Iraq Survey Group Final Report
Delivery Systems
Biological Warfare | |||
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Key Findings | 1 | ||
Evolution of the Biological Warfare Program | 5 | ||
The Regime Strategy and WMD Timeline | 5 | ||
Evolution of the Biological Warfare Program | 5 | ||
Ambition: The Early Years, 1960-1985 | 5 | ||
Renewed Ambition and Near-Realization: 1985-1991 | 8 | ||
The Beginning of the Decline: Opportunity Through Ambiguity and the End of the Game (1991-1996) | 11 | ||
Recovery and Transition 1996-2003 | 15 | ||
Research and Development | 18 | ||
Building Human Capital | 19 | ||
Research Facilities | 20 | ||
Iraqi BW Agent Research | 20 | ||
Bacillus anthracis ('Agent B') | 20 | ||
Clostridium botulinum (Botulinum toxin, 'Agent A') | 21 | ||
Clostridium perfringens ('Agent G') | 22 | ||
Afl atoxin ('Agent C') | 22 | ||
Brucella | 22 | ||
Ricin | 23 | ||
Wheat Cover Smut ('Agent D') | 25 | ||
Viruses | 25 | ||
Camel Pox | 27 | ||
Smallpox | 28 | ||
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever | 32 | ||
Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis (Enterovirus 70) | 32 | ||
Rotavirus | 32 | ||
Other R&D Related to BW Development | 32 | ||
Biopesticides | 32 | ||
Single Cell Protein R&D | 34 | ||
Growth Media R&D | 34 | ||
Drying Process/Carrier/Particle size | 37 | ||
Production Capability | 38 | ||
Break-Out Production Capability Pre-OIF | 42 | ||
Mobile Assets | 42 | ||
Weaponization | 45 | ||
Attempts at BW Weaponization | 47 | ||
The Gulf War | 48 | ||
Concealment And Destruction of Biological Weapons | 49 | ||
Iraq's Initial WMD Concealment Effort | 49 | ||
The Destruction of Iraq's BW | 50 | ||
What Remained Hidden and Undeclared 1995-1998? | 53 | ||
Weaponization Related Activities in the Years Following Desert Storm | 53 | ||
Unresolved Issues | 56 | ||
Program Direction | 56 | ||
Research and Development | 56 | ||
IIS Laboratories | 57 | ||
Seedstocks | 57 | ||
Disposition of Iraq's BW Program Culture Collection | 57 | ||
Agent Production | 57 | ||
Drying of BW Agents | 58 | ||
Bacterial BW Agent Production and Storage | 58 | ||
Weaponization | 59 | ||
Annexes |
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A. Bulk BW Agents | 61 | ||
B. BW Research and Development Facilities | 63 | ||
C. ISG Investigation of Iraq's Reported Mobile Biological Warfare Agent Production Capability | 73 | ||
D. Trailers Suspected of Being Mobil BW Agent Production Units | 79 |
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