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J-6 (Jian-6 Fighter aircraft 6) - Origins

The development of the MiG-19 was begun in the Soviet Union in 1951. It reached the speed of sound in flight test at the end of 1952. Significant improvements were incorporated thereafter. In September 1953 Mach1.4 was reached in flight test. Flight test was completed at the end of 1954 and the delivery to the military services began in mid-1955.

In 1955, the Soviet MiG-19 transonic fighter began to equip Soviet troops. When Liu Yalou went to the Soviet Union to negotiate assistance in 1956, he began to talk about the introduction of MiG-19. The Soviet Union agreed to give China manufacturing rights. In June 1956, the Second Aircraft Department and Fourth Bureau planned to carry out the imitation of MiG-19 aircraft in Factory 211, and carried out some production preparations. However, as the conditions were not fully met, it did not proceed.

In the summer of that year, Khrushchev was besieged by the party veteran Molotov and others. In order to win the support of the CCP, Khrushchev made major concessions in the transfer of military technology to China. In September 1957, a Chinese government delegation led by Nie Rongzhen went to the Soviet Union to negotiate the transfer of military product manufacturing. In October, China and the Soviet Union signed an agreement for the Soviet Union to sell the manufacturing technology of the MiG-19 aircraft to China and provide a full set of technical documents, prototypes and some bulk parts and finished accessories.

Please note that even though Khrushchev asked the CCP at that time, the Soviet Union still took strict precautions against China. A high-level Chinese delegation asked to visit the MiG-21 when it visited the Soviet Union and was rejected. In terms of time, it should be this time. At that time, the production of MiG-19 in the Soviet Union was nearing completion, and factories were about to switch to MiG-21. In this case, the Soviet Union sold the MiG-19 as a bargaining chip to China, and did not mention the more advanced MiG-21. As far as China is concerned, it can only masturbate by saying "it is better than nothing".

The biggest (and helpless) advantage of choosing MiG-19 is that since the development of MiG-19 has ended, China can get a more mature and series of products. The candidate list issued by the Soviet Union at that time included MiG-19S (day combat type), MiG-19P (all-weather interceptor/air gun type) and MiG-19PM (all-weather missile interceptor). These are the three main types in the MiG-19 family, and the combination can basically meet the needs of the Air Force for air supremacy during the day and interception at night. According to the agreement at the time, all the above three models were purchased in China.

In 1957, the Chinese Air Force began to import MiG-19 fighters from the Soviet Union. In March 1957, after the Soviet Union gave several theoretical drawings of the MiG-19, the Chinese side began to draw the lines. In the autumn of 1957, Comrade Nie Rongzhen led a delegation to the Soviet Union to negotiate the purchase of MiG-19 aircraft. At that time, the aircraft included the daytime fighter MiG-19S, the all-weather interceptor MiG-19P, and the all-weather missile interceptor MiG-19PM (without cannon). my country decided to only imitate the all-weather interceptor MiG-19P, so it purchased a complete set of drawings of this type of aircraft and fixed it for production at factories 112 and 410, with the model code name Dongfeng 103. On November 15, the structural drawings arrived in China, but The process regulations were not sent, and the 112 factory started to do it on its own because the process equipment was used less.

In February 1958, the 112 factory received the technical specification of the MiG-19P aircraft and prepared for trial production. The drawings were available in July 1958. In August of that year, after the production preparations were basically ready, the trial production of the MiG-19P and its engine was officially started. In order to implement the "rapid trial-manufacture" policy proposed by the Fourth Bureau, the two factories in Shenyang were in trial-manufacturing, except that the drawings were all used by the Soviet Union, the process and technical data were mainly compiled by themselves, and the Soviet materials were only for reference, and all the process equipment manufactured by themselves was used (The Soviet Union has repeatedly offered to sell a set of technological equipment to our country, but they have been euphemistically stated).

In March 1958, the aviation industry began to imitate the MiG-19 fighter. For the MiG-19 imitation work, the Soviet side provided a complete set of drawings and materials, but there were relatively few experts. In order to imitate the MiG-19, the Soviet Union originally agreed to send a group of experts to China to help work, and signed a formal contract. According to the contract, the experts of MiG-19 should come to China one after another in early 1958, but many experts did not come until the end of October, and some experts did not come at all, including the chief engineer and chief engineer of the engine plant that my country particularly needs. Technologist’s consultant, etc. Due to the lack of these experts, the engine trial production progress has been delayed.

In terms of design, only one chief designer representative, Semenov, was sent, and he was the deputy chief designer of Mikoyan Design Bureau. At that time, the 112 factory had the MiG-17F imitation experience, so it looked down on the MiG-19 imitation. In addition, it was affected by the Great Leap Forward in 1958, which destroyed the necessary system to ensure quality. Changing the design drawings only proceeded from the convenience of craftsmanship, and did not fully understand the Soviet design.

In late March 1958, a meeting of the leading cadres of aircraft and engine plants was held. According to the Party Central Committee’s proposal, “in 15 years, the output of steel and other important industrial products will catch up with or surpass the United Kingdom.” “In the next period, For the main industrial products, especially the technical equipment necessary for national construction and the technological transformation of the national economy, we should gradually achieve the goal of being able to design and manufacture by ourselves through imitation methods" and "multiple, fast, good, economical, diligent, thrifty, and thrifty. The aviation industry revised the "Twenty Five" plan for the policy of establishing an enterprise.

The revised plan put forward that the goal of the aviation industry during the “Third Five-Year Plan” period is: to fully develop production capacity; to cultivate red and professional cadres, to learn from the advanced experience of the Soviet Union, to improve technology, and to actively carry out trial production of new products, so that aviation industry products can be performance, quality and quantity basically meet military needs and civilian use; vigorously carry out scientific research and product design work to achieve a leap from imitation to self-design; mass production of civilian products. Build a complete and independent aviation industry system. In addition, it is specifically stipulated that the total industrial output value in 1958 should be tripled compared with that in 1957, and that the new models copied that year should be equivalent to the sum of the "First Five-Year Plan".

After this conference ended, the aviation industry held a civilian work conference in Shanghai in April 1958. It put forward the slogan of "emancipating the mind and then emancipating, and making a leap forward in production", and a large number of "aeronautical mysteries" and "aeronautical special theories." , "Insufficient conditions", the so-called "anti-conservative, competitive drive, catch up with the domestic advanced level in one year, and catch up with the international advanced level in two years." Since then, mass movements such as the so-called "pull up the white flag and plant the red flag" and "anti-rightist and release satellites" have been continuously carried out, and the so-called "Xi'an climax", "Chongqing climax", "Changchun climax" and so on have been set off continuously.

At the on-site meeting of the aviation industry held in Harbin at the end of 1958, it was proposed that "Wufan is upstream, Sanfan is midstream, and I and II are downstream", "The greater the task, the greater the drive, the more miracles, and the greater the difficulty. "Small work is not as good as big work, big work is difficult, small work is difficult", "pressure is motivation, the greater the pressure, the greater the motivation", similarly, it also puts forward "the more bold the person, the more productive the opportunity."

Blindly pursuing high targets and doubling the output value at will, brought serious harm to the development of the aviation industry, which was prominent in the quality of aviation products. In the face of serious quality problems, many comrades became vigilant. Since March 1959, the Fourth Bureau began to emphasize product quality, and some factories successively carried out quality inspections. After the Minister of the First Machinery Department Zhao Erlu sent two letters to leading cadres at all levels of the machinery industry system on May 19 and June 4, 1959, on rectifying production order and improving production quality, in July and August of that year, the aviation industry The quality meetings of the main engine and auxiliary engine factories were held in Harbin and Xi'an respectively to try to compress the air appropriately and reduce some excessive indicators.

However, this time the mass rectification movement faced great resistance. After the Harbin Quality Conference, some comrades from higher-level organs proposed that the slogan "Aviation Product Quality First" did not conform to the general route of faster, better, and cheaper, and it is prone to side effects. After many criticisms, the Fourth Bureau was forced to issue a special document on August 19, 1959, canceling the slogan "Aviation Product Quality First" and replacing it with the slogan "High Quality and High Yield". The campaign to rectify the quality actually died midway.

In the political atmosphere at that time, some leading comrades in the aviation industry overestimated the achievements made during the First Five-Year Plan period and the actual technical level at that time, and proposed that the so-called "the main task of the aviation product Great Leap Forward is to quickly trial-produce new products." Just be quick. The original MiG-19P was successfully trial-produced before the National Day in 1959. Then, modifications were added to continuously improve the progress, and finally it was determined that the trial production was successful at the end of 1958. In order to achieve this goal, at the Aviation Industry Technology Conference held in August 1958, the experience of the JJ-1 rapid trial production was vigorously promoted. The first batch of prototypes of MiG-19P imitation aircraft (including domestic engines) trial-produced by Factory 112 was successfully piloted by Wang Youhuai on December 17, 1958. It passed the test flight on February 16, 1959. On April 26, 1959, it was formally appraised and accepted by the National Appraisal Committee. The entire trial production cycle is about half shorter than that of the MiG-17F.