Military Transport - Great Patriotic War
The treacherous attack of Fascist Germany and the forced withdrawal of Soviet troops in the initial period of war placed rail transport in an exceptionally difficult position. Because of the temporary withdrawal of the troops the extent of railroads always was decreased and toward the end by 1941 was reduced by 42% of the prewar level. The average-daily loading of the troops and the supplies during the first days of war was of about 40% of general loading on the entire network of railroads. On the control of the organs of military communications simultaneously it was found to 1,5-1,7 thousand troop trains and to 10-12 thousand transports only through the centralized plan.
In February 1942 in the composition GKO was formed the transport committee, on which were assigned a mission in the general planning and the coordination of the work of all forms of transport, and TsUP VOSO actually fulfilled the functions of the staff of transport committee. In the first months of war for the purpose of more operational control of service the order NKO of #0370 from 22.10.1941 g. published clauses about the chiefs of the military communications of fronts and armies, were demarcated the functions of the field and linear organs of military communications, and on the railroads the decision GKO from 14.12.1941 #1024 created stage service.
The work of transport on the realization of evacuation transportation was associated with the huge difficulties. In short periods entire branches of industry, hundred of factories and plants, and also significant quantity of transportation means, materials and raw material were relocated into the rear.
The delivery of supplies to the troops by railroad was achieved under the action of continuous bombings. The total volume of military rail transportation in the years of war composed 442,2 thousand trains (19714,5 thousand railroad cars). Army medical trains transported more than 5 million injured and patients. The average speed of the advance of echelons in a 24 hour period in May - June 1945. were 600 km, and supply transports to 450 km.
The maintenance of front railroads was accomplished by linear railroad subdivisions and those created in the course of of World War II military- operational shaping of NKPS (People's Commissariat of Railroads) and by railroad operational regiments.
The first formings of NKPS - Military- operational administrations ([VEU]) and Military- operational departments ([VEO]) were created in the period of battle in the environs of Moscow in October 1941.
The railroad troops and special shaping carried out gigantic work on the restoration of railroads in the territory freed from the enemy. In the time of war by them it was restored and given to the operative condition 80136 km only of main ways, it is more than 32 thousand km of the alternate and station paths, 2756 large and average bridges.
Medical and sanitary maintenance and food guarantee of transportable soldiers was well organized on the railroads. For the medical and sanitary care of the troops were expanded insulating- spacing points, disinfection forces, bath and laundry and [bannodezinfektsionnye] trains and network of sanitary- control points. In 1944 were only washed 27,2 million transportable in echelons and commands of soldiers, [prodezinfitsirovano] 31,6 million sets of outfit. In the years of war military- food points gave out more than 217 million hot dinners, more than 500 million rations of dry and to the boiler allowance, baked 157 million kgf of bread.
The organs of military communications on the front and frontal railroads had in their subordination to the air defense unit of the troop trains, which accompanied trains with the people and most important transports. In 1944. them were counted - 10 regiments (on 40 platoons in each) and 14 individual battalions PVO (20 platoons in each). By the air defense units of troop trains were reflected about 6 thousand attacks of enemy aviation, are biased 132 aircraft, it is destroyed 523 saboteurs and 222 are undertaken into the captivity.
Along the inland waterways of communication in the years of war were transported more than 4 million soldiers and commanders, 212 thousand horses, there is much combat materiel, are transferred several hundred underwater and above-water warships. By the subdivisions of GVF and parts transported about 2,7 million people (including injured) and about 300 thousand t of different loads.
However, as a whole in the time of World War II the role of each form of transport in the transportation of supplies by the volume of freight traffic comprised: railroad 79,7%, aqueous 17,7%, automobile 2,5%, air - of about 0,1%.
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