06 April 2010 Military News |
Operations
Defense Policy / Programs
Defense Industry
Other Conflicts
News Reports
Current Operations
- OIF/OEF Casualty Update 06 Apr 2010 [PDF]
- Airpower Summary: April 4 AFNS 06 Apr 2010
- Airpower Summary: April 3 AFNS 06 Apr 2010
- Airpower Summary: April 2 AFNS 06 Apr 2010
- Bombs Kill 35 People in Shi'ite Neighborhoods of Baghdad VOA 06 Apr 2010 -- A series of explosions ripped through Baghdad, killing 35 people and wounding at least 140 others. The blasts are the latest in a string of attacks, raising new fears about Iraq's ability to maintain security as U.S. forces withdraw from the scene.
- 264th CSSB transfers authority to 541st CSSB Army News 06 Apr 2010 -- The 264th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, 15th Sustainment Brigade, 13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), transferred authority to 541st CSSB, 15th Sust. Bde., at a ceremony at the main gym here April 1 signaling the end of 264th's Iraq tour.
- Providers operate Army's largest supply support activity Army News 06 Apr 2010 -- Soldiers with the 716th Quartermaster Company out of Jersey City, N.J., manage the largest multi-category Supply Support Activity facility in the Army at Joint Base Balad, Iraq.
- Sustainment Soldiers travel to JBB to renovate buildings for future occupancy by replacement units Army News 06 Apr 2010 -- Soldiers of the 15th Sustainment Brigade, 13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) came from various locations in Iraq to work on a renovation project that began March 15 at Joint Base Balad, Iraq.
- 85th Medical Detachment Deploys to Iraq to Combat Stress Army News 06 Apr 2010 -- After months of training, Soldiers from the 85th Medical Detachment, 1st Medical Brigade, said their farewells in a ceremony Mar. 25 before leaving for Iraq two days later.
- Leading the way toward a stronger democracy Army News 06 Apr 2010 -- The 2010 national elections in Iraq went by with order and relative peace throughout the country, and Maysan Province is a prime example of this success by Iraqi Security Forces in securing their nation and their democracy.
- At least 35 Iraqis die in another wave of bombing in Baghdad IRNA 06 Apr 2010 -- At least 35 Iraqis died in another wave of deadly bomb attacks shook the Iraqi capital on Tuesday.
- Karzai Remarks Ratchet Up Tensions With Washington RFE/RL 06 Apr 2010 -- The U.S. State Department has reacted to comments Karzai is alleged to have made to Afghan lawmakers, threatening to join the Taliban insurgency if he continued to receive pressure from Western backers to overhaul his government.
- More Afghan Civilians Dead; US, NATO Commander Addresses Elders VOA 06 Apr 2010 -- NATO officials in Afghanistan are investigating the latest deaths of civilians caused by an air strike and a clash with insurgents in the southern as well as eastern parts of the country. The probe comes as the U.S commander of foreign forces in Afghanistan has assured a traditional assembly of Afghan leaders his troops are making utmost efforts to avoid civilian casualties in what he described as "a difficult war".
- How Is Karzai's Anti-Foreign Rhetoric Playing In Kabul? RFE/RL 06 Apr 2010 -- Afghan President Hamid Karzai's anti-foreign rhetoric has received attention in capitals worldwide, and Kabul is no exception.
- Afghanistan's Jirga To Focus On Pakistan, Reconciling With Insurgents RFE/RL 06 Apr 2010 -- An organizer of Afghanistan's upcoming peace jirga says the expected 1,300 participants will seek ways to create stability in Afghanistan and Pakistan, RFE/RL's Radio Free Afghanistan reports.
- Afghan, International Troops Capture Taliban Commander AFPS 06 Apr 2010 -- Afghan and international forces last night captured several insurgents in Afghanistan, including a Taliban commander suspected in several attacks against coalition forces, military officials said.
- U.S. top general to discuss Afghan transit with Uzbek president RIA Novosti 06 Apr 2010 -- The general in charge of U.S. operations in Iraq and Afghanistan will discuss the situation in Afghanistan with Uzbek President Islam Karimov, a U.S. embassy officer said on Tuesday.
- Manas Airmen Move Troops Into Afghanistan AFPS 06 Apr 2010 -- Airmen from the 376th Expeditionary Logistics Readiness Squadron here were busy in March, as they supported the surge of forces into Afghanistan, moving about 50,000 multinational, U.S. and coalition troops and issuing more than 12.5 million gallons of jet fuel.
- Vinson to Arrive After Unified Response, Refueling Navy NewsStand 06 Apr 2010 -- The aircraft carrier USS Carl Vinson (CVN 70) and its 3,500 crew members expect to arrive at their new homeport at Naval Air Station North Island (NASNI) April 12.
Defense Policy / Programs
- Statement by President Barack Obama on the Release of Nuclear Posture Review The White House 06 Apr 2010
- Transcript: DOD News Briefing with Secretary Gates, Navy Adm. Mullen, Secretary Clinton, and Secretary Chu from the Pentagon DoD 06 Apr 2010 -- Presenter: Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman Navy Adm. Michael Mullen, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, and Secretary of Energy Steven Chu
- Transcript: Special Briefing on New Nuclear Posture Review from the Pentagon DoD 06 Apr 2010 -- Presenter: PDUSD for Policy Jim Miller; JCS Vice Chairman Marine Corp General James Cartwright; Administrator National Nuclear Security Administration Thomas D'Agostino; UnderSecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Ellen Tauscher
- Transcript: Background Briefing on the Nuclear Posture Review from the Pentagon DoD 06 Apr 2010 -- Presenter: A Senior Defense Department Official
- New US Nuclear Policy Focuses on Terrorists, Rogue States VOA 06 Apr 2010 -- The United States on Tuesday announced a new nuclear weapons policy that gives top priority to fighting terrorism and proliferation, rather than deterring or responding to a nuclear attack by a foreign country. The policy promises not to use atomic weapons against non-nuclear states, but issues a stern warning for countries that ignore global non-proliferation rules. Initial reaction among experts and members of Congress has been mixed.
- Nuke Review Takes Comprehensive Look at Strategy AFPS 06 Apr 2010 -- The Nuclear Posture Review, released today, is the first overarching look at U.S. nuclear strategy since the end of the Cold War, a senior defense official briefing reporters on background said yesterday.
- Review Provides Deterrence, Arms Reduction Roadmap AFPS 06 Apr 2010 -- The Nuclear Posture Review is a roadmap for reducing America’s nuclear arsenal while maintaining an effective deterrent, Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates said at the Pentagon today.
- Review Reduces Weapons, Maintains Deterrence, Obama Says AFPS 06 Apr 2010 -- The Nuclear Posture Review recognizes that nuclear terrorism by violent extremists and nuclear proliferation to more states – not a nuclear exchange between nations – pose the greatest threat to U.S. and global security, President Barack Obama noted in a statement issued today.
- Vice Chairman Expresses Comfort With Nuke Production Freeze AFPS 06 Apr 2010 -- The nation’s second-ranking military officer said today that he’s comfortable with a new U.S. policy that halts future production of nuclear weapons.
- German FM links Obama's new atomic strategy to removal of US nukes IRNA 06 Apr 2010 -- German Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle on Tuesday voiced cautious optimism that the new atomic strategy of American President Barack Obama would gradually pave the way for the removal of US nuclear weapons from Germany.
- New U.S. Nuclear Weapons Strategy Reduces Numbers And Use RFE/RL 06 Apr 2010 -- Almost a year to the day after he vowed to pursue a "world without nuclear weapons" U.S. President Barack Obama has unveiled a new national policy that commits the United States to reducing the role and numbers of nuclear weapons with a long-term goal of a nuclear-free world.
- Obama unveils new U.S. nuclear strategy ahead of signing arms cuts with Russia RIA Novosti 06 Apr 2010 -- Two days before signing a milestone arms cuts pact with Russia, U.S. President Barack Obama unveiled on Tuesday Washington's new nuclear doctrine declaring potential terrorist attacks and proliferation of nuclear weapons, rather than an attack from a hostile state, the main security threat for the United States.
- U.S. nuclear doctrine to bolster nonproliferation regime - Russian MP RIA Novosti 06 Apr 2010 -- The new U.S. nuclear doctrine should help strengthen the international nonproliferation regime, a senior Russian member of parliament said on Tuesday.
- US General: Command Transfer In South Korea Will Proceed Despite Anxieties VOA 06 Apr 2010 -- The commander of American forces stationed in South Korea says a major shift in command structure on the peninsula will proceed as scheduled. He says the alliance between the two countries will be just as effective as in the past six decades.
- US Support to ROK Salvage Operations Changes Leadership Navy NewsStand 06 Apr 2010 -- Commander, Amphibious Force Seventh Fleet, Rear Adm. Rich Landolt, has assumed the duties as the senior naval officer in charge of U.S. Navy assistance to the Republic of Korea (ROK) in their salvage efforts for the ROKS Cheonan Apr. 5.
- US to Assist S. Korea in Probe of Sunken Warship VOA 06 Apr 2010 -- The commander of American forces stationed in Korea says he is confident a team of U.S. experts will help South Korea find out what caused a South Korean warship to sink in disputed waters last month. He says it is still to early to infer any North Korean role in the incident.
- Shinseki Vows to Reduce VA’s Claims Backlog AFPS 06 Apr 2010 -- Prioritizing the work ahead shortly after his first anniversary on the job, Veterans Affairs Secretary Eric K. Shinseki said his focus for the year ahead is on reducing the disability claims backlog.
- Division headquarters participates in predeployment exercise Army News 06 Apr 2010 -- As 10th Mountain Division (LI) Headquarters prepares for its deployment to Afghanistan later this year, Soldiers have spent last week and this week participating in a command post exercise at the Battle Command Training Center on post.
- Riverbank Army Ammunition Plant Deactivates Army News 06 Apr 2010 -- The Riverbank Army Ammunition Plant officially deactivated March 31 marking the end of its cartridge production mission and support to Soldiers and warfighters after almost 70 years.
- U.S. military officials contribute to Kyrgyz deworming conference AFNS 06 Apr 2010 -- Three U.S. military medical experts including two colonels from the Transit Center at Manas, Kyrgyzstan, attended a conference here on mass deworming April 2 to contribute American health care concepts to the health program this country's medical representatives have successfully started and plan to continue.
- Airmen complete month-long training in Pacific region AFNS 06 Apr 2010 -- Airmen from the 19th Fighter Squadron from Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, recently completed two back-to-back training exercises in Thailand and Hawaii.
- Not Your Average Automotive Shop: MWSS-274 Maintenance Platoon Keeps Mission-essential Vehicles Running USMC News 06 Apr 2010 -- It takes many different types of vehicles to accomplish the Marine Corps mission here. From bulldozers that build berms to humvees that bring troops to combat, keeping them all going in this austere environment is quite a chore.
- USS McClusky Returns to San Diego from Deployment Navy NewsStand 06 Apr 2010 -- The guided-missile frigate USS McClusky (FFG 41) returned to San Diego April 5 after an independent six-month deployment to the 4th Fleet Area of Responsibility (AOR). >
- Pacific Conference Aims at Strengthening the Knowledge Management Navy NewsStand 06 Apr 2010 -- "Strengthening the Tribe" was a theme for the second annual Knowledge Management (KM) Conference hosted by Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet (PACFLT) March 31 to April 2, 2010.
- Hopper Helps Local School During Thailand Visit Navy NewsStand 06 Apr 2010 -- The guided-missile destroyer USS Hopper (DDG 70) conducted a community service project at the Baan Para School in Phuket, Thailand during their visit March 31 to April 2.
- Tuition Assistance Transactions Shift to 100% WebTA Navy NewsStand 06 Apr 2010 -- All Navy Tuition Assistance (TA) transactions will soon shift to an entirely online process accessible through the Navy College Program Web site's WebTA portal.
- Naval Medical Center San Diego Opens New Multidisciplinary Spine Center Navy NewsStand 06 Apr 2010 -- Naval Medical Center San Diego (NMCSD) celebrated the grand opening of the new Multidisciplinary Spine Center (MDSC) with a ribbon-cutting ceremony April 2.
- USDA, Navy Highlight New Partnership to Power Navy Fleet with Biofuels Navy NewsStand 06 Apr 2010 -- The deputy secretary of agriculture and the assistant secretary of the Navy for energy, installations and environment kicked off an energy forum April 6 in Honolulu to look at ways to increase biofuels production and meet the Navy's renewable energy needs.
- DoD News: Senior Executive Service Appointments and Reassignments DoD 06 Apr 2010 -- Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates announced the following Department of Defense Senior Executive Service appointments and reassignments
- Marines test their amphibious shooting skills in Djibouti USMC News 06 Apr 2010 -- Suppressing a beachhead with heavy firepower before landing Marines to fight the enemy seems very unlikely nowadays, but that doesn’t mean the Marines won’t be ready if ever faced with the situation.
- From atom test ground zero, Ban hails momentum towards nuclear weapons-free world UN News Centre 06 Apr 2010 -- Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon today flew to a former ground zero of atom bomb testing in a highly symbolic gesture to plead for a nuclear weapons-free world on the eve of this week’s United States-Russian summit to sign a new nuclear arsenal reduction treaty.
- UN official: Middle East region must be free of nuclear weapons IRNA 07 Apr 2010 -- President of the 64th session of the United Nations General Assembly Ali Abdussalam Treki called for necessity of removal of nuclear weapons from the Middle East.
- Moscow set to upgrade Admiral Kuznetsov aircraft carrier RIA Novosti 06 Apr 2010 -- The Fleet Admiral of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov, currently the only aircraft carrier serving as the flagship of the Russian Navy, will be upgraded, the media reported, quoting Navy sources. The aircraft carrier, due to enter a dry dock in 2012, will be re-launched in 2017.
- Russia to contribute 1,000 troops to SCO military exercises RIA Novosti 06 Apr 2010 -- Russia will contribute about 1,000 military servicemen to joint military exercises of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) member states in southern Kazakhstan, a senior military official said.
- Russia to sign deal on military base in South Ossetia on Wednesday RIA Novosti 06 Apr 2010 -- Russia and South Ossetia are expected to sign an agreement on a Russian military base in the former Georgian republic on Wednesday, a Russian Defense Ministry spokesman said.
- Russia to orbit 7 new Glonass satellites in 2010 RIA Novosti 06 Apr 2010 -- Russia will launch seven new Glonass satellites into orbit by the end of 2010, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin said on Tuesday.
- U.S. expects to continue missile defense dialogue with Russia - Clinton RIA Novosti 06 Apr 2010 -- The United States expects to continue missile defense dialogue with Russia, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said on Tuesday.
- U.S. might make statement in Prague on missile shield - Kremlin RIA Novosti 06 Apr 2010 -- The United States will probably make a statement on its strategic missile defense plans upon signing a new nuclear arms reduction treaty with Russia in Prague this week, the Kremlin said.
- U.S. missile shield plans currently no threat to Russia - Lavrov RIA Novosti 06 Apr 2010 -- Washington's plans for a missile defense shield do not presently constitute any threat to Moscow's strategic interests, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said Tuesday.
- Briefing by White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs, 4/6/10 The White House 06 Apr 2010
Defense Industry
- DoD News: Contracts for April 06, 2010
- Boeing NewGen Tanker Win Would Benefit Florida Boeing 06 Apr 2010 -- The Boeing Company [NYSE: BA] today announced that the state of Florida will benefit from an estimated 1,900 total jobs with 14 suppliers and generate an estimated $95 million annual economic impact if the Boeing NewGen Tanker is selected as the U.S. Air Force's next tanker aircraft.
- Boeing and the Republic of Singapore Celebrate F-15SGs' Arrival in Singapore Boeing 06 Apr 2010 -- Boeing [NYSE: BA] and the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) on April 5 celebrated the arrival of the RSAF’s first five F-15SG aircraft at Paya Lebar Air Base, Singapore, where the aircraft were formally inducted into the F-15SG squadron.
- General Dynamics Receives $37 Million for USS Hartford Repair Work General Dynamics 06 Apr 2010 -- The U.S Navy has awarded General Dynamics Electric Boat a $36.6 million contract modification for repair work on USS Hartford (SSN-768), a Los Angeles-class submarine damaged in a collision in March 2009. Electric Boat is a wholly owned subsidiary of General Dynamics (NYSE: GD).
- General Dynamics and Cyalume Technologies collaborate on Advanced Illumination and Marking Payloads for Ammunition Applications General Dynamics 06 Apr 2010 -- General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems announced today that it has entered into a strategic agreement with Cyalume Technologies, Inc. to develop and market training, illumination and marking payloads that use Cyalume’s chemiluminescent “green” technology for U.S. military ammunition applications.
- Lockheed Martin, Aerojet Achieve Joint Air-To-Ground Missile (JAGM) Rocket Motor Breakthrough Lockheed Martin 06 Apr 2010 -- Lockheed Martin [NYSE:LMT] and Aerojet, a GenCorp [NYSE:GY] company and teammate on the Joint Air-to-Ground Missile (JAGM) program, achieved a technological breakthrough by successfully completing full temperature range testing and validation to support a single rocket motor solution for all JAGM fixed-wing and rotary-wing platforms. The final completed tests were a series of cold temperature missile motor firings conducted in Camden, AR.
- £20m worth of new contracts awarded for new aircraft carriers Thales 06 Apr 2010 -- The Aircraft Carrier Alliance has awarded a further £20m worth of new contracts to UK companies for work on the new Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers, which are currently under construction at five ship yards across the country.
- First HC-130J Combat Rescue Tanker Completes Assembly Lockheed Martin 06 Apr 2010 -- The first of a new fleet of combat rescue tankers for the U.S. Air Force’s Air Combat Command left Lockheed Martin’s main assembly building here, April 3.The plane is now in the painting facility, then will enter production flight testing.The aircraft represents a new configuration of the world’s most advanced airlifter and will be formally presented to the Air Force at a ceremony, April 19, then delivered later this year.The HC-130J will undergo flight testing to meet an Initial Operating Capability date in mid-2012.
Other Conflicts
- Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General United Nations 06 Apr 2010
- DR Congo: UN deplores resort to arms after deadly attack on provincial capital UN News Centre 06 Apr 2010 -- The top United Nations official in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has voiced deep concern at a deadly attack in a region cited by Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon as showing the potential for local conflicts to rapidly escalate in the vast strife-torn country.
- UN peacekeepers in DR Congo rescue 29 people in Lake Kivu ferry mishap UN News Centre 06 Apr 2010 -- United Nations blue helmets in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) have rescued dozens of people stranded on Lake Kivu after a ferry boat they had boarded to travel south to the city of Bukavu ran aground on rocks.
- Israeli FM Warns Palestinians Not to Declare Statehood VOA 06 Apr 2010 -- Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman has warned Palestinian officials not to declare independence unilaterally.
- Suspect Flees as Australian Court Approves Balkans War Crimes Extradition VOA 06 Apr 2010 -- A war crimes suspect is still at large after an Australian court ruled he could be extradited to face charges in Croatia. Dragan Vasiljkovic, also known as Daniel Snedden, is accused of leading a Serb paramilitary unit during the Balkans war in the 1990s.
- Deadly Attack by Maoist Rebels Kills Indian Troops VOA 06 Apr 2010 -- In India, Maoist rebels have mounted one of their deadliest attacks on security forces, killing at least 75 policemen. It is the second strike by the rebels this week and comes as the guerrillas step up attacks in response to an anti-Maoist offensive launched by the government.
News Reports
- Iran's Navy saves oil tanker in Gulf of Aden IRNA 06 Apr 2010 -- Iran’s Navy prevented hijacking of an Iranian oil tanker by the pirates in the waters of Gulf of Aden.
- Iran Ready for Negotiations, Says Spokesman VOA 06 Apr 2010 -- An Iranian foreign ministry spokesman says Tehran is ready to negotiate with world powers, but he says the discussion about Iran's nuclear program is a "closed case."
- Washington Summit to Discuss Nuclear Terrorism VOA 06 Apr 2010 -- A unique two-day summit expected to bring together more than 40 heads of state and government will open in Washington April 12. As VOA reports, the unprecedented meeting will focus on one issue: how to safeguard nuclear materials from terrorists.
- Removing Chinese missiles prerequisite for peace accord: president CNA 06 Apr 2010 -- President Ma Ying-jeou renewed Tuesday his call for China "to remove or actually dismantle" its missiles targeting Taiwan as a prerequisite for talks on a cross-Taiwan Strait peace accord.
- Iraq to obtain rest of Oil-for-Food funds by end of the year, UN official says UN News Centre 06 Apr 2010 -- The Iraqi Government has a “realistic” plan to take full ownership by the end of this year of a fund administering proceeds from export sales of petroleum under the now defunct Oil-for-Food Programme, a top United Nations budget official told the Security Council today.
- French Oil Company Investigated in UN Oil for Food Scandal VOA 06 Apr 2010 -- French oil giant Total is being investigated for bribery charges related to the U.N. Oil for Food Program in Iraq, under the former regime of Saddam Hussein.
- Iraqis Debate The Reach Of De-Ba'athification Law RFE/RL 06 Apr 2010 -- Officials responsible for Iraq's de-Ba'athification process say not all ministries and state institutions have complied with the measures aimed at purging those with links to the regime of Saddam Hussein and his disbanded Ba'ath Party, RFE/RL's Radio Free Iraq (RFI) reports.
- Ban urges restraint after protesters seize Government building in Kyrgyzstan UN News Centre 06 Apr 2010 -- Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon today expressed concern over reports that demonstrators in Kyrgyzstan had seized a Government building and urged them to show restraint and respect the rule of law.
- Kyrgyz opposition fears government may use force against civilians RIA Novosti 06 Apr 2010 -- The Kyrgyz opposition fears the country's government may use force against civilians, the country's opposition leader said.
- Kyrgyz authorities subdue, disperse rioters in Talas RIA Novosti 06 Apr 2010 -- Kyrgyz authorities have subdued rioters in the city of Talas by running the crowds off using tear gas, Kyrgyz Interior Minister Moldomusa Kongantiyev said on Tuesday.
- Kyrgyz rioters again seize Talas administration building RIA Novosti 06 Apr 2010 -- Rioters in the Kyrgyz city of Talas have again seized the building of the local government, eyewitnesses told RIA Novosti on the phone on Tuesday.
- Kyrgyz authorities arrest opposition party members RIA Novosti 06 Apr 2010 -- Law enforcement agents have arrested several Kyrgyz opposition leaders, rights activists said on Tuesday.
- Protesters Retake Government Building In Kyrgyzstan RFE/RL 06 Apr 2010 -- Clashes have continued in the northwestern Kyrgyz city of Talas as police battled protestors who reportedly won back control of a government building they had earlier seized.
- Naval Patrols Reduce Somali Pirate Attacks, but Threat Continues VOA 06 Apr 2010 -- International naval patrols against Somali pirates have made shipping lanes much safer. But they’ve not been able to eliminate the threat altogether. Naval experts look at what’s been done and what could be done to keep the pirates at bay.
- MYANMAR: Dam construction to displace thousands IRIN 06 Apr 2010 -- A dam being built in Myanmar’s northern Kachin State will displace more than 15,000 people, activists warn.
- Turkish Prosecutor Stops Latest Wave Of Army Arrests RFE/RL 06 Apr 2010 -- Istanbul's chief prosecutor has intervened to prevent Turkish police from detaining up to 90 more military officers in connection with an alleged 2003 military coup plot.
- Ban outlines UN role in resolving Central Asian tensions over water resources UN News Centre 06 Apr 2010 -- Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon today proposed a major United Nations role as “a cure-all” for resolving tensions in Central Asia over the use of water, energy and other natural resources where exploitation by one country can affect the development of another.
- Anti-Government Protesters, Thai Security Forces Face off in Bangkok VOA 06 Apr 2010 -- Anti-government protesters in Bangkok overwhelmed security efforts to curb the demonstrations and pushed their rallies calling for new elections into more business and districts of the capital. But, the protests, although tense at times, remained free of extreme violence.
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