent difference between the two generations of explorer is their radar antenna, which is used in the second generation instead of an antenna with an integrated surface of the lattice surface. Both types of antennas consist of three interconnected parts that are spaced apart and placed on the sides and above the car carrier. The detector-2 antenna is less massive due to its gridability, and therefore requires less electrical power for rotation, and the durability of its moving components is further enhanced and its wind resistance improves.
Inform al-Fajr-1
The Inform al-Fajr-1 is a well-known radar al-Fayyadh-1 of the first examples of domestic radars with the ability to detect stealthy targets. The radar is a medium-to-high range radar and works in the VHF band. The hardware performance of the radar antenna is that the antennas that are in the form of a jig are moving on a container on the roof of the equipment containing the processing and control equipment and then opened in the desired area after deployment.
This set is based on a telescopic base, which opens the center of the antennas at an altitude of about 8 meters above the ground. In the alphabet, 1 of 12 antennas are used, similar to the conventional receiver antennas.
The 360-degree radar range is about 300 kilometers and its covered roof is 20 kilometers, which is more than the highest flight altitude of many conventional military aircraft and provides tactical heights. Inform al-Fajr-1 has the ability to trace up to 100 goals simultaneously and keep track of goals.
Radar, with deployment mechanisms, processing and control systems, user screens, telecommunication devices, and power generation systems are all carried by a trailer that provides high mobility. The radar also benefits from electronic anti-war systems and will have a good sustainability in the battlefield of modern times.
Ability to code the pulses based on native patterns with low detection probability, automatic troubleshooting grid, frequency hopping both randomly and the algorithm function of up to 100 steps, along with the design of the module (modular), other notable features of the informative system al-Fajr -1 Is. The radar can also be used as a training simulator, and it's easy to use and maintain it.
Inform al-Fajr-2
The al-Fajr-2 Radar, a 3-D radar with proper mobility, a long range of aerial care and early warning in the VHF band, can operate independently or as part of a defense system, and part of an integrated air defense network. This radar is usable in all weather conditions and a modern radar with cogeneration processing, and has all-round semiconductor components capable of detecting and tracking targets with a low cross-section at 480 km.
In the al-Fajr-2, as in the previous generation, all components of the system are portable by a trailer and radar power can be supplied by two diesel generators installed in it or by electric power. In the coherent processing method used in al-Fajr-2, all signals transmitted with the same profile are sent phase-by-phase and their random effects are prevented in the non-heuristic or inconsistent method of phase-differentiated signals.
The results of this method are the ability to detect the smallest difference in the speed of the targets, which is due to the difference in the return signals that there were no differences (no phase difference) at the time of sending, according to the East. Also, there is less interference and better signaling advantages in this method than inconsistent method.
The use of advanced electronic equipment, such as semiconductors, will increase the useful life and reduce the risk of damage to the radar and reduce the time needed to replace and repair parts. In al-Fajr-2, 32 antennas in two layers are spaced about 2 to 4 meters in length, and each row has two rows, and eight rows in each row are arranged symmetrically around the retaining cylinder in each row. Therefore, the final height of antennas from the surface of the earth should reach about 12 to 14 meters, which is effective in increasing the coverage of the low altitude and near the ground.
A total of 32 antennas in al-Fajr-2 are two separate channels that, in addition to enhancing radar performance and reliability in identifying and tracking air targets, use two separate channels in the event of failure or any problems for One of them, the other continues to work. According to the relevant authorities, al-Fajr-2, which has a 3-D function, has the ability to measure the angles, directions, speeds and altitudes of flight targets by comparing the signal between two independent radar channels.
Bi-static
The Bi-static solid state radar operating in the VHF band is designed to detect air targets by determining their distance, angle, and speed with the ability to instantly transfer information to the air defense network. The special mission of this radar is to discover low-level radar cross-country targets, such as fifth-generation fighter jets, UAVs and missiles. The radar uses a broadband receiver, and the frequency hopping technique takes place in two intelligent auto mode using JATS and Random Mode. JATS or Jamming Analysis Transmission Selection performs the jamming analysis of the enemy and has frequencies affected by the electronic warfare. Detects and acts to change it.
This system is a 2-D radar, and its transmitter and receiver are within a few kilometers of each other. This feature is considered an advantage to the system, since its passive sections protect it from attacking the enemy. Of course, the mobility of this system is high and the transmitter and receiver are located in a separate protected location and are easily transmitted, resulting in less than 45 minutes of standby time and exit.
Another advantage in designing and developing this system is the maximum radiation power of 4000 watts and covers 120 kilometers. This system has the ability to track up to 100 targets using tracking capability while searching and communicating fully with control and command sections. The radar has multiple solid state signal transmitters and a solid state transmitter, and in addition to JATS's ability to deal with jamming, the frequency jumper technique and the "wide range" method are also used.
Arash 1
This radar detector identifies long range targets with the ability to accurately distinguish between the side and the fly range close together and the discovery of targets with low radar cross-section. Arash-1, which has the ability to detect small targets, has a range of 400 kilometers.
Arash 2
Arash-2 is a solid 2-D radar with a 360-degree angle covering more than 100 thousand feet, equivalent to more than 30 kilometers. Arash-2 has been upgraded to better arsenal based on the progress made in research and electronic warfare and rapid and timely processing of Arash-1. Arash-2 works in the L band and has a peak power of 40 kilowatts. Its operating frequency is 1200 to 1,400 MHz and range reaches 400 km. The minimum detection distance is 5 km. L band radars have higher accuracy than the HF / VHF / UHF frequency bands, while also capable of detecting stealthy targets.
The radar has the ability to search during tracking and can track up to 200 targets. In Arash-2, the advanced processor is used to add ECCM capabilities and has the ability to code the pulse sent. Using the advances, the Arash-2 radar is very likely to be intercepted by the enemy and is considered to be LPI radar or Low Probability of Intercept.
Najm
Radar Najm -802 Phased Array-802 is one of the new examples in the category of a phased array radar with the ability to search and track multiple air targets and designed and built for use in air defense systems. In the search mode, the radar can detect targets within the average range and track them using the track-while-scan [TWS] capability. By using the TWS capability, while radar detects one or more targets, a portion of its power is also allocated to search, and in fact, the awareness of the defense suite is greater than the coverage, because despite this feature, if present New targets in the sky, the system will be informed of their existence.
In tracking mode, using radar resources management and using the digital shaping method, Najm radar can track the targets simultaneously from the mean distance. By beamforming, waves can be amplified or weakened in the desired direction, setting the best path for the signals transmitted, and the specification of their quantity and phase according to the conditions.
Fat’h 14 Long range radar
The wide band radar, introduced in late 2013 in Shiraz, was built by the Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces Support. The long-range radar, including Long Range Airborne Surveillance and Surveillance Systems, will be further enhanced by its production as a primary warning radar in the Air Defense Network.
In October 2015, Iran unveiled a new domestically-built long-range digital radar system, dubbed Fat’h 14 (Conquer 14), which is capable of detecting enemies’ strategic objectives. The radar system has a range of 600 kilometers and can detect small airborne targets at a high altitude. High agility and swift connection to command and control network are among other features of the semiconductor radar. The radar system has a range of 600 kilometers and can detect small airborne targets at a high altitude. High agility and swift connection to command and control network are among other features of the semiconductor radar.
An example of this radar is fixed on the ground and its base with a 360 degree rotation allows the coverage of the surrounding area on the horizontal plane and possibly in the vertical plane of the electronic rotation waves. 64 elements, each in the form of a 6-sided, on the antenna, the radar is mounted in 4 rows and 16 columns, which according to their dimensions can be said to radar function in the range of VHF or UHF frequencies. The antenna of the friend recognition system from the enemy, which was previously seen on other radars, such as the last known species of al-Fajr-1 and explorer-2, is also seen above the radar.
High agility and swift connection to command and control network are among other features of the semiconductor radar. Fat’h 14 is the first radar featuring such characteristics in the Middle East. It is resistant to electronic warfare and is regarded as the best radar for missile systems.
Alam Al-Hadi Radar
Alam Al-Hadi Radar on the sidelines of the Supreme Leader's visit to the Supreme Leader and the Commander-in-Chief of Power from the exhibition of the IRGC Aerospace Force achievements in May 2017. This radar works in the VHF band and was claimed to have a high capability in detecting and tracking stealth targets. The radar consists of two main horizontal and vertical sections, which, with a large amount of space for transport, can be folded onto a trailer and have the ability to move it better and faster. The top of the vertical section of the radar increases its ability to detect targets at low altitudes and raises its effective range in proportion to the altitude of the targets.
Mersad, the Iranian version of the American Hawk anti-aircraft missile, uses four radars. The PAR radar, called Kavosh, is an upgraded copy of the original AN/MPQ-50. The maximum range is increased to 150 km and an IFF system is added to the radar. A new CWAR called Jouiya is used to detect low altitude targets. The HPIR radar, called Hadi, is an upgraded version of AN/MPQ-46 with an additional EO system attached to it. There is also a new supplemental HPIR radar. All of the radars use solid state electronics to have more resistance to electronic warfare and can be linked to the other Mersad systems. The Hadi radar has equipped with an Electro-optical system in order to detecting and tracking of targets when the battlefield is affected by heavy jamming.
Exploration
Explore is the name of another radar system displayed at the exhibition of the IRGC Aerospace Force achievements in May 2017. Although no radar features have been announced, the very similarity to a very famous external radar represents its design goals. In fact, Iranian sources report the exploration radar is similar to the native version of the Russian-made Kasta-2E2, which has been among the national air defense equipment over the past few years, and is one of the most important components of the ability to detect radar hidden targets in today's advanced air defense systems of the constructive country. The system is S-300.
Explore radar is a 3-D search and surveillance radar and all the way to cover the low elevations, designed to control the sky and automatically detect the range, angle, altitude, and destination of the target, and works in the UHF band. This Russian radar also has the ability to detect small and small targets at different intervals. The radar's wavelength is limited to a decimeter and has a range of 5 to 150 kilometers. Altitude up to 25 °, 360 ° coverage and flight altitude up to 6000 m.
Regardless of the general similarity of the radar, including the use of two related vehicles (one antenna carrier and a radar power source, and one for lateral hardware and a crew deployment room), are similar in the general design of the physical structure of the radar antenna and collectors Waves show differences in some mechanical parts and structures. In addition, considering past experiences in designing and building radar, one can speculate that radar searches for Costa are superior, including relative amplification of the board, the ability to discover more target numbers, longer working hours and less power consumption.
Bashir Radar
This radar was seen at the 2017 IRGC Aerospace Force Exhibition, and then images of its close-up were displayed in the national media. The Bashir radar has a flat antenna based on a base that has a 360 degree rotation and looks like a phased array type. In fact, the Bashir radar scans the environment on the horizon with the mechanical rotation of the antenna, which is a common structure in many radars. In addition, in advanced radars, the ambient scanning is carried out in altitude with a change in the angle of the waves, which is also commonly used in the Bashir radar.
The antenna shape also shows that the radar uses smaller wavelengths such as L and S bands that have a higher accuracy in determining the position of targets compared to the HF / VHF / UHF bands, but still to search for and track radar targets in and out. Medium and long rackets are used.
In the Bashir radar, similar to the overall design of the radar, its antenna and its base, and the location and shape of the antenna of the friend recognition system from the enemy, there are significant differences in these parts and the lateral components as compared to similar radars. The integrated antenna level, the difference in the number of antenna elements in the IFF system and the 3 components mounted on the back and on the sides of the antenna are among these differences, which indicate the native design of the Bashir radar, while modeling the successful and successful foreign radars.
Kayhan long-range cosmic radar
In September 2014, Iran unveiled two domestically manufactured state-of-the-art radar systems capable of detecting stealth aircraft and long-distance targets, Arash-2 and Kayhan. The Kayhan radar is a 2-D radar, which, according to defense officials, has the ability to detect the distance, angles, and radials of radial targets, and detecting and tracking air targets at various altitudes including conventional airplanes, radar concealers, cruisers and cruise missiles. In fact, this tactical radar is designed to detect a high target and level with enormous enemy attacks.
The Kayhan radar acts as a long range radar with hybrid frequencies. For comparison, the Shahab and Saman Radars are of the same type as the intermediate ones. According to published data, the motion of radar operating in the frequency range of HF in the world is unique and the universe radar is the first of these radars, which is capable of mobility and does not have an external specimen. The antennas of the radar, which are radially in working order, move to the car carrier to move.
Other achievements and technologies that have been developed with the design and construction of the radar of the universe are the technology of designing broadband array antennas, designing and manufacturing high-power transmitters with a broadband bandwidth, designing and constructing extremely high-resistive array receivers Interference, high speed arrays for high precision, optimization of various processing algorithms for analysis with existing working conditions, networking capabilities to reduce system maintenance concerns, and the ability to perform network operations and remote control.
Fatah 2
A long-range Fatah 2 radar has been built for air control and surveillance that is very effective in identifying targets with very small cross-sections. Fatah -2 was first featured in the armed forces parade this year. The moving parts of the radar, such as the Informed radar al-Fajr-1, are placed on the back of a truck. Due to the dimensions of the antennas, the radar seems to be widespread in frequency bands, which has a high ability to detect radar hidden targets in the upper strata. The establishment of this complex on the truck has created a high mobility capability for it.
"Fatah 2" radar is also one of the first defenses in the field of reconnaissance and reconnaissance, which is capable of detecting small birds with a range of 400 km with different frequency waves. Fatah 2 Radar is a completely indigenous and national radar with long range and equipped with the latest technologies in the world. This system is a tactical radar that can be detected by the enemy.
The Iranian Army and the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) launched a new Sector Operations Center (SOC) in Northwestern Iran for joint air defense operations against possible enemy threats was inaugurated in a ceremony participated by Lieutenant Commander of Khatam al-Anbia Air Defense Base Brigadier General Qader Rahimzadeh on 01 February 2021 on the occasion of the 42nd anniversary of the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran. General Farajpour said that deployment of Fakour and Ashura tactical command and control systems, indigenous radar systems, including Moraqeb, Fatah-2 and Bashir, tactical information and reconnaissance systems, electro-optical systems, electronic warfare systems and optical surveillance network of the Army Air Defense Force is among other measures in the wargames.
Bina
The Bina is a fixed-position, long-range, high-precision surveillance radar intended to support air defense operations produced domestically in the Islamic Republic of Iran. On September 1, 2015, Iran unveiled two domestically-built state-of-the-art radar systems, dubbed Nazir [Inspector] and Bina [understanding], capable of detecting stealth targets at high altitudes. Nazir is a long-range radar system that can detect and track hostile aerial targets within a radius of 800 kilometers at an estimated altitude of 100,000 feet, while Bina uses three-dimensional (3-D) technology to detect radar-evading targets. It can also be used to defeat electronic warfare.
Details concerning the Bina radar are almost entirely lacking. A brief video snippet of a rotating radar antenna is shown at one point when the voice-over mentions "Bina", but this may be coincidental. Another brief video snippet shows a screenshot of a control panel in which Bina and Nazir are shown on the screen as though they were coordinated or paired somehow. According to the reports, Bina is a 3D high-resolution control radar which has great ability in detection and identification of potential targets with low radar cross section, and can fully fight against electronic warfare while also detecting stealth targets.
Afaq
The Iranian defense ministry in October 2017 unveiled a new state-of-the-art radar system named 'Afaq' for coastguard forces. The ceremony was participated by Iranian Defense Minister Brigadier General Amir Hatami. "The coast monitoring radar is capable of monitoring vessels in a range of 200km and it can also trace and hunt aerial targets," General Hatami said. Noting that the radar enjoyed proper mobility and anti-electronic war capabilities, he said that Afaq could simultaneously monitor and trace 100 vessels.
The Iranian defense ministry in a ceremony on 19 January 2019 unveiled a new state-of-the-art radar system named Afaq (Horizons) for coastguard forces. The ceremony was participated by Iranian Defense Minister Brigadier General Amir Hatami. "The coast monitoring radar is capable of monitoring vessels in a range of 200km and it can also trace and hunt aerial targets," General Hatami said. Noting that the radar enjoys proper mobility and anti-electronic war capabilities, he said that Afaq can simultaneously monitor and trace 100 vessels.
Quds
The Commander of the Aerospace Force in the Iranian Revolutionary Guard, Brigadier General Amir Ali Hajizadeh on 21 May 2021 referred to the capabilities and features of the "Quds" radar system, and said: "We used previous experience making radars in this system, and the advantage of the "Quds" radar is that it detects stealth aircraft in a radius of up to 500 km." Gen. Salami said that the VHF radar is agile, fast and enjoys high operational capabilities, without providing any additional details.
Quds appears to be a copy of the Belarusian Vostok-3D VHF-and S-band radar, which has an operational range of up to 360 km. This radar was intended to be a replacment for the Soviet 1RL131 P-18 "Terek" SPOON REST-D radar. The Spoon Rest is a Russian-made, mobile early warning radar system, designed to provide tactical support to military activities. Russia uses this system when deployed to a nation in the conduct of tactical combat operations.
Spoon Rest, as nicknamed by Westerners, was first observed in April 1958. Spoon Rest was widely deployed in the Soviet Bloc and although first believed to have been a component of the SA-2 (Guideline) surface-to-air missile system it was later found to be used independently as an early warning and acquisition radar for conventional antiaircraft defense. The antenna was a six-bay, two-stack arrangement of 12 horizontal Yagi arrays. Each array was comprised of a rectangular reflector, an active element, and four directors. The complete array was approximately 41 feet long and 11 feet high. Spoon Rest, operating in the 155 to 157 megahertz range, provided additional frequency diversity for the Soviet air defense system. Spoon Rest was effective to 110 NM range and 50,000 feet altitude.
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