Project 705 Lira / Alfa class - Design
When designing the first domestic nuclear submarine pr. 627, the collective of the Leningrad SKB-143 (now the SPBMM "Malakhit") was under the guidance of V.N. Peregudova for a very short period (1952-1958). They learned to solve complex problems of underwater nuclear power. There was confidence in their abilities, a desire to work on more complex tasks.
In these years, in connection with the creation and launch of US submarine missile carriers for combat patrolling into the ocean, a decision was made in the USSR to create special anti-submarine nuclear submarines. In 1959, when the program for the creation of domestic anti-submarine planets was launched, 671, the leading designer of the SKB-143 project department Anatoly Borisovich Petrov, having rallied around a small group of like-minded people, proposed a small-scale high-sped submarine.
According to the plan, the new ship, a kind of "underwater fighter-interceptor", having the speed of the underwater passage exceeding 40 knots, was able to reach the set point of the world ocean in an extremely short time to attack an underwater or surface enemy. With timely detection of the enemy torpedo attack, the submarine had to withdraw from the torpedoes, having previously produced a volley from its torpedo tubes.
The small displacement of the boat in combination with a powerful power plant had to ensure a rapid speed and high maneuverability. It was proposed to organize servicing of boats like interceptor aircraft - i.e. boats would be in bases under constant supervision of serving commands, and crews would be nearby in constant readiness for an exit in the sea.
The small displacement of submarines was supposed to be obtained as a result of the following unusual conditions laid down in the project: unsecured surface unsinkability (the submarine was designed as a single-hull); one reactor with one shaft line; full automation of the ship (with a crew of no more than 15-17 people, and only officers); more durable and lightweight material of a rugged case (for example, a titanium alloy) than previously used.
The complexity of the submarine's operation is explained by the high automation of these ships. Operations management systems and equipment carried on with the remote control room. The main armament consisted of six 533-mm bow TA with a quick charging system and sonar system "Ocean". Ammunition - 18 torpedoes.
The design used titanium alloy, metallurgy and welding developed by CRI and (now - the Central Research Institute of Structural Materials "Prometheus") under the leadership of IV Gorynin. Designers made this material into robust and durable lightweight hull submarine (Chief Designer of housing - V. Tikhomirov, then VV Krylov). Titanium alloys were used for the manufacture of other elements of construction and ship systems. It should be noted that earlier in the CDB-16 under the leadership of Chief Designer and Head of the Bureau of NN Isanin already taken the first attempts to use titanium alloy as a material for the hull structures in the design of submarine Project 661. Still, the lack of technology for the use of titanium in the underwater shipbuilding, later caused a significant delay in the implementation of the project.
The rugged hull was divided by transverse bulkheads into six watertight compartments. All compartments, except for two, were uninhabited. The 3rd compartment is where the middle deck are placed the main command center (PCC), residential, medical and sanitary facilities, and on the bottom - a galley for provisions and premises. It was limited to spherical bulkheads, calculated on the total pressure of the outboard. Bow hydroplanes were made retractable into the body and placed below the waterline. It took a number of measures to improve the blast resistance of the ship due to new construction solutions and more effective cushioning. The titanium hull reduced the magnetic field, but it turned out the acoustic field was as large as other projects created in the early 1960s.
The submarine was equipped with the world's first pop-up rescue chamber (FAC), able to provide effective rescue of the crew for the ascent from a depth up to the limit, with large values of list and trim. Most of the credit for its creation belongs to EK Kondratenko, GN Pichugin, VY Babivskomu Bureau and other experts.
Like previous Soviet submarines, the craft would have a two-reactor plant, but with a single propeller shaft. The decision to provide a single shaft in this design followed considerable deliberations within the Soviet Navy and at SDB-143 (similar to the discussions within the U. S. nuclear program). The single screw was adopted for Project 705/Alfa almost simultaneous with the Project 671/Victor second-generation SSN design. To provide these submarines with emergency “come-home” propulsion and, in some circumstances, low-speed, quiet maneuvering, these submarines additionally were fitted with small, two-blade propeller “pods” on their horizontal stern surfaces.
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