*FM 6-2
| Field Manual FM 6-2 | HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Washington, DC, 23 SEPTEMBER 1993 |
FM 6-2 |
Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures forFIELD ARTILLERY SURVEY |
Table of Contents
Change 1, 16 October 1996
*Preface
CHAPTER 1 - MISSION,
RESPONSIBILITIES, AND DUTIES
RESPONSIBILITIES, AND DUTIES
1-1. SURVEY PLANNING
1-2. SURVEY OPERATIONS IN THE AIRLAND BATTLE
1-3. FUNDAMENTAL SURVEY OPERATIONS
1-4. PLANNING RESPONSIBILITIES
1-5. RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE ENGINEER TOPOGRAPHIC BATTALION
1-6. FA SURVEY ORGANIZATIONS
1-7. SURVEY EQUIPMENT
CHAPTER 2 - DISTANCE
DETERMINATION
DETERMINATION
Section I - HORIZONTAL TAPING
2-1. TAPING TEAM
2-2. TAPES AND ACCESSORIES
2-3. TAPE ALIGNMENT
2-4. APPLYING TENSION TO TAPE
2-5. USE OF PLUMB BOBS
2-6. USE OF TAPING PINS
2-7. MEASURING THE FIRST FULL TAPE LENGTH
2-8. MOVING FORWARD
2-9. MEASURING SUCCEEDING FULL TAPE LENGTHS
2-10. BREAKING TAPE
2-11. MEASURING DISTANCES MORE THAN 10 TAPE LENGTHS
2-12. MEASURING PARTIAL TAPE LENGTHS
2-13. DETERMINING TAPED DISTANCE
2-14. USE OF TWO TAPING TEAMS
2-15. COMPARATIVE ACCURACY FOR DOUBLE-TAPED DISTANCES
2-16. TAPING ACCURACIES
2-17. ERRORS
2-18. TAPING AT NIGHT
2-19. MAINTENANCE OF STEEL TAPES
2-20. REPAIR OF BROKEN TAPE
2-21. DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS
2-22. SETTING UP THE SEDME-MR
2-23. OPERATING PROCEDURES
2-24. CARE AND MAINTENANCE
CHAPTER 3 - ANGLE
DETERMINATION
DETERMINATION
Section I - T16 THEODOLITE
3-1. ACCESSORIES
3-2. PREPARING THE T16 THEODOLITE FOR USE
3-3. TAKING DOWN THE T16 THEODOLITE
3-4. READING AND SETTING HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CIRCLES WITH THE T16
3-5. FOCUSING THE TELESCOPE TO ELIMINATE THE PARALLAX
3-6. MEASURING HORIZONTAL ANGLES WITH THE T16
3-7. DETERMINING VERTICAL ANGLES WITH THE T16
3-8. COMPUTING HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ANGLES
3-9. CARE OF THE T16 THEODOLITE
3-10. CLEANING THE T16 THEODOLITE
3-11. REPAIR OF THE T16 THEODOLITE
3-12. TESTS AND ADJUSTMENTS OF THE T16 THEODOLITE
3-13. T16 PLATE LEVEL TEST AND ADJUSTMENT
3-14. T16 OPTICAL PLUMB TEST AND ADJUSTMENT
3-15. T16 HORIZONTAL COLLIMATION TEST AND ADJUSTMENT
3-16. T16 VERTIAL COLLIMATION TEST AND ADJUSTMENT
3-17. TESTS AND ADJUSTMENTS OF THE T16-84 THEODOLITE
3-18. T16-84 CIRCULAR BUBBLE TEST AND ADJUSTMENT
3-19. T16-84 OPTICAL PLUMB TEST AND ADJUSTMENT
3-20. CARE AND USE OF THE TRIPOD
Section II - T2 THEODOLITE
3-21. PREPARING AND TAKING DOWN THE T2 THEODOLITE
3-22. CIRCLE READINGS WITH THE T2
3-23. HORIZONTAL CIRCLE READINGS WITH THE T2
3-24. STEPS IN CIRCLE READING
3-25. VERTICAL CIRCLE READINGS WITH THE T2 THEODOLITE
3-26. SETTING THE HORIZONTAL CIRCLE
3-27. MEASURING HORIZONTAL ANGLES WITH THE T2
3-28. DETERMINING VERTICAL ANGLES WITH THE T2
3-29. TESTS AND ADJUSTMENTS OF THE T2 THEODOLITE
3-30. T2 PLATE LEVEL TEST AND ADJUSTMENT
3-31. T2 OPTICAL PLUMB TEST AND ADJUSTMENT
3-32. T2 VERTICALITY TEST AND ADJUSTMENT
3-33. T2 HORIZONTAL COLLIMATION TEST AND ADJUSTMENT
3-34. T2 VERTICAL COLLIMATION TEST AND ADJUSTMENT
4-1. FIELD NOTEBOOK
4-2. DATA RECORDED
4-3. RECORDING
4-4. TYPES OF FIELD NOTES
4-5. SECURITY OF FIELD NOTES
CHAPTER 5 - TRAVERSE
Section I - METHODS AND PROCEDURES
5-1. FIELDWORK
5-2. STARTING CONTROL (TRAVERSE REQUIREMENTS)
5-3. TYPES OF TRAVERSE
5-4. TRAVERSE STATIONS
5-5. ORGANIZATION OF CONVENTIONAL TRAVERSE PARTIES
5-6. NIGHT TRAVERSE
5-7. TRAVERSE FIELD NOTES
Section II - TRIGONOMETRY OF TRAVERSE
5-8. AZIMUTH DETERMINATION
5-9. EXTENDING AZIMUTH
5-10. AZIMUTH AND DISTANCE COMPUTATIONS
5-11. DA FORM 5590-R
5-12. AZIMUTH AND BEARING ANGLE RELATIONSHIP
5-13. DETERMINATION OF BEARING ANGLE
5-14. TRIGONOMETRY AND THE TRAVERSE LEG
5-15. COORDINATE COMPUTATIONS
5-16. DETERMINATION OF dH
5-17. UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR GRID
Section III - TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
5-18. COMPUTING THE TRAVERSE LEG
5-19. DETERMINATION OF HEIGHT
5-20. DA FORM 5591-R
5-21. RECIPROCAL MEASUREMENT OF VERTICAL ANGLES
5-22. ACCURACY RATIO
5-23. RADIAL ERROR OF CLOSURE
5-24. CLOSING AZIMUTH ERROR
5-25. ACCURACIES, SPECIFICATIONS, AND TECHNIQUES
SECTION IV - TRIG TRAVERSE
5-26. METHOD
5-27. BASE ACCURACY
5-28. ANGLES
5-29. TARGETS
5-30. DISTANCE COMPUTATION
5-31. DA FORM 5603-R
Section V - LOCATION OF TRAVERSE ERRORS
5-32. ANALYSIS OF TRAVERSE FOR ERRORS
5-33. ISOLATION OF DISTANCE ERRORS
5-34. ISOLATION OF AZIMUTH ERRORS
5-35. ISOLATION OF MULTIPLE ERRORS
Section VI - TRAVERSE ADJUSTMENT
5-36. SOURCES OF ERRORS
5-37. AZIMUTH ADJUSTMENT
5-38. COORDINATE ADJUSTMENT
5-39. HEIGHT ADJUSTMENT
5-40. DISCRETION ADJUSTMENT
CHAPTER 6 - TRIANGULATION
SECTION I - METHODS AND OPERATIONS
6-1. SURVEY METHODS USING TRIANGLES
6-2. TRIANGULATION PARTIES
6-3. TRIANGULATION FIELD NOTES
6-4. STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS
Section II - TRIANGULATION COMPUTATION
6-5. SURVEY APPLICATION OF BASIC TRIANGLE
6-6. DISTANCE ANGLES OF A SINGLE TRIANGLE
Section III - TRIANGULATION SCHEMES
6-7. DESCRIPTION, SOLUTION, AND CHECKS OF A CHAIN OF TRIANGLES
6-8. TRIANGLE CLOSURE
6-9. DA FORM 5592-R
Section IV. INTERSECTION
6-10. LIMITATIONS
6-11. POINT VISIBILITY
6-12. INTERSECTION COMPUTATIONS
6-13. INTERSECTION ACCURACY
Section V - THREE-POINT RESECTION
6-14. DA FORM 5593-R
6-15. CHECKS AND CLOSURE
6-16. LAW OF SINES
CHAPTER 7 - ASTRONOMY
FOR FIELD ARTILLERY
FOR FIELD ARTILLERY
SECTION I - BASIC ASTRONOMY
7-1. EARTH
7-2. CELESTIAL SPHERE
7-3. SPHERICAL COORDINATES
7-4. ASTRONOMIC TRIANGLE
7-5. TIME
7-6. SOLAR TIME
7-7. SIDEREAL TIME
Section II - ASTRONOMIC OBSERVATION TECHNIQUES
7-8. PURPOSE OF ASTRONOMIC OBSERVATIONS
7-9. METHODS OF DETERMINING AZIMUTH
7-10. FIELD REQUIREMENTS FOR ASTRONOMIC OBSERVATIONS
7-11. FIELD DATA REQUIREMENTS
7-12. TEMPERATURE AND TIME
7-13. POINTING TECHNIQUES
7-14. TRACKING AND OBSERVING PROCEDURES
7-15. RECORDING AND MEANING DATA
Section III - THE ARMY EPHEMERIS
7-16. TABLE 1b, ASTRONOMIC REFRACTION CORRECTED FOR TEMPERATURE (MILS)
7-17. TABLE 2, SUN (CURRENT YEAR) FOR ZERO HOURS UNIVERSAL TIME (GMT)
7-18. TABLE 9, ALPHABETICAL STAR LIST
7-19. TABLES 10a (DEGREES) AND 10b (MILS), APPARENT PLACES OF STARS
7-20. TABLE 11, APPARENT PLACES OF POLARIS (STAR NUMBER 10)
7-21. TABLE 12, TO DETERMINE AZIMUTH FROM POLARIS
7-22. TABLE 13, GRID AZIMUTH CORRECTION, SIMULTANEOUS OBSERVATION
Section IV - STAR SELECTION AND IDENTIFICATION
7-23. STAR FINDER AND IDENTIFIER
7-24. HAUGHT (FIELD-EXPEDIENT) METHOD FOR ORIENTING THE STAR IDENTIFIER
7-25. SELECTION OF STARS FOR OBSERVATION
7-26. WORLD STAR CHART
7-27. LOCATING STARS
7-28. STAR IDENTIFICATION (BUCS)
Section V - ALTITUDE METHOD
7-29. POSITIONS OF CELESTIAL BODIES
7-30. APPARENT DISPLACEMENT
7-31. ALTITUDE METHOD COMPUTATIONS
7-32. FIELDWORK
7-33. EFFECT OF ERRORS
7-34. DETERMINATION OF FINAL AZIMUTH
Section VI - ARTY ASTRO OBSERVATION METHOD (SUN)
7-35. POSITION OF SUN
7-36. ARTY ASTRO (SUN/STAR) COMPUTATIONS
Section VII - ARTY ASTRO METHOD (STAR)
7-37. POSITION OF STARS
7-38. OBSERVATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF POLARIS
Section VIII. POLARIS TABULAR METHOD
7-39. COMPUTATION OF AZIMUTH
7-40. DA FORM 5598-R
Section IX - SIMULTANEOUS OBSERVATIONS
7-41. PROCEDURES FOR SIMULTANEOUS OBSERVATIONS
7-42. ACCURACY OF SIMULTANEOUS OBSERVATIONS
7-43. HASTY ASTRO OBSERVATION
Section X - SELECTION OF METHODS OF OBSERVATION
7-44. FIFTH-ORDER AZIMUTHS
7-45. FOURTH-ORDER AZIMUTHS
7-46. CHOICE OF CELESTIAL BODY
7-47. CHOICE OF METHOD
7-48. SOLUTION OF THE PZS TRIANGLE TO ESTABLISH AZIMUTH (SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE)
CHAPTER 8 - GYROSCOPIC
AZIMUTH
AZIMUTH
Section I - SIAGL (LEAR)
8-1. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
8-2. COMPONENTS AND ACCURACY
8-3. INITIAL SETUP PROCEDURES
8-4. FINAL SETUP PROCEDURES
8-5. HORIZONTAL CIRCLE ALIGNMENT PROCEDURE
8-6. SELF-TEST
8-7. OPERATION OF THE INSTRUMENTS
8-8. READING THE THEODOLITE
8-9. MARCH-ORDERING EQUIPMENT
8-10. MAINTENANCE
Section II - CONVERSION OF GYROSCOPIC AZIMUTH TO GRID AZIMUTH
8-11. DETERMINATION OF CONVERGENCE
8-12. DETERMINATION OF CONVERGENCE WITH NOMOGRAPH
8-13. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
8-14. COMPONENTS
8-15. INITIAL SETUP PROCEDURES
8-16. SURVEY APPLICATIONS
8-17. DETERMINATION OF E-2 ADDITIVE CONSTANT
8-18. MAINTENANCE
CHAPTER 9 - POSITION AND
AZIMUTH DETERMINING SYSTEM
AZIMUTH DETERMINING SYSTEM
9-1. SYSTEM USES AND CONFIGURATIONS
9-2. PADS COMPONENTS
9-3. PADS OPERATION
9-4. PADS MISSION CLOSURE
9-6. PADS SURVEY PLANNING
9-7. PADS USE IN SPECIAL SITUATIONS
CHAPTER 10 - FORWARD ENTRY
DEVICE METEOROLOGICAL/SURVEY
DEVICE METEOROLOGICAL/SURVEY
Section I - OVERVIEW
10-1. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
10-2. PREPARATION FOR OPERATION
10-3. SURVEY OPTIONS
10-4. FORWARD OBSERVER OPERATIONS
10-5. GRAPHICS CAPABILITIES
Section II - SURVEY CALCULATIONS WITH THE FED MSR
10-6. SURVEY CALCULATIONS
10-7. AZIMUTH AND DISTANCE CALCULATION FILE
10-8. TRAVERSE CALCULATION FILE
10-9. TRIANGULATION CALCULATION FILE
10-10. RESECTION CALCULATION FILE
10-11. COMPUTATION OF ASTRONOMIC AZIMUTH BY ALTITUDE METHOD (SUN AND STAR)
10-12. HASTY ASTRO CALCULATION FILE (SUN AND STAR)
10-13. STAR ID CALCULATION FILE
10-14. POLARIS TABULAR METHOD CALCULATION FILE
10-15. GRID CONVERGENCE CALCULATION FILE
10-16. TRIG TRAVERSE CALCULATION FILE
10-17. INTERSECTION CALCULATION FILE
10-18. ARTY ASTRO CALCULATION FILES (SUN AND STAR)
Section III - CONVERSION AND TRANSFORMATION WITH THE FED MSR
10-19. TRANSFORMATIONS
10-20. UTM TO GEO COORDINATE CONVERSION FILE
10-21. GEO TO UTM COORDINATE CONVERSION FILE
10-22. ZONE-TO-ZONE COORDINATE CONVERSION FILE
10-23. UTM TO UTM DATUM CONVERSION FILE
10-24. UTM TO GEO DATUM CONVERSION FILE
10-25. GEO TO UTM DATUM CONVERSION FILE
10-26. GEO TO GEO DATUM CONVERSION FILE
10-27. KRASSOVSKY TO UTM DATUM CONVERSION FILE
10-28. UTM TO KRASSOVSKY DATUM CONVERSION FILE
10-29. BESSEL TO UTM DATUM CONVERSION FILE
10-30. UTM TO BESSEL DATUM CONVERSION FILE
10-31. USER-DEFINED TO USER-DEFINED DATUM CONVERSION FILE
10-32. USER-DEFINED TO LISTED DATUM CONVERSION FILE
10-33. LISTED TO USER-DEFINED DATUM CONVERSION FILE
CHAPTER 11 - CONVERSION
AND TRANSFORMATION
AND TRANSFORMATION
Section I - CONVERTING GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES TO UTM COORDINATES AND UTM COORDINATES TO GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES
11-1. CONVERSION OF GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES TO UTM COORDINATES COMPUTATION
11-2. CONVERSION OF UTM COORDINATES TO GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES COMPUTATIONS
Section II - ZONE-TO-ZONE TRANSFORMATIONS
11-3. TRANSFORMATION OF COORDINATES AND AZIMUTH
11-4. TRANSFORMATION COMPUTATIONS
SECTION III - DATUM-TO-DATUM TRANSFORMATIONS
11-5. ELLIPSOIDS AND DATUMS
11-6. BUCS DDCT MODULE
11-7. BUCS DDCT APPLICATION
11-8. BACKUP, TOP OF FILE, ERROR CORRECTION, AND ABORT CAPABILITIES
11-9. ERROR WARNING MESSAGES
11-10. DDCT PROGRAMS
11-11. PROGRAM 14--LISTED DATUMS
11-12. PROGRAM 15--GAUSS-KRUGER
11-13. PROGRAM 16--USER-DEFINED
COMPUTER SYSTEM
12-1. BUCS CONFIGURATIONS
12-2. ALPHANUMERIC KEYBOARD FUNCTIONS
12-3. STATUS ANNUNCIATORS
12-4. PREPARATION FOR BUCS OPERATION
12-5. SURVEY PROGRAM MODULE
12-6. SURVEY PROGRAMS
12-7. SPECIAL APPLICATIONS
12-8. MAINTENANCE AND TROUBLESHOOTING
*CHAPTER 13 - SATELLITE SIGNALS
NAVIGATION SET AN/PSN-11
NAVIGATION SET AN/PSN-11
13-1. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
13-2. STANDARD POSITIONING SYSTEM AND PRECISE POSITIONING SYSTEM
13-3. FA SURVEY APPLICATION
13-4. GPS LIMITATIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS
CHAPTER 14 - SURVEY
OPERATIONS
OPERATIONS
Section I - CANNON BATTALION SURVEY
14-1. REASONS FOR COMMON GRID
14-2. VARIATIONS IN STARTING CONTROL
14-3. CONVERSION TO COMMON GRID
14-4. POSITION AREA SURVEY REQUIREMENTS
14-5. CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF POSITION AREA SURVEY
14-6. CONNECTION AREA SURVEY
14-7. TARGET AREA SURVEY
14-8. PALADIN SURVEY
Section II - MISSILE AND ROCKET BATTALION SURVEY
14-9. MLRS SURVEY
14-10. PATRIOT MISSILE BATTALION SURVEY
Section III - DIVISION ARTILLERY SURVEY
14-11. DIV ARTY SURVEY OFFICER
14-12. DIV ARTY SURVEY SECTION
Section IV - TARGET ACQUISITION BATTERY AND DETACHMENT
14-13. TARGET ACQUISITION BATTERY
14-14. DETACHMENT
Section V - SURVEY PLANNING AND COORDINATION ELEMENT (CORPS AND BRIGADE)
14-15. CORPS ARTILLERY SPCE
14-16. FA BRIGADE SPCE
14-17. COLLECTION OF SURVEY INFORMATION
14-18. MAINTENANCE OF SURVEY INFORMATION
14-19. EVALUATION OF SURVEY INFORMATION
14-20. DISSEMINATION OF SURVEY INFORMATION
Section VI - SURVEY IN SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTS
14-21. ARCTIC AREAS
14-22. DESERT AREAS
14-23. JUNGLE AREAS
14-24. URBAN AREAS
CHAPTER 15 - SURVEY
PLANNING
15-1. CONDUCT OF PLANNING
15-2. SURVEY PLANNERS
15-3. ESSENTIALS OF A GOOD SURVEY PLAN
15-4. FACTORS AFFECTING SURVEY PLANNING
15-5. METHODS OF SURVEY
15-6. STEPS IN SURVEY PLANNING
15-7. THE SURVEY ORDER
15-8. PRINCIPLES OF A SURVEY SOP
15-9. SURVEY PLANNER'S GUIDELINES
APPENDIX A - STANDARDIZED
PROCEDURES
PROCEDURES
AND SPECIFICATIONS
B-1. GEODETIC CONTROL SURVEYS
B-2. FIELD ARTILLERY CONTROL SURVEYS
APPENDIX C - TRAINING THE
FIELD ARTILLERY SURVEYOR, MOS 82C
FIELD ARTILLERY SURVEYOR, MOS 82C
C-1. TRAINING PHILOSOPHY
C-2. TRAINING THE TRAINER
C-3. TRAINING THE SURVEYOR
C-4. TRAINING THE SURVEY PARTY OR SECTION
C-5. SURVEY PARTY OR SECTION MINIATURE FIELD EXERCISE
FORMS
*APPENDIX E - ELLIPSOIDS
AND DATUMS
AND DATUMS
E-1. REFERENCES
E-2. TABLES
E-3. WORLD GEODETIC SYSTEM
E-4. DATUM TRANSFORMATION TABLES
E-5. NOTES FOR DATUM TABLES
APPENDIX F - GRID
ZONE CHART
ZONE CHART
APPENDIX G - STAR CARDS
*APPENDIX H - STANDARDIZATION
AGREEMENTS
AGREEMENTS
Section I - GENERAL
Section II - STANDARD SURVEY ACCURACY REQUIREMENTS FOR SURFACE-TO-SURFACE ARTILLERY
Section III - RECORDING OF DATA FOR ARTILLERY SURVEY CONTROL POINTS
*GLOSSARY
*REFERENCES
AUTHORIZATION LETTER
BLANK FORMS
| DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. |
*This publication supersedes FM 6-2, 3 November 1986 and rescinds DA Form 3913 (December 1986), DA Form 4009 (December 1986), DA Form 4009a, (December 1986), DA Form 4109 (December 1986), DA Form 4110 (June 1973), DA Form 4168 (October 1973), DA Form 4175 (October 1973), DA Form 4211 (February 1974), DA Form 4212 (February 1974), DA Form 4214 (December 1986), DA Form 4259-R (September 1983), DA Form 4362 (April 1975), DA Form 4626 (May 1977), DA Form 5596-R (December 1986), and DA Form 5597-R (December 1986).
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