Project 58 Grozny / Kynda class - Armament
The main weapon of the ship was a new missile system R-35, developed on the basis of a complex of P-5, which armed submarines of Projects 644 and 665, converted from diesel-electric submarines. Complex II-35 differed from the previous models with significantly greater (at least 250 km ) firing range, more advanced supersonic cruise missile 4K-44, which had a conventional and nuclear warheads, and was designed to defeat both marine and coastal targets.
The SS-N-3b antiship missile system was developed as a mobile version of the Army's tactical SHADDOCK (NATO designation), which was somewhat "navalized" and became operational in 1962. It included an aerodynamic missile equipped with a turbojet, with a weight of over 4 t, 10.9 m long, with an airframe diameter of .86 m, equipped with stubby folding wings w'ich have a wing span of 2.58 m. Thus, for all practical purposes, it represents a remote-controlled unmanned aircraft, with a payload consisting of either a nuclear or conventional warhead. It was remotely guided to the target. During flight it attains a speed of Mach 1.3.
Though it has a maximum range of 250 nm, its effective range is estimated to be from 18 to a maximum of 30 nm, depending upon the radar horizon to be attained by its carrier. However, the range can be increased to about 170 nm with the help of a "relay station", which includes specially equipped aircraft and helicopters. The missile can be programmed for a flight altitude profile of 300 to 4000 meters. It is radar controlled, but for the final attack phase it is equipped with a radar homing head. It is launched with the assistance of two solid fuel, auxiliary boosters (automatically jettisoned immediately after burnout from large cylindrical containers). These containers are mounted in clusters of four, on a single variable pedestal with a 360 degree turning radius. Inside the containers, the stub wings of the missile are folded to fit into the inner diameter (estimated to be less than 2 in).
There were discussions and differing opinions in the West as to reloads for the SHADDOCK missile. It is safe to say that behind the cylinder groups there were spaces built into the superstructure and accessible from the outside, which serve as magazines. Without a doubt, missiles are stored there. But one opinion maintained that these compartments were are to support the first load (whereby, in addition to improved stability by reducing the topside weight due to the missiles, more simplified control and maintenance are made possible). The other opinion held that it has to do with additional missiles. As always, moving the missiles from their containers into the magazine and back again was, to be sure, quite complicated, requiring the use of chain hoists or line pulls, winches, and a great amount of time.
Normally the containers were loaded with the aid of a loading platform from which the missile is loaded in from the front. Normally, this loading platform was attached to one of the two turning rings mounted on the upper deck on either side of each container cluster. Normally the loading platform was not carried on board, but belonged on one of the available special ships to resupply the KYNDA with missiles and other munitions.
In addition, it was equipped with a fundamentally new system of control and had a much more sophisticated and reliable performance characteristics. The complex URO ship Project 58 consisted of: two suggestive packet quad launchers SM-70, 16 cruise missiles (8 silos), the management system 4P-44 ("Bean") and other service units.
The SM-70 launchers had remote horizontal guidance and a fixed elevation angle at the launch of the rockets - 25° (according to its stowed position - 0°). They had 8 4K-44 missiles. The control system allowed simultaneous volley from each laumch unit [PU]. Preparation time first salvo was no more than 12 minutes (but the project). In the silos of the missiles was stored a complete outfit, but without fuel and pyrotechnics.
The Management System "Bean" provided launch of missiles, remote control of radio commands midcourse trajectory, the sight of goal through missiles and command capture target homing. On the fore- and main-masts of cruisers housed in one post were double antenna system that provided "keeping" up to four missiles.
The anti-aircraft missile system M-1 "Wave" ship passed comprehensive tests converted destroyer Project 56K "Bravo". Therefore, at the disposal of designers there were some practical results, refering to the "behavior" of the complex directly on the ship. The structure of SAM M-1 "Wave" on Project 58 were paired ("dvuhbalochnye") ZIF-10 stabilized launcher, SAM B-600 (4K-90 storage and supply), the control system with equipment prelaunch preparation and launch rockets 4P -90 "Scimitar". The silos in the two revolving drums contained a total of 16 missiles.
The SA-N-l surface-to-air missile system presented fewer problems. Again, this was first developed for the ground forces as a surface-to-air weapons system (SA-3), and a similarly "navalized" version became operational at the beginning of the 1960s. This system consisted of a below-decks magazine, directly above which is a 360°-rotating twin launcher. In order to reload, it must be rotated 90° to port, so that its launch rails are positioned exactly 90° perpendicular over the reload hatches. The magazine capacity was thought by Western intelligence to be 24 missiles. The twin launcher is surrounded by a low, angled partition, which served as an effective blast deflector during missile launch.
Combat characteristics of the complex provided two launches every 5 seconds, with a range initially was 16 km on the horizon (when firing at surface targets) and reaching a height of about 15 km. There was a single "Scimitar" radio command control system, which could provide fire support to two missiles. Despite the fact that the set M-1 "Wave" was developed as a maritime variant on the basis of land, ie. a sufficiently known complex, in the development of the project two radically recomposed versionas were on the bow of the ship because of the major changes of weights and dimensions in the SAM-600.
Underestimating the role of cannon artillery in the 1950s in practice meant that at the beginning of the development project for the weapons of surface ships of the new artillery systems really could focus only on the 76-mm two-gun automatic turret gun mount AK-726 (ZIF-67). These artillery weapons on the ship were assigned to a clearly secondary and subsidiary role. Although the gun mount AK-726 was officially called "universal" [ie, dual purpose AAW / ASuW], its main purpose was considered as air defense, which confirmed the high rate of fire - 90 rounds / Minute (single barrel).
Both gun turrets were mounted aft in a superimposed arrangement. The L/59 76.2-mm guns had an elevation ranging from -l0° to +90° and thus were suitable for engaging aerial as well as surface and ground targets. Their maximum range was supposedly about 10,000 m, with an effective range between 6,000 and 7,000 m. It fires 16-kg fixed ammunition with an initial velocity (V*) of 900 m/sec; the theoretical rate of fire was 60 rounds per minute.
The Project 58 design installed two turrets aft, but the overall control system with a single fire control radar MR-105 "turret" turned two two-gun turrets. In native mode, the turret is remotely controlled, however, there was a backup local management with optical sights ("Prism") mounted on the instruments themselves. Total artillery ammunition ship was 2,400 rounds of ammunition and two cellars housed in open racks without cell holders, past and stored in the premises were fitted overload.
Torpedo armament consisted of two triple-tube torpedo TTA-bis 53-57 for firing homing anti-submarine torpedoes SET-53 torpedoes. Torpedo tubes were placed at the board on the upper deck and the shooting was carried out only with gunpowder. Fire control system anti-submarine torpedoes "Buzzer" is matched with the weapons control systems PLO "The Tempest" and radar MR-105 issued by targeting for surface targets.
Triple-tube swivel-mounted torpedo tubes are located amidships on the side decks between the two funnels. These are M-57 launchers, in service since the late 1950s, for 533-mm torpedoes launched with compressed air. Either standard antiship or special ASW torpedoes may be fired. In addition to the torpedoes already in the tubes, at least one reload of spare torpeodes might also be carried. An indication of this is the tracks on the upper deck, visible near the torpedo tubes. These extend out from the superstructure, so it might be assumed that additional torpedoes are stowed there. Furthermore, a curved segment of track extending clear across the upper deck permits the transfer of torpedoes from one cluster of tubes to another.
On the ship, Project 58 for the first time (on production ships) established reactive bombing RBU-6000 system (two installations) with new reactive depth charge RGB-60. Ammunition was adopted on the basis of four full volleys (96 RSL). Fire control RBU carried out the system "Storm" provides a certain rate, the speed of the objectives of the yaw rate and so on. D. It should be noted that the complex RBU-6000 was considered in the first place, as a complex of anti-torpedo defense, but subject to obtaining the necessary data from the ASG.
Mounted just forward of the SA-N-l, the RBU-6000 ASW mortars (formerly designated MBU-2500 A) were the latest available at the time. Each cluster includes 12 tubes on one rotating pedestal. Each tube is 1.6 m long with a 250-mm inner diameter and fire a 90-kg rocket-propelled projectile with its own 55-kg warhead for distances of up to 6000 m. Automatic reloading was accomplished from a below-decks magazine with vertical delivery from below into the launcher barrels, which are elevated to 900. Firing always occured in a paired sequence.
Even though the after body of the ship was equipped to accomodate helicopters -- there is a 10 x 9 m area marked off for that purpose -- the KYNDAs did not have their own helicopters. There was no hangar, since the large number of weapons systems on the upper deck, along with the relatively limited ship size, left no space for that. However, there was a control tower for helicopter takeoff and landing. This latter is positioned behind the second 76.2-mm mount sunk halfway into the upper deck, which, at that point, is also the main deck.
Aircraft Armament (the helicopter on the ship) appeared only in the technical design, which had to lengthen the aft end of the ship in order to allow admission to the landing pad (WFP) and the take-off of the Ka-25 helicopter. Further study showed that without increasing the displacement of the ship complete basing the helicopter could not be maintained. Therefore, the ships of Project 58 managed to place only with the runway lighting equipment, start-command post (UPC) and a small supply of aviation kerosene. And he was taken in a helicopter overload and basing thus could be considered a purely symbolic (as well as on the ships of Project 57bis).
To control in combat tactical group ships and to coordinate the use of missile impact and management of air defense and electronic warfare compounds, the cruisers of Project 58 were equipped with the simplified flagship command post (PCF) with the appropriate places and stations. Looking ahead, it should be noted that the PCF for its intended purpose and almost not used in the operation of ships its premises converted for other purposes.
As the KYNDA Class became better known to the West, it became apparent that this class possessed the most diverse electronic equipment of all the heretofore known ship classes of the Soviet Navy. For the first time, Soviet designers employed fully-protected, pyramid-shaped tower masts to support the heavy radar systems, especially the HEAD NET A radar antennas for air surveillance and the SCOOP PAIR twin control devices for the two SS-N-3 B weapon systems. In 1967, the GROZNYY received six small radomes on the four stepped platforms of the aft mast -- platforms which had previously been vacant. In the early '70s, these were replaced by the PLINTH NET. At the beginning of the '70s, the VARYAG's HEAD NET A was replaced by the more modern HEAT NET C; about the same time, two additional PLINTH NET radars were added (to VARYAG) on the same platforms as on the GROZNYY.
Electronic weapons of the ship originally consisted of two two-coordinate radar detection of total MP-300 "Angara", with antennas placed on the tops foremast and mainmast, combined with an interrogation antenna stations "Nickel-CM", which correspond to two "Chrome-KM" responses stations. The tasks of detection of surface targets and navigate initially solved a radar "Don". For the detection of underwater targets and target designation torpedo and rocket-bombometnomu weapons, there was the GAS circular step search GS-572 ("Hercules-2M") with extendable antenna podkilnoy. For detection and direction finding of gross enemy radar stations provided for electronic intelligence (RTR) "Mizzen-4D"; to create a jamming - the station "Crab-11" and "Crab-12", in addition, intended to establish devices decoy "F-82-T" consisting of two launchers with two guides, each with a common ammunition 792 shells.
As in previous ships, since destroyers Project 56m, the ship implemented anti-nuclear, anti-gas and anti-bacterial protection, which was achieved by the respective strength of hull structures, sealing of premises, for filtering, collective and individual protection of the crew, water systems and decontamination of protection. Communications comprising six sets of KB and CB transmitters twelve receivers, six transceiver stations operated by the 34 antennas.
By the end of construction of the head of the ship, some weapon systems had not yet been created and thus were not mounted on board, including system "Success-U", designed for targeting complex P-35 from external sources (Tu-95RTS, and, much later, Ka-25TS). It is clear that the combat capabilities of the ship, when implemented only in part, gave the most effective range of only acting within the radar horizon. True, there was the simplified method using voice (radio channels) targeting on the helicopter, but the permanent basing on the ship has not been achieved, and indeed the method proved unreliable. In addition the system "Success-In" absent and system of joint use of weapons of group attack submarines, video surveillance for the near underwater environment and some other systems and complexes. Subsequently, some of them still appeared on the ships, according unfortunately not at all.
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