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Russian Corrected Artillery Ammunition

Name		Caliber, mm	Maximum range, km	Warhead type	Mass explosive, kg	Projectile length, mm	Projectile weight, kg
Laser Corrected
	Smelchak	240		HE-frag
2K24	Santimetr-M1	155	20	HE-frag	12.0	940	40.9
2K25	Krasnopol-M2	155	25	HE-frag	11.0	1200	54.0
2K24	Santimetr-M	152	18	HE-frag	10.0	861	41.0
2K25	Krasnopol-M1	152	25	HE-frag	9.0	960	45.0
	Firn	130		HE-frag
	Sokol-1	125		HE-frag
	Ugoroza-1Mk	122		HE-frag
	Beta	120		HE-frag
GLONASS Corrected
	Ugoroza-1Mk	122		HE-frag

The most famous representatives of Russian corrected ammunition were the 240 mm Daredevil mine and the 152 mm Centimeter artillery shell. During "Special Operation Z" both products were widely used. Released footage showed the Daredevils "demilitarizing Nazis" at Azovstal with a 2S4 Tyulpan self-propelled mortar.

Like any weapon, adjustable artillery ammunition is a complex tangle of compromises. Let's start with the positives. First of all, "smart" projectiles turn an ordinary field gun into a precision weapon. With some conventions, we can say that gunners were getting a long-range guided missile into their arsenal, capable of hitting even moving targets. The rather high cost of each shot is more than paid off by the total savings of classic ammunition. The sources give different numbers, but on average, a three-minute fire from an artillery battery with corrected amunition can replaces a 15-20-minute artillery preparation in terms of efficiency. This means saving several tons of shells and the ability for artillery batteries to quickly leave positions.

For laser corrected ammunition, it is necessary to illuminate the target with a laser. In the classic version, this is done by an operator with a target designator-rangefinder. Artillery laser designators in various designs, according to the developers, can be installed on Drones and helicopters. Drones with laser emitters, according to the military, have already worked during the Syrian military campaign. Any target designation for gunners is an extremely risky and hard job. Spotters, especially those who cope with the guidance of guided projectiles, were always the top priority target. This, perhaps, is the main disadvantage of guided artillery weapons.

The logic of using a semi-active homing system for corrected artillery ammunition is as follows. On each laser designator, along with a radio station, synchronization equipment is placed, which, via a coded communication line, provides the broadcast of the “shot” command to the gun. At the point of illumination (ground or drone in the air), a timer is started with a clearly calculated flight time of the guided projectile to the target. Then everything works automatically. Only 1-3 seconds before the hit, the spotter turns on the laser in a pulsed mode, on which the incoming ammunition is guided - the correction engines turn on, and the projectile hits exactly on target.

Such a short period of illumination increases the chances of a group of spotters to survive. The less the laser is directed at the target, the less time the enemy has to respond. It is one thing to designate fortifications of terrorists somewhere in Syria for shells, and quite another to highlight Ukrainian Tanks equipped with radiation warning systems. The enemy can quickly release a smoke screen, start moving, or even hit the emitter from a cannon.

Before flying to the target, the projectile needs to drop the aerodynamic cap that hides the semi-active laser homing head. Perhaps this is the most high-tech part of the corrected projectiles. It is not enough to simply integrate the GOS from the rocket into the product - overloads during the shot will destroy the fragile structure even before leaving the barrel. For extreme overloads at the Leningrad Optical and Mechanical Association (LOMO), semi-active seekers were developed under the indices 9E421 and 9E430. The first is used for shells of 152 and 155 mm caliber, the second - for 122 mm. These were universal seekers used on both guided and corrected munitions.

Domestic impulse correction ammunition appeared in the army in the early 80s. This is real Soviet know-how, known as RCIC technology. Its essence is to change the trajectory of the projectile due to the work of miniature powder charges (gas rudders) directed perpendicular to the axis of the ammunition. In turn, each charge is placed in nozzles located in the tail section of the ammunition. The Daredevil has three such charges for each nozzle, the Centimeter has two. Of the entire line of guided (or corrected) ammunition, these products were the most budgetary. Unlike guided projectiles, adjustable ones do not require the installation of a complex gyroscope inside the body.

But there were also specific disadvantages. Due to the fact that "Smelchaki-M" and "Centimeters" move along a ballistic trajectory, they do not like low clouds. The GOS does not see the laser in the clouds, and when it emerges on the final part of the trajectory, it often does not have time to make a correction to the target - the maximum three seconds allotted for this may not be enough. Therefore, it is better to use corrected artillery in sunny weather. And yes, it is also desirable to choose a battlefield without smoke that distorts the aiming of products.

T-90M "Breakthrough" are armed with the new "Sokol-V" guided missiles. Now, precision-guided missiles are coming into service with the best Russian mass-produced tank. Sokol-V is a serious argument in any tank battle. These missiles are capable of striking targets beyond line of sight. They themselves aim at the target. The principle of "shot and forget" is used. The range of the missile is still classified. But it is hardly less than 8 km. That is, Russian tanks will be able to fire at the Leopards, remaining outside their zone of destruction. The missile, most likely, has a "roof-breaker" mode. This means that it approaches the target at an angle of 80 degrees, that is, almost vertically. Thanks to this, the rocket bypasses the active protection systems of armored vehicles. The Sokol-V rocket, of course, has a caliber of 125 mm. It is designed for the guns of the T-90M "Proryv" and T-14 "Armata" tanks. The missile is used at the western range to destroy tanks, ground targets and low-altitude objects. That is, if you wish, you can even hit enemy helicopters with a rocket. The missile is guided to the target by an inertial system and a homing head. It can also be guided by a laser beam. "Falcon-V" can hit objects beyond visibility. The tank uses external target designation, for example, receives data from the UAV. The product with the code "Sokol-V" is a tank-based guided weapon system based on the 3UBK25 round. The latter is made in 125 mm caliber and is intended for use with 2A46 and 2A82 tank guns. There are several options and modifications of the rocket with different equipment and different capabilities. e current status of the Sokol-V ROC cannot be determined from published data. The name "Sokol-V" awakened nostalgic memories of the development of "Ametekh" tank missiles (shells?) "Sokol-1/2" back in the 90s! Ammunition "Sokol-1/2" "Ametekha" should have radar and infrared guidance systems and a range of up to 8 km In December 2018, a package of documents appeared at the State Procurement Office that affected the interaction of the Design Bureau of Precision Engineering imeni A.E.Nudelman and the 3rd Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of Russia. A work contract, an additional agreement and some other documents were published. The contract dated March 21, 2016 determined the procedure for conducting preliminary tests for development work with the Sokol-V code. The tests were assigned to the 3rd Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense and were supposed to take place at the Smolino training ground in the Nizhny Novgorod region. The work was required to be completed by the end of 2016. In the same 2016, a statement for the execution of the contract was signed. However, in September 2018, an additional agreement appeared that extended the duration of the contract, and with it the timing of the necessary measures. The missile is made according to a single-stage scheme and is designed to destroy tanks and other ground targets or low-altitude air targets. The missile has a relatively long length, which is why it is divided into two parts, corresponding to the limitations of tank autoloaders. In this case, the head element of the rocket receives guidance equipment, a warhead and an engine, and steering machines and other equipment are located in the tail. The missile is equipped with an autopilot based on an inertial navigation system (INS) and / or a homing head (GOS). Older materials mentioned that the new TKUV can use passive optoelectronic guidance with the reception of infrared radiation and visible light. A control system with "flying along a laser beam" can also be used. For testing, it was planned to assemble missiles with GOS and INS. It also required a certain number of products with INS, but without a homing head. Used cumulative fragmentation warhead, probably tandem. Also in the head compartment of the rocket is placed a solid-propellant engine. The flight and combat characteristics of the missile remain unknown. The 3UBK25 shot should be used by 125 mm guns of existing and prospective tanks. The rocket and the throwing device are made in the form of a separate loading shot compatible with existing AZ. The docking of the two parts of the rocket is carried out when sent to the chamber. The T-14 tank, created on the basis of the heavy unified platform "Armata", will receive "smart projectiles" that will make it possible to destroy enemy armored vehicles much more effectively. "The annual report of the Uralvagonzavod corporation for 2018, which appeared on the Web, mentions the Sokol-V development project, which is related to the 125-mm 2A82-1M gun installed on a promising tank," Vestnik Mordovia news agency reports. As the newspaper notes, 125-mm homing tank shells Sokol-1 have already been created in Russia. There is reason to believe that we are talking about the development of this direction on a new element base, with much higher characteristics. The T-14 tank and the T-15 heavy infantry fighting vehicle became participants in the Army-2019 International Military-Technical Forum. Another demonstration of promising technology, as always, aroused great interest. It was at this exhibition that the real weight characteristics of these combat vehicles were first revealed, it turned out that the "fourteenth" weighs 55 tons, and not 48-49, as previously reported. https://topwar.ru/164860-tankovyj-kompleks-upravljaemogo-vooruzhenija-sokol-v.html 2.5.2.4. The complex of guided artillery weapons "Kitolov-2M" 2.5.2.5. Guided weapons complex "Kastet" 2.5.2.6. "Gran" guided weapon system for 120 mm mortars 2.5.3.3. Corrected artillery projectile of the complex "Sentimeter-M1" 2.5.3.4. 240-mm corrected artillery mine of the Smelchak complex 2.5.3.5. Laser-guided guided artillery system "Beta" for 120-mm 2S12-type mortars 2.5.3.6. "Firn-1" guided artillery system for 130 mm M46 guns 2.5.3.7. Ugroza-1M guided weapon system with laser guidance for BM-21 Grad MLRS 2.5.3.8. Sokol-1 adjustable tank armament system with laser guidance for a 125 mm D-81 tank gun 3UBK14F1 / 9M119F1 Svir/Refleks The 3UBK14F1 guided projectile fires from a 125 mm main gun, its design was changed from the 9M119 missile, with the rocket engine removed and replaced with an additional thermobaric warhead, turning it into a guided shell. which is said to be three times the explosive power of the conventional thermobaric version of 125mm guided missilesIts range has been reduced to 3.5 km. Country of origin : Russia Projectile weight : 16.5 kg Muzzle velocity : 284 m/s Guidance system : laser beam Range : 0.1 - 3.5 km Warhead : Thermobaric rating, 15 kg TNT equivalent????????? site:wiki5.ru http://fofanov.armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/ARM/atgm/ammo_r.html#:~:text=Sokol%2D1%20(in,any%3F Sokol-1 (in development, Russia) 1985 http://fofanov.armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/ARM/atgm/ammo_r.html

Index GRAU missile warhead shot	Gyurza - - -	Cobra 9M-112 9M-129 3UBK?	Agona 9M-128 9K-112? 3UBK?	Reflex 9M-119 9M-136 3UBK-14	Invar 9M-119M 9M-136M 3UBK-20	Invar-M 9M-? 9M-? 3UBK-?	? 9M-119F 9M-? 3UBK-14F	Kombat - - -	Sokol-1 - - -
KUV	-	9K-112 "Cobra"	9K-128	9K-119 "Reflex", 9K-120 "Svir"					-
Year of adoption	-	1976	1989	2006?	?	2001	dev.
NATO designation	-	AT-8 Songster	-	AT-11 Sniper		-	-	-	-
Guidance principle	p/aut IR	p/auto radio		p/aut in the control laser beam					homing (s.n. time 0.05..1 sec)
Hit Probability	over 0.8								?
Range	100- 4000 m		75- 4000 m		75- 5000 m			100?- 5000 m	100- 5000 m
Trajectory speed	maximum 800m/s, marching 350-400m/s								?
Flight time at max.range	?	14.5 sec			17 sec				?
Rocket mass, kg	23	23.2	23.5	16.5	17.2	17.2?	16.5	24?	23
warhead	cumulative				tandem cum.		thermobar.	tandem cum.	godfather?
Warhead weight, kg	~4.5				~5	?
Armor penetration at an angle of 90°, mm	500-600	600	650-700		700-750 (-50 with remote sensing)	800-900 (-50 with remote sensing)	-	700-750 (-50 with remote sensing)	?
Used on tanks	T-64B, T-80B			T-72AB, T-72B, T-80U, T-90				T-64BU, T-72B, T-80UD, T-84	any?

korrektiruemye-artillerijskie http://fofanov.armor.kiev.ua/">Tanks Page Vasiliy Fofanov The idea of equipping a tank with rocket weapons was of particular relevance during the "rocket boom" of the 50s and 60s. For the first time the issue was raised in the USSR in 1953, it was planned to involve a group of factories, including PO Box 989, NII-88, director Yangel Mikhail Kuzmich, Chief Designer Sergey Pavlovich Korolev. Subsequently, all the leading design bureaus on tank topics in the USSR joined in the development. The greatest scale in the creation of tanks with missile weapons was achieved during the leadership of N.S. Khrushchev as part of the research work on the creation of a tank destroyer with missile weapons, which was called "theme number 1". So, in accordance with the Decree of the Council of Ministers No. 505–263 of 08.05.57. (topic No. 1) the Malyshev plant was entrusted with the creation of an experimental model of a rocket tank, product "431", which was supposed to be ready by the 4th quarter of 1959. Its TTT: weight 25..30 tons, crew 3 - 4 people, rockets 15..20 pieces. During the meeting of the State Committee for Defense Equipment (GKOT) held on 12/14/62, it was decided to entrust the Malyshev Plant with the development of a promising medium tank based on the 432 product with the Rubin guided missile. Rubin" had a semi-automatic guidance system with the transmission of commands by radio beam. The dimensions of the equipment of the complex, as well as the guided missile itself, were unacceptable for the fighting compartment of the 432 product and required alteration for separate execution with subsequent docking in the loading mechanism. Due to too much refinement, the Rubin installation in the T-64 was considered inappropriate. In the future, efforts were focused on the implementation of the precision engineering proposed by the team of the Moscow Design Bureau headed by A.E. Nudelman started in 1964 work "Nail" on the creation of a guided artillery projectile for a 125-mm gun. With the transition to the stage of full-scale development, given by the decision of the military-industrial complex of December 28 1966, the Gvozd complex changed its name to Cobra. Initially, the Cobra was developed as a guided projectile with a semi-automatic control system and the use of a standard 4Zh40 propellant charge, which gives the guided projectile a speed of about 850 m / s when fired. The guided projectile was supposed to hit enemy tanks at ranges from 100 to 4000 m with armor penetration 250 mm at an angle of 60 degrees. The flight time to the maximum range should not exceed 6-7 s. Although experimental launches confirmed the possibility of implementing a guided projectile and the operability of the equipment under the conditions of an artillery shot, a problem arose that required lengthy work on its solution and changed the original appearance of the complex, which was a dust and smoke cloud formed after the shot. Attempts to equip the gun with a choke tube led to a disruption in the regular functioning of unguided ammunition. As a result, the guided projectile turned into a guided missile, divided into two compartments. The propellant charge decreased many times, the initial speed decreased, a solid rocket engine was designed, installed between the warhead and the control compartment. The flight time to the maximum range increased to 9 s. The first tests of tanks began in February 1971 and revealed the lack of reliability of the new equipment, both the Kobra complex and the Ob control system. The designers of the tank, weapons and fire control complex, being "pioneers" in this area, faced complex problems that required a lot of time. Guided rounds capability first appeared on Soviet tanks with the introduction of 9K112 guided weapons suite on a T-64B MBT in 1976, drawing on an extensive guided weapons program of the 1950s and 1960s. he direct precursor to 125mm tube-launched ATGW program was the "Rubin" system. Developed in 1962 in KBM under B.I.Shavyrin, this 28.5kg, 1500mm long radio-guided SACLOS ATGM was intended for Obiekt 775 missile tank, which had an OKB-9-designed D-126 low-pressure rifled gun/launcher. Following cancellation of Soviet missile tank programs, thought was given to adapting it for T-64 MBT, resulting in redesigning it as two-piece ATGM. The official start of the ATGW development for T-64 was given by the USSR Council of Ministers Resolution of 20.05.1968, that established a competition between KBM, now headed by S.P.Nyepobedimyi, and KB "Tochmash" under A.E.Nudelman, to develop a 125mm gun-launched missile system. KBM's "Gyurza" (asian snake), utilizing a novel but troublesome IR guidance method, lost the competition to radio-guided "Kobra" (cobra) proposed by Nudelman. Ironically, "Gyurza" system, dropping IR guidance in favor of radio, was redesigned to become "Shturm", the Soviet heavy vehicle- and helicopter-mounted ATGM. "Kobra", after passing extensive trials in 1971-1975, has been accepted for service in 1976 under designation 9K-112. Opposite to the popular belief in the West that it is similar in capability to the abortive US Shillelagh program, it is actually a far more mature weapons system, that drastically extended the traditionally unremarkable range of Soviet MBTs to the point where they actually outranged any NATO ground-based weapons system, as well as providing them with viable anti-helicopter weapon, and augmenting the penetrating power of their guns. However, this was a very expensive system. By means of example, T-64B MBT was over 20% more expensive than the T-64B1 model whose only difference was the lack of 9K-112 suite. The price of each 9M-112 missile was roughly equivalent to the price of a civil car. In addition the system was beyond the grasp of an average recruit and normally only officers were authorized to handle it. Finally, there were problems with missile's preparation for fire due to a peculiar way it was adapted for the T-64 autoloader (the weapon actually consisted of two parts that were snapped together as part of the loading sequence; this also precluded the installation of this system in T-72 tanks that have a different autoloader design). Most of these problems were eliminated in the follow-on 9K-119 guided weapons suite that is installed in T-80U and T-90 MBTs, and 9K-120 suite installed in T-72B MBT. The 9M119M and 9M117M missile control system does not use laser target illumination. Unlike foreign complexes (Hellfire, Lakhat, etc.) , it uses a control system with missile orientation in the laser beam ,not target illumination. Therefore, the complex, unlike analogues, has high noise immunity and is little susceptible to natural interference on the battlefield (bushes, smoke screens, etc.). In addition, the existing systems for detecting laser irradiation, which can be installed on foreign tanks, also cannot detect the launch of a guided missile, since, as already noted, the laser itself does not illuminate the target itself and an insignificant part of the radiation reaches the target (1% of the power of typical rangefinders). The sensitivity of laser irradiation sensors is not enough for this. Naturally, through the "forests" and "hills" blocking visibility to the target, this complex cannot be used, however, like any other. https://topwar.ru/33688-otechestvennye-tankovye-rakety-i-snaryady.html 3UBK25 Sokol-V Sokol-1 The Sokol-1 guided projectile is fired from a 125 mm gun, the design is borrowed from the 152 mm 3OF75 "Sentimetr-M" artillery projectile, and both have a very similar appearance but with an additional shape. The charge primer is similar in design to the M712 Copperhead , designed to engage heavily armored targets. It uses a technique called the Russian Impulse Correction Concept (RCIC), an impulse steering flight control system to correct the projectile's trajectory. Country of origin : Russia Projectile weight : 23.0 kg Muzzle velocity : 850 m/s Guidance system : semi-active laser / passive target based contour Range : 0.1 - 5.0 km (direct fire) 12 km (Indirect fire) Warhead : HE/700 millimeters (28 in) penetrating shaped charge????????? site:wiki5.ru https://web.archive.org/web/20190118024457/http://www.zid.ru/produktsiya/protivo-tankovoe-vooruzhenie/">Anti-tank weapons http://war-russia.info/index.php/nomenklatura-vooruzhenij/29-sukhoputnye-vojska/ptrk Afghanistan became the starting point in the combat career of the 240-mm self-propelled mortar RGK SM 2S4 "Tulip". The main task assigned to 2C4 "Tulip" in Afghanistan was the destruction of strongholds, fire weapons on mountain passes, roads, in the kishlak zone, firing points in caves and stone blockages. The fighting showed the advantage of a 240-mm mine over a 122-mm high-explosive fragmentation projectile in the mountains when firing from closed firing positions. A 240-mm mine with a 32-kg warhead destroyed a duval, a fortress or other adobe structure, while a 122-mm projectile, as it were, "bogged down" in the walls. The first tests of a correctable mine in the 40th Army took place in 1985 in the foothills of Pokhvalonkok on a dilapidated fortress from a range of 3250 m. Two high-explosive fragmentation mines went to zero under ideal firing conditions. Irradiation was carried out with a 1D15 laser range finder from the bottom up. Pointing the rangefinder optics at the target was carried out by the head of reconnaissance of the artillery regiment of the 108th motorized rifle division N. Teplyashkin, the shooting was controlled by V. Litvinenko. A short distance to the fortress made it possible to observe the movement of the mine, when the optoelectronic system was turned on, the mine turned in the air in the direction of the target and entered the roof of the target, the walls of the fortress slid apart. During the 1985 operation in the Charikar Valley to eliminate the detachment of Ahmad Shah Masud, a particularly difficult situation developed at the time of the assault on the fortress, where a group of partisans who had settled there had two DShK machine guns, seven RPGs and small arms. The destruction of the fortress was entrusted to the commander of the mortar battery st. l-that A. Beletsky. Having made a single sighting shot with a high-explosive fragmentation mine, the battery, using the Daredevil, smashed the entire fortress in 12 minutes. The fighting showed that two or three high-explosive fragmentation mines were enough to destroy and demoralize the enemy and one or two Daredevil mines were enough to defeat. The execution time of the fire mission did not exceed 12-15 minutes.