Military Transport - Early History
Military transport service is one of the oldest services of the armed forces of the Russian Federation, it is past the large and complex historical way of its development. Even in "the regulations military" 1716, the affirmed by Peter I were indicated that in the field administration of Russian army the delivery of the troops and military loads, the use of roads for military purposes, their repair and the content are under the jurisdiction of the special establishment, headed by General - [vagenmeysterom]. The communications, utilized in the interests of the troops, in combination with the special army transport began to be called "military communications".
In 1812 according to "establishment for management of the large acting army" in the theater of military actions planning and the organization of troop movement achieved a director of military communications and General -[vagenmeyster], subordinated to that directly consisted with the chief of main staff armies to on-duty General, and the organ, which ensures the accomplishment of these objectives, began to be called "the military transport service". Thus, at the beginning of the 19th Century in Russia was formed the system of military communications.
Further their development the organs of military communications were obtained with the advent of railroads and by the beginning of experimental military transportation in the section Petersburg -[Kolpino] Petersburg- Moscow railroad. Special rolling stock for the transportation of the troops was for the first time designed and tested in this section. Were in 1851 comprised the first management about the transportation of the troops by railroad. The first large transportation of the troops was realized from Petersburg to Moscow up to the distance of 650 km, by which were required 9 trains on 14-19 railroad cars in each.
An increase in the military value of railroads caused the need of creating on them the military transport service - the organs, which had to plan, organize and ensure military transportation, the military transport service on the railroads of Russia arising earlier than on the railroads of England, France and Germany, that anticipated Russia in the railroad building. At first management of military transportation was united in the hands of the War Ministry, and military transport service subsequently in the system of military department arose.
On November 24, 1851 was returned the first circular order of military department about the use of a railroad for the military transportation. This day served the beginning of the appearance of military transport service on the railroads of Russia. The speed of the movement of trains with the fulfillment of the first military transportation comprised not above 15 versts an hour, the stand at the large stations - 5 hours, during which [lichnyi] the composition obtained hot food.
The Crimean War 1853-1856 yr. clearly showed the need for the building of railroads for the defense of state. Since 1862 military transport service entered into conducting of the main staff, which knew by questions of dislocation and troop movement, and it was since 1868 in the main staff - "by committee on troop movement railroads and on the water". In the theater of military actions the inspector of military communications, who was being subordinated to the chief of staff of acting army, headed service. Into the tasks of military transport service entered not only questions of operation, but also questions of destruction and restoration of communications. Toward the end of the 1860's were introduced the posts managing by troop movement on the railroad lines and the waterways, and somewhat later - since 1912. - the commandants of railroad sections.
With the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution and the need of conducting the military actions at the fronts of Civil War sharply came up the question about control system of military transportation. With the disbandment of the former General Headquarters of the Supreme Command and the formation of the highest military council of republic to it on March 5, 1918. was transmitted the Transportation Corps, which existed with the rate. This day is considered the day of the formation of the organs of military communications to the Red Army.
On May 8, 1918, order #339 people commissioners in military science created the All-Russian Main Staff, in composition of which also was a Transportation Corps. These two superior bodies of management of the military communications of republic existed in parallel until September 2, 1918 ; when they were united in the United Central Transportation Corps (TsUP VOSO (Military Communications Service)) with the highest military council of republic. The order of the highest military council of the republic of #49 from 7.10.1918 g. established that TsUP VOSO is the superior body of the military communications of republic. In the composition of the staffs of fronts, armies, military districts were created the Transportation Corpses, and on the railroads - the linear organs of military communications - the administration of the chiefs of troop movement and military kommendatures. To the central Transportation Corps were at that time subordinated the railroad troops, automobile, by stages- transport and working parts, military establishments of post, telegraphic and telephone connection.
The volume of military transportation along the railroads in the years of Civil War and foreign military intervention composed 33454 operational trains (40401 echelons) and 6679 supply trains, in all - 40133 trains, in which were transported 24,5 million people even 2,5 million horses. The specific weight of operational transportation in the total volume of military transportation composed 83,4%, the mean time of the presence in the way of troop trains was 6 days, and their average-daily speed of 250-300 km.
One of the special features of the work of rail transport before the war was composition of the plan of the forming of trains and technical planning of the entire operational work of network, which contributed to improvement in the work of units, stations, sections and entire directions.
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