Type 051 Luda - Weapon systems
The biggest innovation on the 051 destroyer is the missile launcher. The Soviet Navy Type 58 "Kenda" class light cruiser, which served in 59 years, installed a rotating pitch missile launcher, but this device is used to launch the "Yuzu" long-range anti-ship missile, regardless of size and arrangement, it is not suitable for full load The "Luda" class with a displacement of only 3670 tons, even on the Soviet Navy's 5800-ton "Kynda" class cruiser, also caused a problem of reduced stability. The "Brigade" class is equipped with a missile launcher at a position equivalent to the deployment of five 533 mm torpedo launchers for the "Kotlin" class destroyers. Although the "Haiying 1" missile is large in size, it is less than 533 mm in thermal power. Direct torpedo. By arranging 3 rounds of missiles in the shape of a character, the difficulty of arranging multiple rounds of missiles due to the large lateral space occupied by the missile wingspan is solved. The internal directional device and cable layout of the missile launcher of the "Luda" class destroyer are the same as those of the Chinese Navy's Type 021 missile boat in the early 1960s , which reduces design risks and is reliable in technical feasibility.
The disadvantage of this kind of launcher is that it can only shoot with a larger side angle, and the destroyer needs to deflect the side port before the attack. In fact, rotating the launcher can adjust the firing angle of the launcher in advance. The target has already entered the "Brigade" radar interception distance before the missile has entered the combat range. The destroyer can seize the opportunity to shoot on the flank. Moreover, the anti-ship missile added a surface area command after 1975, which can shoot at the launcher's directional device When the angle between the baseline and the aiming front baseline is very large, the missile fires, and after the missile is lifted off, it automatically turns to the direction of the aiming front point.
The caliber and layout of the "Luda" class naval guns are imitating the "Kotlin" class, but at that time, there was no corresponding double-mounted 130-mm naval gun to choose from. Structurally similar to the "Kotlin" -class naval gun was the 66-type 130-mm coastal gun introduced in the 1950s. When designing the "Luda" class in China, it is a more stable plan to improve on the basis of the 66 type coastal artillery. However, China does not have a small gun sight radar that can be mounted on the turret. The final solution to the sea and air is to use the optical vector sighting device on the right side of the turret to aim, while the sea target is shot by the 343 type on the bridge. Radar and optical commander control the turret's follow-up firing. At the same time, the artillery stabilization system and the projectile system were supplemented and developed. In 1976, the naval gun developed from the modification of the coastal artillery was finally finalized as the Type 76, and it has been used on the "Luda" class destroyer for more than 5 years.
For navies around the world, the 1960s was a turning point in the development of destroyer air defense systems. Surface ships face the double threat of high-speed jet fighter jets and anti-ship missiles, but none of the air defense weapons has been proven effective in this regard. The only battle against missiles was the battle of the Israeli Navy destroyer "Eilat" in 1967, but it was a failed experience. When the "Styx" missile launched by the Egyptian missile boat entered the 40mm naval gun damage limit, it was in the self-guided combat section, and quickly adjusted its flight direction to the target. Therefore, the Israeli officers on the ship first saw the missile route as if it would pass through the stern, and then quickly turned right towards the "Eilat". The target error of the anti-aircraft gun intercepting this maneuver increased sharply. For many years since then, China has not directly obtained the relevant details from Israel. Therefore, the design of the "Luda" class did not really introduce the concept of air defense in the era of anti-ship missiles. It still aimed at combating air targets such as fighter jets.
There is no new ship-to-air weapon system other than the artillery, so it is inevitable for the "Luda" to choose the 61-type automatic dual-mounted 37 mm and the 61-type dual-mounted 25 mm naval gun. The design ideology of the Chinese Navy did not deviate from the model of the Second World War period. The tactics of intercepting targets with dense anti-aircraft fire was very market and popular at the time, and believed that it was possible to take into account the attack on sea targets. In the previous 17 years of naval battles with the Kuomintang naval ships, small caliber automatic guns have indeed achieved very good results. The "Luda" class destroyers are equipped with one 37mm automatic anti-aircraft gun on each of the front and rear overtime rooms of the destroyer and the rear bridge, so that there can be at least one double 37 gun damage area in all directions of the destroyer. The composition of the double 37-mm guns overlapped the kill zone. Four double 25mm automatic guns are arranged on both sides of the front bridge, which can enhance the air defense firepower density of both sides. The dual 37-mm automatic gun has radar and commander control, while the dual 25-mm automatic gun has only headset voice calls. It requires the gunner to manually control the gun and use the hairspring sight to estimate the advance fire.
The "Brigade" class destroyer was also one of the largest destroyers in the world at that time. Under the condition of reliable support by shore-based aviation, the air defense system of the "Luda" class destroyer was sufficient to deal with air threats, but the support of China's shore-based aviation was not reliable at that time. The main combat aircraft of the Naval Air Force and the Air Force are the daytime J-6 , and the forward-mounted destroyer aviation divisions are incorporated into the night squadron, equipped with radar-mounted J-6A and J-5A all-weather fighter jets. At that time, fighter jets manufactured in the United States were generally equipped with fire control radars. Antennas were able to search for targets within a wide angle of view, and early warning aircraft were also deployed in large numbers. The entire system has a huge advantage over the Chinese air defense system in terms of target discovery and command and control. The all-weather radars of J-6A and J-5A fighters are only dedicated azimuth search and ranging.
Point to the target, so radar guidance is very important. Chinese shore-based fighters rely on ground radar guidance in the airspace close to the coast, and transfer the destroyer radar guidance in the airspace away from the coast. This handover requires good command control and communication system support. At that time, there was no corresponding system to support this combat mode. Through radio voice control of airships, shore ships and air-ground commands, and manual mapping, only small batches of operations could be guided. In the rapidly changing and large-scale air defense operations, this kind of combat The command system and operational methods were incompetent. It was not until the 1980s that such systems of the Chinese Navy and Air Force gradually improved. In the 1990s, a new integrated combat command system for destroyers was introduced. The design from improved to completely new system is based on the experience of designing and using the "Luda" class destroyers.
In August 1986, in order to verify the carrying and use of shipborne helicopters, 105 "Jinan" was used as a test platform to accept the modification of the helicopter system. The Dalian shipyard combined with the mid-ship to implement the installation of the helicopter take-off and landing system project. The main content of the modification is the removal of the main and auxiliary guns on the stern The missile launcher and other equipment are equipped with helicopter take-off and landing decks, various landing aids, hangars, aviation fuel tanks, fuel pump bins, washing water bins and other facilities, and air and ground crew cabins have been added. July 1987 On the 21st, the refitting project carried out at the Hongqi Shipyard in Dalian was completed.
On December 24, 1987, the first helicopter landing test of the 105 ship was successful, and it became the first destroyer equipped with a helicopter by the People ’s Liberation Army Navy. The command system was installed on the 105 ship for loading experiments, and the Haihongqi-7 missile launcher was added to the helicopter landing deck for a short period of time (test use). After the 105 Jinan destroyer was modified, it could carry two "Zhi Jiu" antisubmarine Helicopter became 051G1 (Luda II class). This is the only ship that can carry helicopters among the 051 missile destroyers. NATO listed the ship as Luda Type II ship.
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