(FONSI) AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR THE NUCLEAR TEST TECHNOLOGY COMPLEX, LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY (LLNL), LIVERMORE, CALIFORNIA
DOE memorandum DATE: June 28, 1988
Environmental Assessment Nuclear Test Technology Complex at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT AND ALTERNATIVES
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2.1 Purpose and Need
2.2 Project location
2.3 Proposed Design
2.4 Relationship of the Proposed Project to Other Activities at LLNL
2.4.1 Site Development
2.4.2 Security
2.4.3 Parking
2.4.4 Consolidation of Activities
2.4.5 Livermore Site Groundwater Restoration Project
2.5 Alternatives to the Proposed Project
2.5.1 No Action
2.5.2 Delay Construction
2.5.3 Perform the NTTC Mission in an Existing but Modified Facility
2.5.4 Reduce the Scope of NTTC
2.5.5 Construct NTTC on Alternative LLNL Livermore Site
2.5.6 Conduct Activities at Alternative DOE Site
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT
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3.1 Geography and Geology
3.2 Climate and Air Quality
3.3 Water Use
3.4 Vegetation and Wildlife
3.5 Cultural and Historical Resources
3.6 Population and Local Land Use
4. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED OPERATIONS
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4.1 Device Diagnostics
4.2 Plasma Physics
4.3 Imaging
4.4 X-Ray Spectroscopy
4.5 Supporting Research
4.6 Machine Shop
5. EFFECTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
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5.1 Effects Found Not to be Significant
5.1.1 Land Use
5.1.2 Socioeconomics
5.1.3 Vegetation
5.1.4 Water Resources
5.1.5 Rare and Endangered Resources
5.1.6 Cultural and Historical Resources
5.1.7 Radiological Exposure of Workers or the Public
5.1.8 Parking and Traffic Impacts During Construction
5.2 Effects Found to be Potentially Significant
5.2.1 Construction Activities
5.2.1.1 Noise
5.2.1.2 Soil Erosion
5.2.2 Operations
5.2.2.1 Utility System
5.2.2.2 Atmospheric Releases
5.2.2.3 Hazardous Waste Generation
Appendix A Applicable Orders, Codes, National Standards, LLNL
Standards and Guides
Appendix B A Cultural Resource Assessment of a Land Parcel Adjacent to
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
List of Figures
Figure 2.2-1. Location of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Figure 2.4.5-1 NTTC planning area with monitoring well locations
Figure 3.6-1. The variety of land uses in the vicinity of LLNL
List of Tables
Table 5.4-1 Estimated hazardous wastes generated by NTTC operations.
Table 5.4-2 Applicable Federal and State Regulations Governing Hazardous Waste
(FONSI) and Environmental Assessment for the Nuclear Test Technology Complex, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, California
United States Government Department of Energy memorandum EA-0357 DATE: June 28, 1988 REPLY TO ATTN OF: EH -25 SUBJECT: Environmental Assessment (EA) and Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) for the Nuclear Test Technology Complex, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, California TO: Troy E. Wade II Acting Assistant Secretary for Defense Programs We have reviewed the subject EA (DOE/EA-0357), as requested in the memorandum of June 22, 1988, from L. R. Newby. This EA adequately incorporates previous EH comments and is hereby approved for publication. On the basis of the EA, we have determined, after consultation with the Office of General Counsel, that the proposed action will not have a significant effect on the quality of the human environment, within the meaning of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Therefore, the preparation of an environmental impact statement is not required. This determination is explained in the attached FONSI. It is not necessary to have the FONSI published in the Federal Register since the project is not an action with effects of national concern. However, the local public should be notified of the availability of the EA and FONSI in accordance with paragraph 1506.6 (b) (3) of the Council on Environmental Quality NEPA regulations. Please send five copies of the EA to the Office of NEPA Project Assistance along with a record of distribution of the EA and FONSI. Ernest C. Baynard, III Assistant Secretary Environment, Safety and Health Attachment cc: Jo Ann Elferink Manager San Francisco Operations Office
U.S. Department of Energy Finding of No Significant Impact Nuclear Test Technology Complex Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
AGENCY: U.S. Department of Energy
ACTION: Finding of No Significant Impact
SUMMARY: The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has prepared an
Environmental Assessment (EA) for the construction and operation
of the proposed Nuclear Test Technology Complex (NTTC) at the
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore,
California. The NTTC will consist of offices and light
laboratories for 420 workers that conduct research and development
on prompt diagnostics and field operations in support of the
Nuclear Test Program. It will consolidate into modern facilities
activities that presently are carried out in antiquated and
overcrowded facilities scattered about a number of buildings at
LLNL.
Based on the analyses in the EA, DOE has determined that the
proposed action does not constitute a major federal action
significantly affecting the quality of the human environment
within the meaning of the National Environmental Policy Act of
1969, 42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq. Therefore, an Environmental Impact
Statement is not required.
PROPOSED ACTION: The proposed action is the construction and
operation of the NTTC and those facilities that it will share in
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common with an adjacent proposed project, the Nuclear Directed
Energy Research Facility (NDERF). These common facilities include:
roads, parking areas, landscaping, exterior lighting, and a
central utility plant. The NDERF proposal will be treated in a
subsequent EA. Taken together, these two projects will develop
seven acres of the security buffer zone that DOE acquired in 1984,
primarily as landscaped parking within a perimeter roadway and
security fence.
NTTC will consist of a two or three-story office building (73,000
square feet) with 320 workers and a two-story building (101,000
square feet) housing mechanical and electrical engineering and
physics laboratories with 100 workers. The NTTC laboratories will
support the design and fabrication of advanced diagnostic test
components. Other proposed research and development operations
will consist of plasma physics, x-ray imaging and photoconductive
detection, x-ray spectrocopy, and support for experiments
performed at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory.
ALTERNATIVES: Six alternatives to the proposed action were
considered: no action; delaying construction of NTTC; performing
the NTTC mission in existing, but modified facilities; reducing
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the scope of NTTC; performing the NTTC mission in new facilities
at an alternative site within LLNL; and conducting the
NTTC-related activities at other DOE facilities. None of these
alternatives were found to be preferable to the proposed action.
No action and delaying construction would hinder the nuclear
weapons program, which would be contrary to the intent of Congress
in authorizing this project. Performing the work in modified
existing facilities would neither relieve the extant overcrowding
problem nor facilitate communication between working groups that
are now physically separated. A reduction in the scope of NTTC
would slow research and degrade LLNL's capability to accomplish
its mission, and yield no environmental benefits. A contiguous
area large enough for the NTTC is not available within the
historic boundaries of LLNL. The preferred location adjoins the
existing weapons development area and still leaves an adequate
security buffer between the weapons facilities and Vasco Road to
the west. Since the NTTC will consolidate existing programs
within LLNL to one central onsite facility, moving the operations
to other DOE sites would be disruptive, inefficient, and not
preferable to the proposed action.
FINDINGS: The EA analyzes the impacts of constructing and
operating the NTTC on land use, employment levels, vegetation,
rare and endangered species, cultural and historical resources,
parking and traffic, noise, worker and public health, air quality,
and water and power consumption.
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Construction Impacts
The initial activities will include tree removal, site grading,
preparing and paving roadways and parking areas, landscaping, and
installation of the security fence and exterior lighting. These
are proposed to begin in the summer of 1988 and end by December.
Construction of the NTTC office and laboratory building
foundations and shells is scheduled to begin in the spring of 1989
and end by the spring of 1990. Interior work will not be
completed until the fall of 1991. Construction of NDERF, a
facility of similar size, is scheduled to proceed almost
concurrently. The perceptible impacts of this activity include:
removal of part of the row of mature eucalyptus trees marking the
former western boundary of LLNL; some onsite noise (up to 90 dBA
at a distance of 50 feet); and dust from site grading, traffic,
paving, landscaping, and building construction. Construction
noise is transitory and, while it will occasionally disturb
workers in nearby onsite buildings, is confined to work hours and
is not expected to be significant off-site since the nearest site
boundary is 500-703 feet away. The area to be disturbed consists
of a parking lot and open grassland in the buffer zone that
contains no care or endangered species.
Arroyo Seco, a nearby ephemeral stream, will not be effected
because the LLNL site drains northward away from the creek. No
archaeological or historical sites have been found in the project
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area. The construction-related impacts of this project and those
facilities to be shared in common with NDERF are expected to be
temporary and insignificant.
Operational Impacts
The proposed NTTC project will be a consolidation of existing
operations and personnel for continuation of the NTP (Nuclear Test
Program) research and development activities. There will be no
significant increase in LLNL personnel to staff this facility, and
there will be no increased demands placed on local or regional
infrastructure or city or county services. The new facility and
landscaping will increase LLNL's consumption of water by about 1%
(5,000,000 gallons per year), and its electricity use by less than
3% (270 MWh per year). NTTC and NDERF together will raise LLNL's
consumption of natural gas for heating by 5.4% (205,000 therms per
year) and increase air emissions by about the same fraction (i.e.,
1,660 pounds of NO2, 370 pounds of CO2, about 91 pounds of
non-methane volatile organic compounds, and smaller quantities of
other combustion products annually). These releases will require
a permit from the Bay Area Air Quality Management District.
The only sources of radiation in NTTC will be x-ray generating
machines and bonded tritium standards to be used for instrument
calibration. Shielding will prevent public radiation exposure.
Shielding, safety interlocks, and operating procedures will
minimize worker exposure.
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NTTC operations will generate small amounts (about 1000 gallons
per year) of liquid hazardous wastes, primarily in the form of
photographic processing solutions and volatile organic solvents
used in equipment cleaning operations. These wastes will be
stored, treated, and disposed of in accordance with federal,
state, and local regulations. Wastes generated by NTTC operations
will be similar in type and amount to those presently generated by
the activities that will be consolidated into the NTTC facilities.
The continued implementation of safe operating procedures during
generation of the waste and safe disposal procedures will ensure
that NTTC operations involving hazardous waste will not have a
significant impact on the environment.
Single copies of the EA (DOE/EA-0357) are available from:
William R. Holman
Environment Branch
Office of Environment, Safety
and Quality Assurance
U.S. Department of Energy
1333 Broadway
Oakland, CA 94612
Phone: (415) 273-6370
For further information regarding the NEPA process, contact:
Carol M. Borgstrom, Acting Director
Office of NEPA Project Assistance
U.S. Department of Energy
1000 Independence Avenue, S.W.
Washington, DC 20585
Phone: (202) 586-4600
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Issued this 28th day of June, 1988.
Ernest C. Baynard, III
Assistant Secretary
Environment, Safety and Health
DOE/EA-0357
Environmental Assessment Nuclear Test Technology Complex at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
May 1988PREFACE
This environmental assessment (EA) for the Nuclear Test Technology Complex
was prepared in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of
1969, as amended, 42 USC, Sections 4321 et seq. This EA follows the applicable
policies and procedures for Department of Energy compliance with NEPA set forth
in the Federal Register Vol. 45, No. 62 (March 28, 1980) and as amended
(Federal Register Vol. 52, No. 240, December 15, 1987).
1. INTRODUCTION
This environmental assessment considers the proposed siting, construction,
and operation of the Nuclear Test Technology Complex (NTTC) and those
facilities to be shared with the adjacent Nuclear Directed Energy Facility
(NDERF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) (Fig. 1-1). These
common facilities include roads, parking, landscaping, exterior lighting, and a
utility central plant. NDERF itself will be treated in a subsequent
environmental assessment. Construction of NDERF and NTTC will proceed
concurrently.
NTTC will consist of offices and laboratories where employees perform
research and development activities in support of the Nuclear Test Program
(NTP), whose mission is to support the LLNL Nuclear Weapons Program. The NTP
manages the execution of the underground nuclear events at the Nevada Test Site
(NTS), which includes containment of radioactivity, measurement of radiation
during the explosion, and chemical analysis of the radioactive debris.
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT AND ALTERNATIVES
2.1 PURPOSE AND NEED
NTTC will consolidate the prompt diagnostics and field operations
components of the NTP and their support personnel in a state-of-the-art
laboratory and office complex designed to support both near- and long-term
needs of the Program. Present facilities are antiquated, overcrowded, and
scattered about a number of buildings at LLNL.
The function of the prompt diagnostics component is to develop and provide
the diagnostic techniques, tools, and data analysis methodology required to
understand and predict the physics and engineering behavior of nuclear devices
tested at NTS. The field operations component is responsible for executing the
nuclear tests. These two components support both current NTP activities and
future developmental and test needs for both conventional nuclear weapons and
other weapons efforts, such as the nuclear directed energy weapons (NDEW)
effort.
To enable NTP to support the Nuclear Weapons Program, new technologies
must be developed in the areas of NDEW and conventional nuclear weapons.
Efforts in these areas will continue to grow into the foreseeable future. The
diagnostic requirements associated with NDEW and conventional nuclear weapons
will become increasingly challenging, requiring the NTP to develop new
techniques and to refine existing ones. An experimental physics effort at the
cutting edge of technology will be required for success. There are serious
needs for improving the following technologies: the handling and calibrating of
diffraction crystals; high-speed, high-voltage and other analog and digital
electronics; and electro-optic techniques. These improved technologies,
revolutionary in the area of nuclear test measurement techniques, must be made
as a fundamental prerequisite to success in both NDEW research and in
conventional nuclear weapons experimental physics work. These advances will
require specialized laboratories and equipment, and will rely heavily upon a
solid foundation of existing and emerging capabilities in x-ray, atomic, and
optical physics, as well as in electronic, mechanical, and optical engineering.
NTTC will help immeasurably in meeting these difficult technical
challenges. The complex will substantially increase the amount of laboratory
space for material and sensor development, production, characterization,
fabrication, and assembly. More importantly, the NTTC laboratories will offer
the quality environment necessary for advanced research in physics and
engineering, which presently is not available at LLNL. That is, it will
provide superior cleanliness; air circulation; and vibration, temperature, and
humidity controls. Because presently scattered activities will be concentrated
in a single facility, NTTC will allow more effective program management,
simplified communications between scientists and engineering teams, and better
security of controlled materials. Moreover, the design of NTTC will allow the
NTP to physically modify its laboratory operations to meet rapidly changing
programmatic needs.
Figure (Page 2)
Figure 1-1. Area map showing the site of the proposed Nuclear Test Technology
Complex and Nuclear Directed Energy Research Facility at the Livermore site
2.2 PROJECT LOCATION
LLNL's Livermore site is located on 819 acres approximately 81 km (50
miles) east of San Francisco in one of the most rapidly growing parts of the
Bay Area (Fig. 2.2-1). Agriculture remains the major land use east of the
Livermore site, but land to the north is being developed for light and heavy
3
industrial use. To the west, agricultural land has been zoned residential with
land sales, subdivisions, and annexations by the City of Livermore increasingly
common (University of California, 1986). On its southern perimeter, LLNL
shares East Avenue with Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore (SNLL).
It is proposed that NTTC be located on a portion of an existing paved
parking area in the southwest quadrant of the Livermore site and on a small
portion of the land acquired under Project 83-D-199, Buffer Land Acquisition
(U.S. DOE, 1984), which is contiguous to the southwest boundary of the Livermore
site (see Fig. 1-1). The DOE's purchase of the buffer land removed it from
agricultural use. Most of the newly acquired land will remain open space for
security reasons (US DOE, 1984). Portions of the existing parking area will be
relocated on the recently acquired land west of the complex. The placement of
parking and facilities at this location would not degrade the Livermore site
security posture nor the adequacy of the security buffer zone to the west of
the new parking facilities. The buffer zone is west of the proposed NTTC/NDERF
planning area and borders the north/south arterial road, West Perimeter Drive
(Levy and Brown, 1986).
Figure (page 4)
Figure 2.2-1. Location of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
2.3 PROPOSED DESIGN
The NTTC will share some facilities with NDERF. The site development for
these two projects will include the construction of a security fence and
perimeter lighting, the construction of that portion of West Perimeter Drive in
the planning area, demolition of a portion of Avenue A, and rerouting traffic.
The project will be constructed in phases, with the first phase including the
construction of additional parking areas and roads to ensure that the project
does not impact parking or traffic circulation.
NTTC will be designed as a mechanical and electrical engineering and
physics laboratory capable of supporting the design and fabrication of advanced
diagnostic test components. The facility will combine 9383 m2
(101 000 ft2) of specialized, state-of-the-art laboratory, shop, and assembly
space with 6782 m2 (73 000 ft2) of office space. The proposed design and
construction of NTTC is in compliance with all appropriate codes and
regulations (see Appendix A). In 1985 an assessment of potential earthquake
hazards at LLNL was performed (Scheimer, 1985). The seismic design of NTTC
5
will incorporate the findings of this study and adhere to applicable seismic
standards and specifications (LLNL, 1987a)
The NTTC laboratory will house 100 people. The first floor will
accommodate fabrication and assembly areas, x-ray and optics laboratories, foil
and crystal laboratories, and laser laboratories. The second floor will
provide space for mechanical engineering assembly areas, electrical engineering
imaging and streak camera development, microwave and physics laboratories, and
photographic laboratories. Heating and cooling in some laboratory spaces will
permit temperature and humidity control within narrow limits to satisfy program
requirements. Energy will be recovered from once-through air circulation
systems to conserve energy. A separate exhaust system will serve the
laboratory areas and will circulate large volumes of fresh air in a
once-through mode. Building construction will be of fire resistant materials,
and automatic fire protection systems will be installed.
The office portion of the complex will be a two- or three-story structure
of standard construction adjacent and interconnected to the laboratory. The
NTTC office building will house 320 people and contain conference areas, an
archive library, drafting area, vaults, computer space, storage areas, and rest
rooms. Building construction will be of fire resistant materials, and
automatic fire protection systems will be installed.
Land improvements in the proposed NTTC/NDERF project area will include
site clearing, grading for site drainage, roads, parking, landscaping,
lighting, and fencing. The area will be planted with trees and other landscape
plants. The utility extensions required to serve the complex include water,
gas, power, communications, and sanitary sewer. The utilities will be extended
from mains located east of the proposed site.
2.4 RELATIONSHIP OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT TO OTHER ACTIVITIES AT LLNL
NTTC will be located adjacent to NDERF. However, because the construction
and operation of NDERF are not part of the NTTC project, they are not discussed
in this environmental assessment. A separate environmental assessment is being
prepared for the NDERF project. NTTC and NDERF will share facilities such as
roads, parking, landscaping, exterior lighting, and a utility central plant.
6
2.4.1 Site Development
As of November 1986, the Laboratory had a total population of 9885, includ-
ing non-LLNL employees. These employees are housed in 201 permanent buildings,
some of which are barracks, and in 1383 trailer/modular temporary and interim
units, totaling 430 362 gross m2 (4 632 528 gross ft2). Given the small
amount of area remaining for new facilities, land use is a major planning
issue. The newly acquired land located on the west side provides both a
security buffer zone and some land for new facilities.
Other major planning issues are perimeter security, development of an
effective weapons program complex, and a perimeter traffic circulation/portal
location. While LLNL has been growing internally, the City of Livermore has
been growing toward LLNL. Both the City of Livermore and Alameda County are
rezoning lands near LLNL, making them industrial rather than agricultural. The
existing buffer zone of surrounding rural and agricultural land is quickly
disappearing. This growth has raised traffic circulation, security, and land
use issues that may result in cumulative impacts.
LLNL has implemented a five-year plan (LLNL, 1987b) that addresses three
primary planning issues: (1) implementing a layered or "onion skin" security
plan (LLNL, 198X); (2) developing an integrated complex for the Defense Systems
Program and minimizing the adverse effects of high population density in the
southwest quadrant; and (3) improving on- and off-site traffic circulation.
The plan envisions the use of newly acquired land to improve the security
posture of LLNL. Specifically, a perimeter buffer has been established, but
perimeter parking in a controlled area, portals for control, and a perimeter
security road need to be completed.
An approved LLNL master plan (LLNL, 1987b) allocates a portion of the
newly acquired land that is not required for a security buffer zone for an
expanded Defense Systems complex that will include NTTC and NDERF. The purpose
of this expansion beyond the Laboratory's historic boundary is threefold: (1)
to locate these weapons facilities proximate to existing facilities in the
southwest quadrant, with which they will routinely interact; (2) to properly
site these very large buildings and their required service yard areas on
adequately sized parcels of land; and (3) to reduce the serious density problem
within the confines of the existing weapons complex.
7
2.4.2 Security
A fence separating "open" areas from "controlled" areas in the NTTC/NDERF
planning area is scheduled to be constructed during the initial phase of the
project as part of the Safeguards and Security Enhancement Project-II (SSE-II)
(Levy and Brown, 1986) to expand the controlled area. The fence will be sited
north of Arroyo Seco, leaving the arroyo in the open area (Fig. 1-1). This
fence will allow for the removal of the existing controlled area fence, road
construction, parking lot construction, and the installation of utilities in
the planning area. It will be lighted using standard LLNL roadway lighting
fixtures. A portion of West Perimeter Drive and a guard kiosk will be
constructed in the controlled area east of the fence. The SSE-II project will
fund the kiosk construction and security fencing.
As part of the "onion skin" security approach, the present fence at the
historic west boundary separating the "limited" area from the controlled area
will be extended late in the construction phase to enclose NTTC and NDERF in
the limited area.
2.4.3 Parking
Because of meager public transportation and the predominance of dispersed,
low-density housing in the area, unassigned parking is provided for employees.
Demand for parking is heaviest in winter because of the adverse effect of in-
clement weather on the use of bicycles, motorcycles, and walking as means of
commuting to work. Because this peak demand lasts several months, it must be
met. In the winter of 1986, the Laboratory-wide demand factor for employee
automobile/carpool/vanpool parking was 0.74 stall/person. This demand for
parking is particularly acute in the southwest quadrant. Land adjacent to the
NTTC and NDERF site will be used for additional parking, which will provide
sufficient parking for NTTC and NDERF personnel and increase parking for the
densely populated southwest quadrant. This parking area and associated
roadways will be constructed first to minimize parking and traffic impacts
during facility construction.
8
2.4.4 Consolidation of Activities
The present level of research and development by NTP has been achieved by
using various existing facilities at the Livermore site and at Site 300. The
NTTC will consolidate research and development activities in one facility and
allow presently used space to once again be used by other LLNL programs. It is
expected that operations located adjacent to the facilities made vacant by
moving the prompt diagnostics and field operations components to NTTC will move
into those areas, partially relieving the density problem in the southwest
quadrant of the Laboratory.
2.4.5 Livermore Site Groundwater Restoration Project
Groundwater underlying the NTTC/NDERF planning area contains certain
volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The California Regional Water Quality
Control Board and the Environmental Protection Agency require that certain
investigations and groundwater clean-up operations be performed now and in the
near future. LLNL's Environmental Protection Department has established a
network of monitoring and extraction wells, and will install groundwater
treatment facilities to remove the VOCs from the groundwater. The proposed
siting of the NTTC and NDERF buildings, the road, and the parking areas are
compatible with existing groundwater project plans and with future requirements
for wells and other groundwater clean-up facilities (Fig. 2.4.5-1).
2.5 ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT
Several alternatives to the proposed project were considered. These
alternatives included taking no action, delaying construction, performing the
NTTC mission in an existing but modified facility, reducing the scope of NTTC,
and performing the NTTC mission at other locations. The most important
considerations for differentiating among alternatives were to locate these
weapons research facilities proximate to existing facilities in the southwest
quadrant, with which they will routinely interact; properly site these
buildings and their required service yard areas on adequately sized parcels of
land; and site the facility in an environmentally sensitive manner.
9
Figure (Page 10)
Figure 2.4.5-1 NTTC planning area with monitoring well locations.
2.5.1 No Action
One possible alternative to the proposed action would be "no action."
Apparent environmental savings would include the materials and capital
resources that would have been spent on construction of the new facility.
Development of the open area would be postponed, but expansion into this area
is inevitable. However, a no-action alternative is not reasonable because it
would hinder the Nation's nuclear weapons program. It would neither reduce
overcrowding nor facilitate communication. Moreover, the existing facilities
do not provide the controlled laboratory environment needed for continued
progress.
2.5.2. Delay Construction
Delaying construction would likewise hinder the Nation's nuclear weapons
program, at least in the near term, and would merely postpone the environmental
impacts of the NTTC. This alternative is both inferior and unreasonable.
2.5.3. Perform the NTTC Mission in an Existing but Modified Facility
The main environmental benefit of using an existing but modified facility
would be that additional open areas would not need to be developed at this
time. However, this would not resolve the long-term overcrowding problems at
LLNL and would not foster improved communication among the prompt diagnostics
and field operations components.
The feasibility of upgrading an existing facility so that it is compatible
with program requirements was considered. The research and development
activities for NTP, which includes support to NDEW programs, require
specialized environments--that is, rigid cleanliness and temperature and
humidity controls. Existing facilities would require extensive modification to
allow for the diverse activities proposed for NTTC and would be more disruptive
to ongoing operations than would building a new facility.
11
2.5.4. Reduce the Scope of NTTC
It is difficult to quantify how much the scope of NTTC could be reduced
without seriously degrading LLNL's capability to accomplish its purpose. Exami-
nation of the NTTC costs by facility component shows that the facility is made
up of relatively small functional components. To achieve significant cost
reductions, multiple functions would have to be eliminated, resulting in a less
productive research program. Any reduction in the facility would lead to a
diminution of research or, at best, an increase in the time required to obtain
equivalent information. The issue of commitment of undeveloped land to the
project would remain since the physical structure and parking areas would still
be needed to support even a reduced scope of project. Those components
excluded from NTTC would continue to operate in their existing LLNL
facilities. Because new land would still be committed to the modified
development and the work would continue to be performed in existing facilities,
there would not be any net decrease in environmental effects associated with
the reduced scope of NTTC.
2.5.5 Construct NTTC on Alternative LLNL Livermore Site
Alternative sites for the construction of the NTTC were also considered.
A review of the vacant land area at LLNL's Livermore site demonstrated that a
contiguous space of the area necessary to support the NTTC program was not
available within the historic boundaries of the facility (LLNL, 1987b). The
preferred location ensures proximity to personnel within the existing
development area at LLNL and retains a sufficient buffer of land between the
boundaries and actual research facilities.
2.5.6 Conduct Activities at Alternative DOE Site
Sites were also considered at other DOE facilities, including Site 300.
Because the proposed project represents a consolidation of activities existing
at the Livermore site, any alternative location would require relocation of
personnel associated with the on-going research projects (LLNL, 1987b). An
analysis of the preferred location did not identify any adverse environmental
12
effects; therefore, alternative sitings were found to provide no net benefits
when weighed against the relocation problems associated with a site outside of
LLNL.
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT
A brief description of the environment surrounding LLNL is presented be-
low. A more detailed description can be found in the Environmental Impact
Report (University of California, 1987) and the Environmental Impact Statement
(U.S. DOE, 1982) for LLNL.
3.1 GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY
LLNL is located about 80 km (50 miles) east of San Francisco in the Liver-
more Valley in southern Alameda County. The Livermore Valley is situated in a
section of the California Coast Ranges that lies between the San Francisco Bay
on the west and the northern San Joaquin Valley to the east. The Livermore
site occupies an area of approximately 3.3 km2 (1.3 mile2) and overlies a
land surface of low relief that slopes gently downward to the northwest. Two
groups of low hills are situated approximately 1 km (0.6 miles) southeast and
3.2 km (2 miles) northwest of the site. Elevations at the site range from a
high of 206 m (675 ft) at the southeast corner of the site to 174 m (570 ft) at
the northwest corner. A number of geologic faults pass either through or
nearby the site, including the Greenville, Tesla, and Las Positas faults; more
distant but more active faults that can affect the site include the San An-
dreas, Hayward, and Calaveras faults (Carpenter et al., 1984).
3.2 CLIMATE AND AIR QUALITY
The climate of the Livermore Valley is characterized by mild, rainy win-
ters and warm, dry summers. The mean annual temperature is 12.5 degrees C (59 F); the
normal seasonal temperature range is defined by nighttime winter lows in the
vicinity of 0 degrees C (32 F), and summer daytime highs around 38 C (100 F). Prevail-
ing winds are from the west and southwest from April through September; during
the remainder of the year wind directions are variable. Both rainfall and wind
13
exhibit a strong seasonal pattern. Most of the precipitation occurs between
October and April, with very little rainfall during the warmer months of the
year. The highest and lowest annual rainfalls on record are 782 mm (30.8 in.)
and 138 mm (5.4 in.).
Measurements by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) have
determined that the Livermore Valley region has met all ambient air quality
standards except those for ozone.
3.3 WATER USE
The major drainages in the Livermore Valley are Arroyo Valle, Arroyo Las
Positas, Arroyo Mocho, Arroyo Seco, Cottonwood Creek, and Tassajara Creek.
These streams are all intermittent, and flow generally to the west, with the
exception of Cottonwood Creek and Tassajara Creek, which flow south. Only
Arroyo Las Positas and Arroyo Seco cross the Livermore site. The Arroyo Seco
crosses the southwest corner of the Livermore site near the NTTC/NDERF planning
area and receives a minor amount of Livermore site runoff. Actions planned for
the NTTC project do not include the Arroyo Seco. Arroyo Las Positas, which is
dry for most of the year, flows westward along the northern edge of LLNL.
These arroyos merge in the west end of the valley to form the southward-flowing
Arroyo de la Laguna, a tributary to the Alameda Creek drainage system. Winter
flows that have not been captured as groundwater recharge flow out of the
southwestern corner of the valley and eventually enter San Francisco Bay by way
of Alameda Creek. Surface water bodies near the site include the South Bay
Aqueduct, the treatment tanks and reservoir of the Patterson Pass water
treatment facility, Frick Lake, Lake Del Valle, Lake Isabel, and the lake at
Shadow Cliffs Regional Park. LLNL normally receives its treated water supply
from the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct, which also supplies San Francisco.
Storm water on the Livermore site is channeled through storm sewers de-
signed to accommodate a ten-year flow. Open ditches are used in undeveloped
areas of the site. The main outlet for surface drainage is at the northwest
corner of the site. The LLNL Site Development and Facility Plan (LLNL, 1987b)
calls for a small impoundment to be filled by on-site water drainage that has
been rerouted.
Sewage from LLNL is discharged into the City of Livermore's sanitary sewer
system and processed at the Livermore Water Reclamation Plant (LWRP). As part
14
of the Livermore-Amador Valley Waste Water Management Program, the treated
sanitary waste water is transported out of the valley through a pipeline and
discharged into the San Francisco Bay. It may also be used for summer irriga-
tion of nearby Livermore city property.
3.4 VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE
Prior to construction at the site that is today LLNL, vegetation consisted
of native California grasses that extended to the nearby hills. The few trees
that were present were concentrated along riparian habitats. The introduced
annual wild oat also occurred, along with nongrass annuals and perennials that
dominated the grassland. The newly acquired land, including the NTTC site,
having the same characteristics as the Livermore site, was extensively farmed
and used for grazing of livestock.
Vegetation on the planning site today is made up of common landscape
plants and weedy species. Jackrabbits are the most common wild mammal present;
gophers, snakes, and field mice can be found in undeveloped areas. The site
hosts numerous birds, reptiles, and amphibians. No rare or endangered species
of plant or animal have been found on the Livermore site (Leitner and Leitner,
1986; Bing, 1986; Univ. Calif. 1986).
3.5 CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL RESOURCES
Archaeological and cultural resource surveys have been carried out at both
the Livermore site and the parcel of land (California, Alameda County Assessors
No. 99A-1475-3-1) on which NTTC will be sited. These surveys were carried out
in accordance with the requirements of NEPA (40 CFR part 1500) and Sec. 106 of
the National Historic Preservation Act (16 USC 470).
The first, and more comprehensive, survey was performed by Archaeological
Consulting and Research Services. A report of their findings is included in
the Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories--Livermore Sites (US DOE, 1982).
No significant finds were recorded at that time.
On March 8, 1982, Basin Research Associates, Inc. of Hayward, Calif.
conducted a field survey of a 35-acre land parcel that includes the remainder
of the NTTC/NDERF planning area. A copy of the report is included as
15
Appendix B. Careful examination of the land surface revealed no significant
cultural artifacts.
Should an artifact be uncovered during excavation or construction, it is
recommended that on-site activity cease within a 50-m (164-ft) radius of the
find until the find can be examined by a licensed archaeologist.
3.6 POPULATION AND LOCAL LAND USE
When LLNL was founded, Livermore's population was approximately 7000 and
the city limits were three miles west of LLNL's Livermore site. Livermore's
population is now more than 55 000, and the city limits reach the site at the
western and northern perimeters.
Except for the urban growth in the Dublin-Pleasanton-Livermore area, most
of eastern Alameda County is rural in character and is dominated by agriculture
and open space. During the last 30 years, the City of Livermore has grown to
the point that residential, industrial, and commercial development is occurring
on parcels adjacent to the Livermore site. To preserve site security, the DOE
has acquired additional land around the Livermore site to serve as a buffer
zone (U.S. DOE, l984).
This project proposes to locate both NTTC with NDERF on a small part
(7 acres) of this newly acquired land. Subsections 2.4.1, 2.4.2, and 2.4.3
discuss the use of this portion of the newly acquired land.
Land-use zoning in the area surrounding the site is illustrated in
Fig. 3.6-1. Property to the east of the site is agricultural land with
low-density residential development. Further east, the foothills of the
intercoastal range define the eastern margin of the Livermore Valley. A
287-acre parcel of open space and agricultural land northeast of the site has
recently been rezoned to allow development of the a center for heavy industry
(see area 1, Fig. 3.6-1.).
A residential subdivision is located about 244 m (800 ft) west of LLNL's
Livermore site. A vacant, unincorporated parcel formerly used for dry land
farming and rose production exists between the subdivision and South Vasco
Road. At present there is a request to the City of Livermore for annexation
and rezoning of this parcel to allow for a low-density (3 units per acre),
single-family residential development (Horst, 1988).
16
Figure (page 17)
Figure 3.6-1. The variety of land uses in the vicinity of LLNL.
Property south of the site includes agricultural areas, low-density residential
areas, and SNLL, which is also surrounded by the DOE buffer zone. Grazing is
the primary activity, although orchards and vineyards may be found west of
Vasco Road and south of East Avenue. Property south of Tesla Road is primarily
open space or rural ranchettes, with some agricultural use.
4. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED OPERATIONS
NTTC is designed as a research and development facility, consolidating
many diverse NTP operations presently performed at both the Livermore site and
Site 300. Five general types of research and development operations are
proposed: device diagnostics, plasma physics, imaging, x-ray spectroscopy, and
supporting research.
4.1 DEVICE DIAGNOSTICS
Device diagnostic operations will develop electro-optical devices, such as
streak cameras and other sensing devices, including electronic cameras.
4.2 PLASMA PHYSICS
Plasma physics operations will be small-scale experiments performed in
general-purpose laboratories for the purpose of understanding plasmas.
4.3 IMAGING
Imaging operations "will include development of x-ray imaging techniques
and photoconductive detection, as well as technical photography and data reduc-
tion. Investigations will also be performed on the effects of radiation on
sensing devices.
4.4 X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY
X-ray spectroscopy operations will include the use of x-ray generators for
various irradiation experiments. Tritium (30 to 40 Ci of 3H) will be used as
18
a nonconsumed standard for radiation detector calibration. The x-ray genera-
tors are electrically powered and do not contain radioactive material. The
tritium is molecularly bonded to zirconium or titanium plates; as such, it is
highly unlikely that the tritium could be released to the environment.
Operations involving these sources of radiation have been reviewed by the
Hazards Control Safety Team, and safe operational procedures have been
developed to protect the worker and prevent release of the material to the
environment. Because of the implementation of operational safety procedures
and the physical form of the tritium, it is highly unlikely that this material
would be released to the environment.
4.5 SUPPORTING RESEARCH
Supporting research operations will support the experimental effort at the
Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, as well as include measurement of
very high frequency signals and of low-level microwave signals.
4.6 MACHINE SHOP
NTTC will include a 372-m2 (4000-ft2) machine shop to support the
aforementioned research and development efforts by providing design, fabrica-
tion, and assembly operations. The machine shop will include areas for the use
of mills, lathes, and grinders. Soldering and welding operation areas are also
planned.
The materials routinely machined are aluminum, steel, stainless steel,
plastics, brass, and copper. A small amount of lead is also machined in a
special material machining area. This area will be equipped with a high-effi-
ciency particulate air (HEPA) filtration system to trap all the small particles
and dust that may be generated during the operations. The machining and part
cleaning processes use small quantities [approximate total of less than 4 L
(1 gal) per month] of machining oils, alcohols, acetone, and kerosine.
Approximately 28 L (7 gal) of freon TF (trifluorotrichloroethane) and 16 L
(4.1 gal) 1,1,1-trichloroethane will be used per month in part-cleaning
operations. Nitric and chromic acids are planned to be used at a rate of less
than 4 L (1 gal) each per year in welding operations.
Hazardous waste handling procedures are discussed in Subsec. 5.2.3.
19
5. EFFECTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
5.1 EFFECTS FOUND NOT TO BE SIGNIFICANT
This subsection summarizes the discussions of each of the effects found
not to be significant. The discussions related to these effects are in Secs. 2
and 3.
5.1.1 Land Use
NTTC and NDERF will be located west of the historical site boundary on a
small portion, approximately 7 of 424 acres, of the newly acquired land. The
DOE purchased this land under the Buffer Land Acquisition Project and in doing
so removed the land from agricultural use. Much of the newly acquired land
will remain open space for security reasons (US DOE, 1984). The use of only 7
acres for facility development does not represent a significant impact, because
a 500-ft wide security buffer zone will remain between Vasco Road and West
Perimeter Drive. Refer to US DOE, 1984 for a further discussion of the change
in use of this land and Subsecs. 2.4.1, 2.4.2, and 2.4.3 of this assessment for
a further discussion of land use.
5.1.2 Socioeconomics
The NTTC project is the consolidation of existing operations and personnel
to continue NTP research and development activities. There will be no
significant increase in LLNL personnel to staff this facility. Moreover, there
will be no increased demands placed on local or regional infrastructure or city
or county services. Much of the land around LLNL is already zoned industrial
and some developments are underway. Growth in this region is already
occurring; the NTTC project will add no growth-inducing impacts. Refer to
Subsec. 3.6 for additional discussion.
5.1.3 Vegetation
The vegetation that will be removed from the NTTC project site consists of
landscaping plants, shrubs, trees, and weedy plants. Also to be removed will
20
be the southernmost fourth row of mature eucalyptus that marks the western
boundary of the historic site. Similar landscaping plants will be planted as
part of the project. The weedy species are commonly found in the area and are
not environmentally significant. Refer to Subsec. 3.4 for additional
discussion.
5.1.4 Water Resources
NTTC will not affect any natural body of water. Runoff from the site will
continue to drain into Arroyo Las Positas. The closest stream, Arroyo Seco, is
outside the planning area. (Refer to Subsec. 3.3) The siting of NTTC is
compatible with the Livermore Groundwater Restoration Program, as discussed in
Subsec. 2.4.5.
5.1.5 Rare and Endangered Resources
As discussed in Subsec. 3.4, surveys have been performed on the area where
NTTC will be sited. No rare or endangered species have been identified by
these studies.
5.1.6 Cultural and Historical Resources
As discussed in Subsec. 3.5, surveys have been performed on the area where
NTTC will be sited. No significant cultural or historical resources have been
identified by these studies.
5.1.1 Radiological Exposure of Workers or the Public
The two sources of radiation exposure are operations involving x-ray
generating machines and the use of bonded tritium standards for instrument
calibration.
Operators are shielded from the x rays during operation and, where
appropriate, the machines have safety interlocks that prevent worker access to
the irradiation area during operation. LLNL has a personnel monitoring program
and limits worker exposures to acceptable DOE guidelines of 5 rem per year to
the whole body (US DOE, 1981, 1988). There are no credible scenarios of normal
21
or off-normal operations that result in the exposure of off-site individuals to
this form of radiation; therefore, there is no exposure to the public.
Tritium is chemically bonded to the zirconium or titanium metal plates.
Operators using these calibration sources are monitored, and their exposure is
limited to the aforementioned DOE guidelines. There are no credible scenarios
of normal or off-normal operations that result in the exposure of off-site
personnel to this material; therefore, there is no exposure to the public.
5.1.8 Parking and Traffic Impacts During Construction
To minimize parking and traffic impacts during construction, the first
phase of the project will include the construction of additional parking areas
and roadways at the west side of the planning site. Upon completion of the
first phase, present parking areas and a portion of Avenue A will be demolished
to make way for the buildings.
A temporary fence will surround the construction site to prevent employee
parking and pedestrian traffic in the construction area.
5.2 EFFECTS FOUND TO BE POTENTIALLY SIGNIFICANT
5.2.1 Construction Activities
5.2.1.1 Noise
A noise level of about 85 to 90 dBa at a distance of about 15 m (50 ft) is
the common maximum noise level in and around construction areas (Canter, 1977),
and is expected during construction of NTTC and NDERF (which will be built
concurrently). Ground clearing and excavation phases are the noisiest;
foundation placement and erection phases are somewhat quieter; and the final
finishing phase tends to produce little noise annoyance.
Construction noises are transitory in nature. Buildings 125, 131, and
1204 through 12O7 are located within 60 m (200 ft) of the proposed construction
site. At times, the anticipated noise levels may be intrusive to workers in
these buildings. The impacts associated with elevated noise levels will be
mitigated during construction. The construction site will be cordoned off to
prevent casual exposure to high-intensity noise. Construction workers will be
22
required to wear ear protection if on-site noise levels reach or exceed
applicable worker standards set by the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration or the DOE.
The LLNL western site boundary is approximately 213 m (700 ft) from the
NTTC construction site, and the closest residences are 244 to 304 m
(800 to 1000 ft) west of the site. The southern site boundary is approximately
30 m (100 ft) from the construction site. The land directly south of the
boundary is mostly open space belonging to the DOE. The nearest nonresidential
development is Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, which is more than
366 m (1200 ft) from the construction site. These distances should serve to
sufficiently attenuate the noise to prevent irritation off site (Golden, et
al. 1979; US EPA, 1973).
5.2.1.2 Soil Erosion
The NTTC project site is characterized by soils of the Zamora Series.
These are well-drained, deep loamy soils with relatively low permeability and
moderate fertility on nearly level flood plains. Vegetation on uncultivated
areas consists of annual grasses. These soils were used mainly for row crops,
grain, or hay. The soils in the western portion of the project area have
supported a nonirrigated crop of annual grasses, which was cut in early summer
for hay. Sheep grazing on this plot has been the primary use of the land in
recent times.
These soils should provide a stable base for development on the project
site. With the application of fertilizer and irrigation water, bushes, trees,
and shrubs should do well as part of the landscaping effort to minimize soil
erosion in the NTTC area. Disturbance of the drainage patterns in these soils
by construction activities will be compensated for by channeling runoff into
the LLNL drainage system.
Accelerated aeolian erosion of these soils during the hot, dry season will
result following site clearing and preparation. The adverse effects of such
wind-driven dust during construction will be mitigated by minimizing the
disturbed area during construction and by sprinkling the access roads and the
construction site with water.
23
5.2.2 Operations
5.2.2.1 Utility Systems
Water
Incremental water usage during operation is expected to be small, less
than 1% of the current LLNL use rate. Water for the operation of the NTTC will
be provided by the westward extension of existing mains located between Bldgs.
121 and 131. Total annual water use by the facility is expected to be about
18 950 m3 (5 000 000 gal). The source of this water (as with the rest of
LLNL's water supply) will be the City of San Francisco's Hetch Hetchy water
system.
Power
It is estimated that NTTC will use 9 075 740 kWh of electric power
per year. During the construction phase the consumption will be relatively
insignificant. It is estimated that the construction phase will use
270 000 kWh/y or less than 3% of the the annual use rate. Western Area
Power Authority and Pacific Gas and Electric will be the suppliers of the
electricity used for NTTC as they are for the entire LLNL site.
Natural Gas
NTTC and NDERF will share the central plant facility. Based on the types
and sizes of planned operations, it is estimated that 205 000 therms of natural
gas will be used annually. This represents a 5.4% increase in LLNL natural gas
consumption.
5.2.2.2 Atmospheric Releases
NTTC and NDERF will share central plant facilities, such as boiler
operations. These operations will routinely release to the atmosphere
combustion products, such as NOx and SOx. It is estimated that a total of
205 000 therms of gas will be consumed annually. Also, it is estimated
24
(US EPA, 1985) that 4100 kg (1860 lb) of NO2, 816 kg (370 lb) of CO, 66 kg
(30 lb) of particulates, 201 kg (91 lb) of non-methane volatile organic
compounds, 112 kg (51 lb) of methane, and 25.4 kg (11.5 lb) of SO2 will be
released annually by facility operations. This source will be permitted by the
BAAQMD. This small increase in emissions from LLNL, estimated to be 5.4%, due
to the operation of NTTC and NDERF, in addition to the increases caused by
local Livermore Valley development, represents a trend that reflects the
region's present land-use policies.
The occasional machining of lead in the special material machining area is
performed with local exhaust ventilation through a HEPA filtration system.
This engineering design will minimize worker exposure and prevent release of
lead to the environment.
Parts cleaning operations will be permitted by the BAAQMD, which regulates
the release of toxic materials, such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane, to the
environment.
Given the quantities of material that could be released and the design and
operational control on the operations, it is unlikely that NTTC operations will
significantly impact the environment.
5.2.3 Hazardous Waste Generation
NTTC operations will generate liquid wastes. However, because many of the
NTP waste-generating operations are currently being performed at the Livermore
site, the net amount of waste will not significantly increase as a result of
operations performed in NTTC. The estimated amounts of liquid wastes are
listed in Table 5.4-1. These wastes will be accumulated in retention tanks or
small carboys. It is not anticipated that solid wastes will be generated; if
solid wastes are generated, they will be accumulated in drums. All wastes will
be controlled by LLNL's Environmental Protection and Hazards Control
Departments and will be stored, treated, and disposed of in accordance with
Federal, State, and local regulations (see Table 5.4-2).
LLNL has completed a "Part B" permit application for hazardous waste
(LLNL, 1985a-c and 1986a,b) for the storage, treatment, and disposal of
hazardous waste in accordance with the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(42 USC 6901 et seq., sect. 3005) and the Department of Health Services, State
of California (State of California, Administrative Code, Division 20, Chapter
25
Table 5.4-1 Estimated hazardous wastes generated by NTTC operations.
Waste name Estimated amount
(L/y) (gal/y)
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 189.2 50
Trifluorotrichloroethane 318 84
Kerosene 7.7 2
Acetone 11.4 3
Alcohol 11.4 3
Machining oils 1.9 0.5
Nitric acid 3.8 1
Chromic acid 3.8 1
Photo-developer solutions 1136 300
Photo-fixer solutions 1136 300
Laser dye solutions 189 50
6.5, article 9). LLNL is presently operating under interim status during the
permitting process. LLNL is also proceeding with the development of the
Decontamination and Waste Treatment Facility (DWTF) that will provide more
modern hazardous waste material handling and treatment capabilities for the
entire Laboratory; an environmental impact statement for DWTF is being
prepared. In that the NTTC is essentially a consolidation of existing NTP
operations at LLNL, the continued implementation of safe operational procedures
during generation of the waste and safe disposal procedures (University of
California, 1987; LLNL, 1985a-c and 1986b,c) will ensure that NTTC operations
involving hazardous waste will not have a significant impact on the
environment.
26
Table 5.4-2 Applicable Federal and State Regulations Governing Hazardous Waste
REGULATION TOPIC
U.S. Department DOE 5400.2 DOE Environmental Policy
of Energy Orders DOE 5480.5 Safety of Nuclear Facilities
DOE 5820.2 Radioactive waste Management
DOE 5480.1A Environmental & Health Protection
DOE 5484.2 Unusual Occurrence Reporting
U.S. Statutes 42 USC 7401 et seq Clean Air Act
and Regulations 40 CFR 50 et seq
33 USC 1251 et seq Clean Water Act
40 CFR 110-140
40 CFR 400-470
42 USC 300f et seq Safe Drinking Water Act
40 CFR 141 et seq
7 USC 135 et seq Federal Insecticide Fungicide &
40 CFR 150 et seq Rodenticide Act
l5 USC 2601 et seq Toxic Substance Control Act
40 CFR 700 et seq
49 USC 1801 et seq Hazardous Material Transportation
49 CFR 106-107 Act
49 CFR 171-179
49 CFR 190-195
49 CFR 209 & 397
42 USC 6901 et seq Resource Conservation Recovery
Act
40 CFR 260 et seq
42 USC 9601 et seq Response Compensation, &
Liability Act
40 CFR 300 et seq Comprehensive Environmental
State of Cal. Wat. Code Porter-Cologne Water Quality Act
California Section 13000 et seq
Statutes and CAC Title 23 Ch. 3
Regulations H & S Code Hazardous Waste Control Act
Section 25100 et seq
CAC Title 22 Div. 4
Ch. 30
H & S Code Toxics Pit Cleanup Act
Section 25208 et seq
H & S Code Toxic Air Contaminants
Section 39650 et seq
27
6. REFERENCES
Bing, G.F. (1986), Directors Office Technical Staff, Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory, Livermore, Calif., private communication.
Canter, L. (1977) Environmental Impact Assessment, McGraw-Hill Inc., N.Y.
Carpenter, D. W., J. J. Sweeney, P. W. Kasameyer, N. R. Burklard, K. G. Knauss,
and R. J. Schlemon (1984), Geology of the Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory Site and Adjacent Areas, Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, Livermore, Calif. , UCRL-53316.
Code of Federal Regulations (1982), Title 40. Council on Environmental Quality,
Office of the Federal Register, Washington, D.C., Part 1500 (40CFR1500).
Golden, J., R.P. Ouellette, S. Saari, and P.N. Cheremisinoff (1979)
Environmental Impact Data Book, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., Ann
Arbor, Mich.
Horst, L. (1988), Associate Planner, City of Livermore, private communication,
March 10, 1988.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (1985a), Hazardous Waste Operation Plan.
Livermore Site, Vol. 1-3, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
Livermore, Calif, UCAR-10228.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (1985b), Hazardous Waste Operation Plan.
Livermore Site, Parts 1-6, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
Livermore, Calif, UCAR-10228, Addendum.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (1986a), Operations Plan for New
Hazardous Waste Storage Area, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
Livermore, Calif, UCAR-10230.
28
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (1986b), Request to Construct New
Hazardous Waste Storage Area, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
Livermore, Calif, UCAR-10229.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (1987a), Project Design Criteria Nuclear
Test Technology Complex, internal memorandum, Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, Livermore, Calif.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (1987b), Site Development and Facility
Plan, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, Calif,
UCAR-10276-87.
Leitner, P. and B. Leitner (1986), Environmental Consultants, Oakland, Calif.,
private communication
Levy, A.J., and C.C. Brown (1986), Conceptual Design Report Safeguards and
Security Enhancement II, Vol. 1-2, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
Livermore, Calif., internal memorandum.
Scheimer, J. F. (1985), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Site Seismic
Safety Program--Summary of Findings, Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, Livermore, Calif. , UCRL-53674.
University of California (1986), Draft Environmental Impact Report for the
University of California Contract with the Department of Energy for Opera-
tion and Management of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University
of California, Berkeley, Calif., SCH-85112611.
University of California (1987), Final Environmental Impact Report for the
University of California Contract with the Department of Energy for Opera-
tion and Management of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University
of California, Berkeley, Calif., SCH-85112611.
U.S. Department of Energy (1981), Environmental Protection, Safety, and Health
Protection Program for DOE Operations, DOE order 5480.1, Chapter XI, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, D.C.
29
U.S. Department of Energy (1982), Final Environmental Impact Statement:
Lawrence Livermore and Sandia National Laboratories--Livermore Site, Liver-
more, California, U. S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C.,
DOE/EIS-0028.
U.S. Department of Energy (1984), Environmental Assessment of a Proposal to
Acquire Land for a Buffer Zone Around Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories. Livermore, U.S. Department of
Energy, Washington, D.C., DOE/EA-0236.
U.S. Department of Energy (1988), Radiation Protection for Occupational
Workers, DOE Order 5480.11 (pending), U.S. Department of Energy,
Washington, D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1973) Community Noise, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency Report NTID-300.2, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1985) Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors. Vol. 1: Stationary Point And Area Sources, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, AP-42, 4th ed.
Department of Health Services, State of California, State of California
Administrative Code. Division 20. Hazardous Waste Control Law, Chapter
6.5, article 9, Department of Health Services, State of California,
Sacramento, Calif.
30
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