Type 053K Jiangdong-class Frigate - Design
The basic mission of the 053K frigate is to carry out the escort mission in the middle and offshore, and to cover and support the missile boat and torpedo boat in wartime. This type of ship is a long deck type with a normal displacement of 1,674 tons and a total length of 103.5 meters, 10.8 width, 6.3 meters deep and draft of 3.20 meters. The main engine is two 18E390VA diesel engines, with a single power of 8820 kW (12,000 hp), double propeller and double rudder propulsion, the maximum speed is greater than 28 knots, the self-sustaining endurance is 10 days and nights, and the range is 2000 nautical miles @ 18 knots. When the normal displacement is achieved, it can sail safely in the sea state 8, and flooding in any two adjacent compartments will not sink the ship. There are 198 crew members, including 30 officers. Shipborne weapons include: two double-100mm guns, two double-37mm guns, two 1200 anti-submarine rocket deep-bomb launchers, two 64-type deep-bomb launchers, and two deep-throwing throwers. The main electronic equipment includes three-coordinate radar, artillery attack radar and so on.
Like the Type 65 ship, the ship's powerplant selection has undergone some twists and turns. In the initial program demonstration, the designer proposed that the speed should reach 33 knots, so the joint power unit of 390 diesel engine and 401-II gas turbine can be selected. Later, Marshal He Long requested to increase the speed, preferably up to 38 knots. At the beginning of 1967, it was determined that two 18E390V diesel engines were used as cruise units, and one 851 gas turbine with a rated power of 16,170 kW was used as an acceleration unit. The diesel-combustion combined power and three-axis propulsion were used to achieve the speed index.
However, during the development process, it was found that the overhaul life of the 851 gas turbine could not exceed 200 hours, and the power of the 390 diesel engine was expected to increase to 11025 kW per unit. Therefore, the design side simply canceled the gas turbine installation. However, when the main engine was commissioned in the workshop, the working temperature was too high, and the components such as the exhaust valve disc, the spring, and the piston screw were frequently problematic. When the test was carried out in 1972, the engine was even warmer, and the temperature of the main engine was higher, emitting black smoke, and no more than 60% of the load was available.
After nearly a year of revision, the third 18VE390ZC life machine that was later produced has been improved. In the 600-hour workshop commissioning, more than 75% of the working conditions can account for 450 hours, but the maximum power had to be set at 8820 kilowatts. The maximum speed is only 28 knots (the limit speed of 30.5 knots was reached during the trial). Although there was a big gap from the 38 knots, it had reached the target in the 1967 tactical technical mission book. This was also better than the previous naval frigates - it was faster than 7 or 8 knots.
There had been two options for the selection of the hull. One is a 100mm main gun with a length of 98 meters. The other is a 57mm main gun with a length of 94 meters. The solution was mainly concerned with the development of a 100mm gun. The progress was dragged down. However, the Navy later approved the 100mm main gun program for the hope of the performance of the entire ship.
The ship's shipborne weapons mainly include ship-to-air missiles, main and auxiliary artillery, and anti-submarine deep-bombs. The ship-to-air missile system can be said to be the core of the development process of this type of ship. The system includes: a 7231 type double-mounted "Red Flag-61" ship-guided Zen launching device (including magazine and 12 spare bombs), and ZL-1 illuminating radar, ZH-1 commander and Control equipment, etc.
The 7231 type launcher had been designed since 1966. At first, a double-mounted under-mounted launcher was designed. Later, due to the insufficient demonstration of the ship, the design of the launcher proposed a type 3 joint-mounted launcher. The launcher had 18 missiles, vertical storage and vertical loading scheme. The design took one and a half years, the results found that the ship's displacement was too small. With the Type 3 launcher and 18 missiles, the ship's weight was greatly increased. Designers had to reinvent the previous plan, and proposed the final double-upper launcher, 12 spares, high and low direction aiming, horizontal and vertical two-way stability, with chain-type launching.
The predecessor of the "Red Flag-61" missile was the "Red Flag-41" air defense missile introduced in 1965. Initially it was a surface-to-air missile. In 1967, the Military Commission decided to convert it into a ship-to-air missile. The difference between it and the ground-to-air missile is that the working environment is very bad. It is necessary to consider not only the temperature and humidity changes, but also the corrosion of the equipment caused by sea salt spray, the impact of ship swing, vibration and electronic equipment radiation on the missile work. And the impact on the ship's equipment and personnel when the missile is launched.
Since this was China's first type of ship-to-air missile, these problems must be solved from the beginning. Coupled with the influence of the "Cultural Revolution", the missiles did not begin to be tested on the ship until 1975, and later changed continuously until 1986. At sea, the design flight test was carried out, and 7 out of 8 results were obtained in the test. It was officially finalized in November 1988. At this time, the distance model has been developed for the past 20 years, and the 531 ship has been in service for 10 years. The delay of the "Red Flag-61" missile model has determined that the 053K ship cannot be put into mass production, which is why the 532 ship has been unable to put into use.
The finalized "Red Flag-61" missile has a length of 3.99 meters, a diameter of 0.286 meters, a wingspan of 1.166 meters, a cross-shaped wing, an X-tail, a semi-active radar guidance, a CW radar seeker, a solid rocket motor, and a flight speed. 3 Mach, shooting 8 kilometers high, with a range of 10 kilometers, full bomb weight of 300 grams, the warhead is a continuous thin rod killing warhead, weighing 40 kilograms, the single-shot killing probability is 64%-80%. The guidance is carried out by the ZL-1 radar, which is also the first ship-to-air guidance radar in China. It operates in the X-band and adopts single-pulse tracking and continuous wave illumination system, that is, the same radar not only completes single-pulse tracking of the target. It is also necessary to complete the continuous wave illumination of the target, and the same set of transmitting wireless is used for tracking and illumination. The radar also considered the anti-interference factor when it was developed. It used anti-synchronous asynchronous jamming device and low elevation tracking technology to ensure the normal operation of the radar. Later on the ship anti-jamming test, the aircraft carried clutter interference. In the case of interference, the radar can still maintain normal tracking at angles and distances.
The ship is the first type of ship equipped with fully automatic naval guns in China. The main gun is two 79-type double-connected 100mm artillery pieces. The barrel is 56 times long and fully automatic. The gun was pulled down, the shell was automatically supplied, and the shell was transferred from the lower ammunition depot to the magazine. All of them were automated, which was a great progress at the time. The main guns used in the artillery include explosive shells and flares. Because of the high rate of fire, the probability of hitting the target is large during a short period of time. This is meaningful in the case of combat patrols and face-to-face situations.
The aiming work of the main gun is carried out by the 343 gun sight radar. The wave radar is the first generation of the ship's main gun tracking radar, which is developed by China. The overall model is based on the "Jacoli-M2" radar imported from the Soviet frigate. The whole machine was realized with transistorization, the transmitter has been redeveloped, and the performance was considerably improved.
The ship's auxiliary gun is a four-seat 76-type double 37 gun. Its optional shell can have both penetration of armor and blast capabilities. In particular, the latter is capable of penetrating a 10 mm homogeneous steel plate within the range and blasting it for combustion, which is very effective against small ships. The aiming work of the auxiliary gun was carried out by the 341 gun sight radar, which was originally a radar matched with a 30mm gun on the 21 type missile boat.
The ship's anti-submarine weapons are two 65-type 1200 rocket depth-charge launchers; two 64-type large-scale depth-charge launchers with six bombs; two large-scale deep-water depth-charge throwing devices with 12 missiles. Although the anti-submarine mission is not the ship's focus, the ship's anti-submarine weapon configuration is not bad.
The ship's weapon system has a very compact layout. One main gun in front and rear, two air defense missile launchers are responsible for the air defense missions of the front and rear hemispheres, and two double 37mm automatic guns are installed on each side of the hull. The space of 1600 tons of ship space is limited, but the layout of 053K can make all kinds of weapons maximize their effectiveness. There is no restriction on the weapon's power (such as shooting and other factors), and the level of firepower. It is also relatively clear. It should be said that if the "Red Flag-61" system can be used practically 10 years earlier, the ship would actually be a successful design, and its application prospects would have been be very extensive.
This type of ship also has two kinds of equipment worth mentioning. One is the 381-type three-coordinate radar. This is the first type of surface-ship three-coordinate radar developed by China. The radar uses a one-dimensional phase sweep system and a planar array antenna. This is also the first time that a Chinese ship uses a phased antenna array. The second is the PL-l platform compass, which can provide the necessary compass signals for navigation, as well as the hull longitudinal and roll signals required by each weapon system. The successful application of this platform compass on the ship is Future ship development provides a precedent.
The 053K had a big flaw in electronic equipment - it did not have electronic warfare equipment, and even lacked the most basic passive interference equipment, although it is determined by the era of its design, but it has greatly reduced its survivability, especially It is this type of ship that should often be used as a formation air defense core. This kind of defect is more obvious at this time.
The high dry side is of long deck type, the mast is tilted forward, and the bow has large sheer and short bulwarks. The main hull structure is a longitudinal skeleton high-strength alloy steel, and the internal part structure and the superstructure are made of aluminum alloy. The superstructure is divided into two parts, 12 watertight compartments, folding fins on the crotch, and an open air podium on the top of the bridge.
In addition, the ship made considerable progress in improving the habitability. It not only has a restaurant, a laundry room and a drying room, but also has a closed-circuit television system to enrich the crew's spare time.
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