Chapter 4
Tactical Battlefield Spectrum Management
4-1. Introduction
Tactical battlefield spectrum management (BSM) is the systematic planning, managing, engineering, and coordinating electromagnetic spectrum use by units engaged in combat and training for combat. At each level, the signal officer is responsible to the commander for spectrum management. At division, corps, and echelons above corps (EAC) levels, specially trained members of the signal staff section perform the day-to-day BSM functions. The spectrum manager is responsible for coordination with higher, subordinate, and adjacent units and with other staff sections.
4-2. Tactical BSM Problems
On the modern battlefield, an unprecedented number of sophisticated systems support the commander to win the first battle. Most of these systems rely on the electromagnetic spectrum.
The electromagnetic spectrum is an increasingly limited resource. Most likely without proper management the electromagnetic spectrum will quickly reach saturation and will seriously degrade mission performance.
Electromagnetic spectrum management was associated mainly with selecting proper operating frequencies. On the modern battlefield, spectrum management must consider shared use not only by communications systems, but also by intelligence/electronic warfare (IEW), data, navigational, radar, and sensor systems. Due to the potential adverse effects, spectrum management must be an area of command interest.
In developing to the greatest extent possible a conflict-free electromagnetic spectrum usage plan, comprehensive and current information on emitter characteristics and frequency availability is essential. Currently, spectrum management is largely a manual process. However, with the arrival of automated systems, maintenance of the data base for this information becomes a simpler and easier task and a more efficient process.
4-3. Importance of Spectrum Planning
The primary mission of BSM is to ensure that spectrum-dependent systems will function as intended. The management process to support and control these systems is not limited to providing frequency assignments, resolving conflicts, and developing equipment. It also includes advising the commander on methods to reduce his unit's electromagnetic signature.
Coordination is the key to effective spectrum management. By direct coordination with higher, lower, and adjacent elements, the spectrum manager can reduce or omit harmful interference from friendly forces. Coordination with the spectrum manager having assignment authority for a specific frequency or frequency band is required before conducting IEW operations. This coordination reduces any adverse impact on friendly forces and helps to increase effectiveness of friendly IEW.
Spectrum management must be involved in developing spectrum-dependent equipment. To ensure new systems can perform as designed, EMC analysis and other procedures must be followed as described in AR 5-12. Systems, especially tactical systems, must be designed to operate in any of the ITU's three regions. The frequency allocation tables of nations where systems can reasonably be expected to be deployed must be considered during the development phase.
4-4. BSM Functional Tasks
At each tactical level, the signal officer is responsible to the commander for BSM. At division, corps, and EAC levels, the signal officer relies on the signal staff section to perform the day-to-day spectrum management functions. These functions are broken down into four basic categories. They are--
- Spectrum apportionment.
- Data base maintenance.
- Interference resolution.
- Spectrum signature assessment.
The spectrum manager with the electronic warfare officer (EWO) establishes and updates a joint restricted frequency list (JRFL). This list is based on the G3 priorities from the commander's guidance. (See Appendix J.)
The traditional perception of spectrum management is that it consists solely of apportioning spectrum to the user's equipment. On the modern battlefield, this continues to be important. The five subfunctions of spectrum apportionment are--
- Determining spectrum requirements.
- Obtaining required resources.
- Matching resources to requirements.
- Distributing resources to the user.
- Evaluating and optimizing spectrum use.
- VHF-FM.
- VHF-AM.
- UHF-AM.
- UHF-FM.
- HF ground wave.
- HF sky wave.
- Multichannel communications.
- Satellite.
- Radar.
- Jammers.
- Air ground.
- Data links.
- Data distribution systems.
- Navigational aids.
- Sensors.
- Directed-energy weapons.
Frequency restrictions - All radios for a particular net must be able to operate on the same frequency. Net frequencies must be assigned with primary consideration given to the older series radio's tuning capabilities. This also applies to channel spacing. For example, the older series of VHF-FM radios has a channel every 100 kHz, the current series every 50 kHz, Single-Channel Ground and Airborne Radio System (SINCGARS) and the new squad radio (AN/PRC-126) every 25 kHz. Nets involving different radios must consider these differences.
COMSEC considerations - The AN/VRC-12 series can operate with the KY-8/38 (NESTOR) or KY-57 (VINSON). The SINCGARS series only operates with VINSON. Therefore, nets with different COMSEC devices or mode of operation cannot operate in the SECURE mode.
Frequency resources are obtained from elements at EAC. Normally, a corps receives its resources from the theater spectrum management authority; a division receives its resources from the corps. The earlier the planner identifies the spectrum requirements, the easier it is for the spectrum manager to obtain the necessary resources. Every effort is made to obtain and pass on resources with the fewest restrictions allowing users maximum flexibility.
Resources are matched to requirements through coordination, allocation, allotment, and assignment. Coordination is a never-ending process and is essential to an effective spectrum management program. Allocation, allotment, and assignment have distinctly different meanings than they might have in normal use.
Allocation is establishing frequency bands for specific functions or radio services such as broadcast, fixed, and mobile. When authorizing more than one type of service in a band, rank services as primary, permitted, or secondary. Primary and permitted services have equal rights except in preparing frequency plans. The primary service has first choice of frequencies. Secondary services are on a noninterference basis (NIB).
Allotment is establishing specific bands or frequencies within a prescribed nationally or internationally allocated band.
Assignment is the authorization given by the proper authority for a radio station to use an RF or radio channel under specified conditions. Assignment is the main method of matching resources to requirements.
Once resources are matched to requirements, the assignments are distributed to the users. FM 24-16 details the formats for disseminating signal information. The primary means of distributing VHF-FM, VHF-AM, and UHF-AM assignments is the signal operation instructions (SOI). MSE LOS multichannel system assignments within the division are done by the division signal battalion. Within the corps, assignments are done by the corps signal brigade.
Constant review optimizes spectrum use. System efficiency, effective spectrum use, and changes in the unit mission are analyzed ensuring the tactical commander receives the required support.
4-5. Spectrum Apportionment Tasks
Most requirements are identified at division level and passed to the division spectrum manager. If the division spectrum manager does not have the resources to fill the requirement, he requests support from the corps spectrum manager. Similarly, if corps does not have the resources, the request is passed to EAC. At EAC, many variations occur in the spectrum manager's processing of the request. The EAC spectrum manager does not necessarily represent one level or agency. He can be located at post, camp, stations, theater Army, unified command, Army, or DOD levels.
The ITU recognizes that the electromagnetic spectrum of each sovereign nation is, within its territory, as much a natural resource as any mineral, and is therefore subject to that nation's regulation. The ITU publishes allocation tables in which member nations should adhere. Most ITU member nations (and even nonmember nations) stay fairly close to the ITU tables when developing national allocations. A commonality of 80 percent or more is normally found between the ITU tables and those of a given nation. However, a nation may use its spectrum resources in any way as long as it does not interfere with spectrum users outside its national borders.
In most nations, only one agency allocates and assigns frequencies such as a communications ministry or the agency controlling the post and telecommunications or its equivalent. The two agencies within the US&P are: the NTIA/IRAC for federal government users and the FCC for civil and nonfederal government users. Military assignment actions that take place in the US&P fall under the NTIA/IRAC umbrella. In the US Army, assignment authority is seldom found below the division level.
In the ITU region 2 (North and South America), the band 225 to 328.6 MHz has a primary allocation to the fixed and mobile services with a small allocation (267 to 273 MHz) to the space operation (telemetering) service. The US tables have a government-only allocation to the fixed and mobile services throughout the entire band with no accommodation for space operation or civil use. The US tables are footnoted to limit operations primarily to the military services. The NTIA manual gives the MAG management authority for the band. The military departments, in their MCEB role, have collaborated on an allotment plan that segments the band into 25 kHz channels. Each channel is designated for MAG use or for a functional use (such as joint radio relay). The DlSC4 has recorded several of the Army designated channels in the IRAC government master file as group assignments (for example, 234.700 MHz US-wide). This group assignment gives the US Army authority to use 234.700 MHz anywhere within the CONUS. The Army AFCs may then be authorized to manage this frequency within their respective geographic regions. The AFCs may delegate this assignment authority to corps in their region, who may further delegate the authority to subordinate divisions.
Spectrum requirements must be determined as early as possible during operation planning or during equipment development stages. Obtaining frequency resources can be a complex and time-consuming process. It can take a few days to several months. Frequency support may take years to coordinate. Examples are newly developed signal systems, satellite systems, and American Forces Network stations. These actions usually begin at levels above corps. Sometimes, short notice requests are not fulfilled at all, or the resources provided are less than optimal.
The accuracy of a frequency request can make the difference between mission success and failure. The preparer must ensure that all necessary data is included and correct. This data includes radio emission designators (Appendix D) and station classes (Appendix I). Next, the preparer must justify the requirement is mission essential. Nice-to-have requests cannot be supported in the increasingly congested radio spectrum. Spectrum managers at EAC, and especially those at national levels, must insist on knowing the operations - why it is needed and how it will be used.
At all levels of spectrum management, the spectrum manager must be sure to submit accurate and complete frequency requests. Introducing inaccurate or incomplete frequency requests into coordination channels can result in delays and denials. The requesting spectrum manager also risks losing credibility. Future requests will be met with increased scrutiny by the coordinating/approving agencies. Credibility loss is particularly damaging when dealing with host nations. Spectrum managers must be extremely conscientious in maintaining credibility.
Spectrum management is basically a bottom-top-bottom process. The spectrum requirements are identified at lower echelons. Then, the frequency request is forwarded up through spectrum management channels until it reaches a level where resources are available. The frequency assignment notification is then sent down through those same channels until it reaches the requestor. Appendix A contains baseline BSM tasks.
4-6. Data Base Management
Equipment technical characteristics are required to apportion the spectrum and to resolve interference. These characteristics include equipment tuning range, emission, channelization, and method of tuning (crystal, continuous). Outputs of the apportionment process (such as SOI, multichannel diagrams, and other frequency use records) are basic to the whole concept of effective BSM. Through the data base, the spectrum manager should have a complete list of spectrum-dependent equipment in his area.
A spectrum manager's data base may include frequency assignment records, documents containing signal equipment parameters, frequency allocation tables, lists, and indexes, equipment allocation documents, ITU and national RRs, military regulations, manuals, and pamphlets, and various other tools of the trade. Assignment records require maintenance on a continuous basis. Maintenance of the spectrum manager's data base requires maintenance on an as-needed basis.
The spectrum manager uses several documents as frequency assignment records. The EAC spectrum manager issues the current assignment list. It reflects all permanent frequencies authorized for use by the unit. However, it does not contain specific uses for all frequencies listed. The SOI provides a record of assignments in certain bands. The NSA organization net list and sequential frequency list show the SOI assignments in different formats. Non-SOI frequencies may be kept in several different forms. These can include multichannel diagrams, assignment messages, memorandums, handwritten or typed lists, or even 3 by 5 cards. There is no standard. Likewise, methods and techniques for maintaining the records are not standardized.
Records maintenance is primarily done by manual methods. However, maintenance automation should become the norm rather than exception. Spectrum management requires spectrum managers to be computer literate. Plus, automation resources should be available for data base management to aid the spectrum manager to effectively apportion limited resources.
4-7. Interference Resolution
Interference is defined as the radiation, emission, or indication of electromagnetic energy, unintentionally causing degradation, disruption, or complete obstruction of the designated function of the electronic equipment affected. (See Appendix B.)
Interference resolution is handled at the lowest level possible. The spectrum manager is the final authority of interference. Interference may come from signal devices (such as unintentional friendly and unfriendly radios and radars) and from nonsignal devices (such as welders or vehicle engines).
After being informed of unresolved interference, the spectrum manager or a member of his staff can--
- Seek the EWO's assistance in identifying the source.
- Advise physical relocation of the affected user.
- Advise tolerance of the interference (working through it).
- Make appropriate changes in assignments.
The EWO or G2 may detect hostile interference or jamming before it is recognized and reported to the spectrum manager. In such cases, the coordination of interference should be initiated in reverse to ensure that ineffective signal functions are recognized and corrected. A Meaconing, Intrusion, Jamming and Interference (MIJI) report may be initiated. AR 105-3 details MIJI procedures. FM 24-33 contains further information on interference and hostile jamming.
Commands handle MIJI actions differently. Some commands have the electronic warfare (EW) staff element primarily responsible for MIJI actions, while others have the spectrum manager responsible for MIJI actions. In some commands, the initial MIJI report is sent directly to the Joint Electronic Warfare Center (JEWC). Others require the initial report be reviewed by either or both the EW and BSM staff before forwarding to the JEWC.
The first three elements of MIJI, MIJ, are of primary interest to the EW community. The fourth element, I, is of concern to the spectrum manager. In most commands, the EW staff, in cooperation with the spectrum manager and other staff elements, takes the lead in resolving MIJ incidents. The spectrum manager directs interference resolution efforts.
The initial MIJI report should be sent to the battlefield spectrum manager. He has the data base to check quickly friendly frequency assignments. He may go to the next higher level spectrum manager for assistance. He determines whether the action will be handled as MIJ or I. If MIJ is determined, action is normally transferred to the EW element. MIJ actions are diagrammed separately from I actions. (See Appendix A.)
The skill of signal systems operators and maintenance personnel can mean the difference between minor inconvenience and complete system disablement. On experiencing harmful interference, the operator should be able to discern whether the interference is coming from natural phenomena or man-made sources.
If natural phenomena are the cause, the operator should try to work through the interference. Should it persist, a BSM coordinated frequency change may be in order.
If the operator suspects man-made interference, he makes an internal equipment check to exclude equipment malfunctions. In many cases, improper alignment, degraded components, antenna disorientation, or poor maintenance is the culprit. After the operator has ruled out internal causes, a check with other friendly units in the area may reveal incompatibilities between operations. If a compromise cannot be worked out between the units, the case is referred to the spectrum manager at the next higher echelon.
If interference cannot be identified through local checks, a MIJI report is submitted to the JEWC and Army addressees, as directed. The spectrum manager then continues to take whatever actions required to resolve or minimize the interference.
The JEWC analyzes the report and submits an analysis back to the reporting unit and intermediate addressees. This aids in resolution. However, the JEWC is not responsible for resolution. Resolution responsibility lies with the local unit and its higher headquarters. If outside technical assistance is required, it can be requested through the United States Army Information Systems Engineering Command (USAISEC) at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. Natural-phenomena interference and frequencies assigned as NIB are not reported to the JEWC. (See Appendix F.)
Deconfliction is the process of optimizing the use of the electromagnetic spectrum. It incorporates the requirements of the battlefield spectrum managers and the IEW community. The BSM function is basically one of planning; in contrast the IEW management functions are mainly concerned with taking advantage of combat opportunities. The spectrum manager must manage the electromagnetic spectrum and be responsive enough to permit IEW missions to be conducted against opportunities if they arise with minimum constraints.
The spectrum manager must know the characteristics of friendly force intelligence systems and EW emitters. He must be an integral part in the planning and operating of IEW missions for deconfliction to work.
The JRFL only protects against cochannel interference. For deconfliction to work, BSM requires automation capability together with the technical characteristics of emitters to do adjacent channel, harmonic and intermodulation to prevent interference to friendly forces.
Before beginning the deconfliction process, assemble the following data:
- Formation orders of battle.
- Tactical grouping for current and future operations.
- A comprehensive diagram of every communication and electronics net used. (This includes equipment types, antenna types, and frequency requirements.)
- A list of nets showing the power used and ranges over which they should operate.
- The frequency list allotted by higher headquarters, including power and/or restrictions.
- Mutual interference, characteristics of potential communications-electonics (CE) equipment to be deconflicted (intermediate frequencies are of particular importance).
- A list of known bad frequencies (frequencies which exist in the electromagnetic environment which are beyond the direct control of the commanders).
- A list of frequencies or bands planned to be used by friendly jammers.
- Spectrum use by the enemy.
- Ground and sky wave charts for the area of operation, updated by ionospheric soundings wherever possible.
- Spectrum signature data and characteristics of the equipment the IEW units plan to deploy in support.
- An initial list of relative priorities from the G3 based on the commander's guidance. (When large numbers of spectrum dependent equipment will be located within close proximity, it may not always be possible to assign noninterfering frequencies to all users. Thus, it is essential to establish a system of priorities for frequency reassignment if such equipment becomes involved in the deconfliction process.)
- Links that are inflexible and usually use fixed frequencies (such as emergency services, international distress frequencies, and air traffic control). These must be taken into account in the JRFL. (See Appendix E.)
- A JRFL and a method of maintaining currency while operations are in progress. (The JRFL must be continually revised to include redeployment of maneuver units, changes in EW plans, and changes in enemy EW readiness.)
The deconfliction process benefits the IEW staff with a real time and planned spectrum data base of friendly force spectrum assignments and their locale. The IEW staff uses this information to process out friendly force emitters when identifying and locating enemy emitters. Using this information, they coordinate with the spectrum manager when they recognize friendly force emitters are degrading their mission effectiveness by masking enemy emitters. By using the data base, the IEW staff detects and locates enemy electronic countermeasures (ECM) and its spectrum capabilities. It uses this information to predict and advise the spectrum manager which friendly force communications and electronics systems will not meet their mission, when they should take evasive actions, or when to activate their electronic counter countermeasures (ECCM). The spectrum manager provides guidance to friendly force communications and electronics systems personnel. In many cases, the IEW staffs advice prevents unnecessary testing by friendly force personnel in determining if they have an equipment failure or are being subjected to enemy EW.
Should there be conflict between the spectrum manager and the IEW staff on deconfliction, the G3 has final decision authority.
4-8. Spectrum Signature Assessment
A spectrum signature is the distinct pattern of spectral emanations from a device or collection of devices. These devices include signal equipment, power generators, vehicle engines, welders, and the radiation from command post (CP) facilities. These facilities include radio parks, airfields, motorpools, and forward area rearm/refuel points. A pattern is formed by several variables: time of day, geographic area, number, type, frequency, and power of emitters. These variables make up an identifiable electromagnetic signature.
The spectrum manager is the point of contact for spectrum signature vulnerability. This is a subordinate part of his responsibilities as the emission control (EMCON) officer. EMCON also includes considering heat emanations from engine blocks that infrared devices can detect. EMCON and effective implementation of ECCM are the spectrum manager's responsibility. For example, the spectrum signature assessment portion of ECCM relates to the spectrum manager's responsibility to determine the distinguishing characteristic of the emanating patterns. ECCM procedures, the SOP, or the ECCM annex to the OPORD point out steps in preventing a sophisticated threat radio electronic combat unit from identifying targets through frequency spectrum emanations. FM 24-33 outlines ECCM procedures. Every signal system user should read and practice the techniques described in FM 24-33 and ACP 125, US Supplement 1.
The objective of spectrum signature assessment is to evaluate the degree to which the unit's facilities are identifiable by their spectrum signature and to advise the commander on ways to lessen the command's vulnerability. TRADOC Pamphlet 525-23 refers to signature assessment as a BSM responsibility.
4-9. Division BSM
The division is the largest maneuver element in the Army. The division, however, is not alone in its area of operation, and these other units impact on the division's spectrum use. The division commander, through the division signal officer (DSO), has authority over spectrum use in his area of operation. This authority does not necessarily extend to corps, EAC, other services, or allied forces in his area. Coordination is the division G6's key to success in providing effective and flexible spectrum use.
FM 11-50 contains the specific personnel responsibilities for division BSM. For this discussion, the key personnel are the DSO, the division G6 (formerly assistant division signal officer (ADSO)), the radio officer, and the spectrum management NCO.
The DSO, as the signal battalion commander, is responsible for BSM within the division. The radio officer and the spectrum management NCO serve as members of the division G6 staff. They perform the day-to-day BSM functions.
The radio officer/spectrum management NCO has staff supervision over all radio communications established in the division. The radio officer/spectrum management NCO works for the division G6. However, he coordinates closely with the division signal battalion S3 when preparing multichannel systems diagrams. The radio officer does not coordinate frequency use or frequency allocation to multichannel systems. This is the S3's duty. (See Appendix G.) The radio officer provides the S3 current and future division unit locations and circuit requirements. The S3 prepares the radio relay diagrams. The radio officer/spectrum management NCO--
- Prepares and issues radio net diagrams for the division nets.
- Maintains an RF use register and map to ensure an up-to-date RF assignment for all systems except multichannel.
- Supports the division tactical CP as the division G6 representative.
- Prepares items of the division SOI on radio matters.
- Coordinates frequency assignments to aid in frequency compatibility within the division and with adjacent divisions.
- Is responsible for distributing frequency information associated with the SINCGARS and other frequency-hopping (FH) equipment. (See Appendix H.)
- Coordinates with corps for hopsets and transmission security (TRANSEC) codes.
- Implements TRANSEC policy within the division.
- Is the point of contact for MIJI and all ECM operations.
4-10. Corps BSM
The corps is the Army's principal force in the theater of operations. Figure 4-1 shows a typical corps structure. The make up of the corps varies with mission requirements. It controls up to five and two-thirds divisions and selected combat support and combat service support units. Examples are the military police, military intelligence, psychological operations, civil affairs, and US Air Force weather units. The corps can cover an area as large as 140 kilometers wide by 250 kilometers deep. The electromagnetic spectrum management of this area includes the airspace above it. Emerging AirLand Operations doctrine is changing the corps area from linear to nonlinear. It will also greatly extend the corps area. (See Figure 4-2.)
FM 11-92 covers the specific personnel responsible for corps BSM. Their titles and general responsibilities are discussed in the following paragraphs.
The corps signal officer (CSO) who is the corps signal brigade commander is responsible for BSM within the management NCO and the radio systems officer serve as corps. The CSO--
- Advises the commander of spectrum impacts of planned combat operations.
- Indicates any possible conflicts between battlefield functions based on spectrum availability and proposes appropriate solutions.
- Ensures the performance of BSM functions.
- Advises on all signal matters.
- Exercises technical staff supervision over corps signal activities.
- Coordinates frequency assignments and interference problems.
- Assists in preparing EW plans and annexes.
- Advises the corps commander on electromagnetic radiation matters.
The CSO as the signal brigade commander--
- Commands and controls all assigned and attached signal units.
- Performs communications system planning, engineering, and control functions.
At corps level, the radio frequency officer/spectrum members of the corps G6 staff. They perform the day-to-day BSM functions.
The radio frequency officer/spectrum management NCO--
- Coordinates frequency assignments.
- Serves as the point of contact for MIJI and all ECM operations.
- Prepares SOI items pertaining to spectrum management.
The radio systems officer--
- Exercises staff supervision over radio communications activities.
- Prepares SOI items pertaining to radio communications.
- Coordinates with the radio frequency officer/spectrum management NCO.
- Prepares SOIs, plans, and orders for the corps headquarters, the headquarters of major subordinate commands, and various ground liaison nets.
Specific BSM staff functions include--
- Allotting/assigning/coordinating frequencies to subordinate commands.
- Coordinating implementation of effective dates of SOI editions and time period changes to radio nets of nondivisional corps units.
- Maintaining reserve frequencies in all appropriate bands for contingency, systems restoration, and antijamming operations.
- Coordinating and implementing BSM.
- Maintaining a complete and current data base on spectrum use in the corps area of operations.
At the signal brigade headquarters, the systems engineer--
- Evaluates radio propagation data for brigade radio networks.
- Assigns frequencies to units in the brigade.
- Coordinates RF requirements.
- Maintains records, prepares reports, and initiates correspondence to corps headquarters on brigade RF matters.
- Is responsible for engineering radio communication systems.
One spectrum management NCO assists the systems engineer. The CE officer and the radio officer assist the systems engineer in preparing engineering plans.
The systems engineering staff of the corps signal brigade S3 is responsible for spectrum management to support the mobile subscriber equipment (MSE) mission and engineering its communications systems.
4-11. SOI and Spectrum Management
The SOI is a COMSEC aid and a spectrum management document. The US Army Communications Electronics Services Office SOI Detachment at Fort Meade, Maryland designs SOI based on unit input requirements for central production at the NSA. FM 24-35 contains instructions on SOI. Current DA policy limits the centrally-produced SOI to separate brigades or larger size active Army and Reserve units, except in cases authorized by Headquarters, DA, DISC4 through the US Army Communications-Electronics Services Office. Those units not authorized to receive the centrally-produced SOI will make a manually-produced SOI following FM 24-35.
The signal officer at corps, division, and separate brigades and below are responsible for the unit SOI. The work sheets for each unit are filled out in accordance with FM 24-35 and are sent to the NSA. The NSA will enter the data base from these work sheets into the required format for the computer programs. The SOI is generated from this data base, proofread for errors, corrected, regenerated if necessary, printed, packaged, and shipped by Armed Forces Courier Service (ARFCOS) or commercial carrier. It is delivered to the COMSEC account number servicing the controlling authority for the SOI. Once distributed, it is protected like all similarly classified material. The SOI contains call signs, frequencies, suffixes, expanders, and passwords which change at least once every 24 hours.
Tactical call signs are letter-number-letter combinations. Units that normally operate together in a net or nets have last-letter-unique call signs. Once a net is established, only the last letter of the call sign and a suffix are used by those units. This reduces transmission time and makes it more difficult for a threat force to identify a unit. Suffixes and expanders are used to further identify a user where confusion could otherwise result. Other SOIs may be manually produced as required with prior approval of the controlling authority. Three basic SOI are a training SOI, an operational/reserve SOI, and an exercise SOI.
A training SOI is used during routine classroom, garrison, and field training situations for which exercise SOI are not produced. At least three ten-time period (30-time period total) SOI editions should be prepared. These editions are rotated to simulate operational use and are reused until replaced. Replacement is usually caused by unit reorganization, major frequency allocation, or normal wear and tear.
An operational SOI is used for daily operations. A reserve SOI is the next time period's operational SOI. The term operational/reserve refers to either SOI. However, the reserve SOI is always the contingency SOI. At least three ten-time period SOI editions should be prepared by units preparing manual SOI. Units receiving the centrally produced SOI are normally provided 180 time periods of operational/reserve SOI.
An exercise SOI prepared as required is for field training situations where the training SOI will not suffice. At least two ten-time period SOI editions should be prepared to permit supersession/rotation actions as appropriate. Units receiving the centrally-produced SOI are normally provided at least 30 time periods (three editions) of exercise SOI.
The contents of a specific SOI depend on the requirements of the using command. The signal officer, who assumes overall managerial responsibilities of the system for the commander, determines item contents based on command mission requirements. All SOI contain standard items with each item following a standard format. The items are printed in pocket-sized books (4 1/8 by 4 3/4 inches). Each book contains ten time periods (except the Battlefield Electronic CEOI System (BECS) which has only five) of changing information.
The centrally-produced SOI is designed to meet the needs of the using command and item contents may vary accordingly. Each document normally contains--
- An index.
- Changing call signs and frequency assignments.
- Changing suffixes and expander assignments.
- Pyrotechnic and smoke signals.
- Signs and countersigns.
- Supplemental instructions for use of the above items.
(Nonchanging standard items include medical evacuation procedures, net radio interface (NRI), switchboard designators, and similar SOP items. There are 20 standard items. A unit may select any number of these items or none.)
The centrally-produced SOI has an organization net list (ONL) of all nets and their assigned frequencies for each time period. A sequential frequency list (SFL) is also produced. It contains all the authorized frequencies used in that SOI and the nets to which they are assigned for each time period. These lists may be used to identify and resolve frequency interference problems.
The corps spectrum manager manages single-channel and FH tactical combat net radios using the SOI process. He coordinates and distributes the SOI to corps assigned units, less the divisions. The signal officer is responsible for BSM support to all corps units. The SOI contains changing frequencies, call signs, and suffixes. BSM personnel manage all radio-related SOI items for corps-based units, and the frequency resources issued to divisions for inclusion in each division SOI.
Currently, all active component corps use the NSA's centrally-produced SOI. Corps BSM personnel perform a coordinating function in this automated SOI program. If corps level units produce the SOI manually, the radio frequency officer/spectrum management NCO is directly responsible for implementing the radio-related SOI items for corps-based units. The radio frequency officer/spectrum management NCO will furnish guidance to subordinate commands on frequencies, call signs, and suffixes to be used within these commands.
Because of the flexible organization of the corps, BSM techniques used may vary from those at division. Factors that determine the techniques are--
- The corps organization.
- The deployment and employment of operating maneuver forces.
- The type of operation in which the corps is engaged.
- The CE systems that support the operation.
The requirements of subordinate divisions, corps support units, higher headquarters, and units of other services in the corps area will also influence the methodology of corps BSM.
The corps spectrum manager delegates spectrum management authority for multichannel radio equipment to some units within the corps. These units include the corps signal brigade, the air defense artillery, and the air cavalry combat brigade. These particular units are allotted frequencies for line of sight (LOS) radio systems. In turn, the signal officers of those units assign frequencies from their allotments based on system engineering criteria.
There is a requirement to change call signs and frequencies (HF, 2 to 30 MHz and VHF-FM, 30 to 88 MHz) on tactical radio nets daily. The spectrum manager allots the frequencies to the divisions and assigns frequencies for corps troop units. For independent operations by corps elements configured into task force units, the spectrum manager may choose to issue frequency allotments if the organizational area of that task organization will not conflict with the corps main area of operations.
For special signal equipment and temporary frequency assignments, the spectrum manager processes requests on a case-by-case basis. He also maintains locally generated records of each assignment for future reference. The use of weapons and special-purpose systems will be precoordinated with the spectrum manager, inputted into his data base, and used as required based on the deconfliction process.
BECS automates and decentralizes SOI production on the battlefield. It also provides automated spectrum management data for SINCGARS. BECS generates SOI data and SINCGARS spectrum management data. This data is displayed, printed, stored, and electronically loaded or transferred by SINCGARS radios. The electronic BECS SOI will eventually replace the NSA's centrally-produced paper SOI. The BECS spectrum management data generates TRANSEC key to meet the unique ECCM requirements of the SINCGARS HOPPING mode. BECS is more responsive to rapidly changing and highly mobile battlefield conditions through SOI decentralization. It is used as an integral subsystem of SINCGARS, improved high frequency radio (IHFR), short term antijam (STAJ), and other VHF (AM/FM), UHF, and HF radio systems. See FM 11-32 for further details.
4-12. Corps Area Airspace
Air Force and Navy close air support and organic Army aviation support to the ground commander present a significant additive inventory to the emitter density within the corps area of operations. The air-ground operation system includes the Army air-ground system and the Air Force tactical air control system. It extends throughout the major echelons of corps to perform reconnaissance, surveillance, fire support, and airlift. Extensive communications support to these elements is essential to ensure responsive, coordinated use of the corps airspace. Collocation of these facilities with the echelons of corps dictates their unique spectrum-dependent communications be harmonized and integrated among the competing demands for limited resources.
The corps commander is responsible for coordinating airspace activities. The spectrum manager is responsible to the commander for the electromagnetic environment within that same zone. He must be aware of any air activity which could interfere with ground maneuver unit communications. The spectrum manager can advise the corps commander on possible mutual interference and reduce any harmful effects on command and control of the corps. Coordination can increase air activity and ground actions by preventing interference. Assigned and attached Army aviation units use corps spectrum resources allotted to them. Air Force units, using frequencies in the bands allotted by EAC, require coordination with the corps BSM staff to avoid possible interference. The airspace management elements under the G3's staff supervision and the corps BSM function as focal points where airspace requirements can be met, and where airspace frequency problems can be resolved.
Another source of information for spectrum coordination is the US Air Force tactical air control center (TACC). It is responsible for airspace control, ground tactical sensor surveillance, air support, and air strike coordination and control. The airspace management liaison section at the TACC coordinates integrating Army air traffic control facilities. This coordination involves integrating flight operations centers, flight coordination centers, approach/departure control facilities, airfield control towers, and navigational aids furnished by the corps air traffic control. Thus, the TACC is another source of information and liaison for coordinating spectrum resources used by Army traffic control facilities.
The corps area is divided into a tactical operations area and a rear operations area. The dividing line between the two is defined as the rear boundary of the frontline divisions. Procedures for airspace control and coordination within the two areas are defined in terms of traffic movement and electronic control. The interface point for integrating the corps and the air forces is the battle coordination element (BCE) located at the TACC. The corps representatives in the airspace management liaison section are members of the BCE. They coordinate corps requirements to operate aircraft and/or weapon systems within the airspace over the corps. Therefore, Army representatives in the TACC help the corps spectrum manager resolve airspace electromagnetic spectrum problems.
4-13. Corps Air Defense Artillery Operations
Air defense artillery weapons use within the corps is integrated into the force commander's scheme of maneuver. Theater Army air defense artillery units (brigades and battalions) are normally placed to support the corps. It may be an Army air defense command, brigade, or battalion depending on the size of the theater of operations, the number of air defense artillery battalions assigned, and the corps commander's stated requirements. Nondivisional air defense artillery units in the corps area (HAWK, PATRIOT, SHORAD) establish internal and external radio nets, internal multichannel radio systems, semiautomatic command and control systems, and radar equipment. Their use must be coordinated with the spectrum manager. Their CPs are integral parts of the airspace control system which regulates firing of air defense weapons and prevents undue interference with other operations. The corps spectrum manager coordinates spectrum resource use and resolves competing spectrum assignments to minimize mutual interference.
4-14. Military Intelligence Combat Electronic Warfare and Intelligence
Military intelligence combat electronic warfare and intelligence (CEWI) units will be deployed throughout the theater area and will provide assistance in EW, interference, and jamming. The CEWI staff includes an EWO who can be consulted on EW matters. Military intelligence CEWI units supporting the division, corps, or theater may be requested to identify and locate an interference source.
Communications is essential to intelligence operations. With the integration of all intelligence, security, and EW assets into one unit, the military intelligence CEWI's mission dictates using the electromagnetic spectrum, plus resources for command and control of its own units. Corps G2, G3, EW, and BSM personnel must closely coordinate with each other to optimize command and control communications while effecting EW operations against the threat force. The basic task for the spectrum manager is to analyze the impact of proposed IEW operations on command designated priority command and control communications. The G3 has final decision authority should any conflict between the IEW staff and BSM staff occur.
4-15. EAC BSM
EAC command structure is normally that of a US theater. EAC may include US-only headquarters, theater Army, a joint task force, and/or a headquarters containing personnel from more than one nation. Since peacetime military forward deployments exist, US Army forces must operate within Allied command relationships to obtain host nation support which includes spectrum assets. Figure 4-3 shows a typical US national chain of command for a theater of operations. BSM coordination lines will parallel these command lines for national spectrum-related activities.
4-16. Unified Command BSM
In all overseas commands involving large geographic area and services, a unified command is established for a theater of operations. The major Army, Navy, and Air Force headquarters are component commands within the theater.
Spectrum management for US military forces in an overseas area is under the control of the highest command present. In a unified command, the JCS provide policy guidance, and the overseas commander provides theater guidance to the component commands. The theater commander exercises control over electromagnetic spectrum use within the theater through his joint staff. The J6 has primary staff responsibility for spectrum management in the theater. The J6 office includes trained spectrum management personnel who are responsible for the allotment and assignment of all frequencies used by forces within the theater or zone of operations.
In most cases, the theater of operations involves Allied forces and the unified command in a combined operation. Moreover, some allies use and manage the spectrum differently from their US counterparts. Since many variations exist in providing definitive guidance, it is essential that US Army spectrum managers realize this and prepare to adjust to the combat situation. It is also essential that agreements be made between Allied forces and issued as early as possible so proper cross attachments between spectrum managers can be made. Basic guidance is given below.
The spectrum management systems techniques and procedures should allow control over the resources available in that area of responsibility. The technique should also provide the flexibility needed to match a continually changing communications and electronics environment.
A higher formation is responsible for coordination with a lower formation/unit. A formation on the left is responsible for coordinating boundary requirements with the formation on the right. Frequency requirements of a supported attached formation/unit will be provided by the supported formation.
All staff levels of spectrum management will maintain an accessible data base so the signal staffs can execute their portions of redeployment planning by their commanders.
Equipment characteristics should be registered and current.
4-17. Theater Army
The theater Army, as the Army component command of a US unified command, normally exercises command and/or operational control over all US Army forces in the theater before the outbreak of hostilities. The theater Army provides communication services to Army elements and to other services and agencies, and is responsible for spectrum management of all subordinate Army commands. The signal section performs frequency planning, coordinates frequency use, and publishes frequency information to subordinate commands. The signal section also maintains frequency assignment records, including a master list of frequency and call sign allocations and assignments for the entire theater Army area of operations.
At agreed on times during contingency operations, selected and earmarked theater Army combat, combat support, and combat service support units will be assigned to Allied commands. Certain operational arrangements will be set up based on the designated tactical commander's established priorities. Units in the theater remain under theater Army command until they are assigned to the operational control of the appropriate command. These units could be assigned to a corps or they could be retained by the theater Army. The spectrum manager must be aware of the signal requirements for in-theater forces and for forces that may arrive from CONUS. These forces may augment combat, combat support, and combat service support units of the corps. Phase-in of these forces may be a smooth and efficient process based on existing war plans. However, a phase-in may be dictated by the present or anticipated combat situation, resulting in unexpected spectrum requirements for these additional forces and units.
It is possible that unplanned out-of-theater reinforcements may be alerted to deploy with minimal notification. Unit predeployment planning must include early identification of operational needs and electromagnetic spectrum requirements to allow the theater signal office to respond to those needs as soon as practicable.
The theater Army signal office retains the wartime spectrum management responsibility for all EAC signal support. It is responsible for managing spectrum resources required to support all national administrative and logistic communications that support each of those corps released to the operational command of an Allied headquarters.
In the theater Army, EAC spectrum management is done by the Frequency Management Office, Operations Division, of the theater Army signal section. This branch is responsible for summarizing the electromagnetic requirements of all subordinate commands. The branch then prepares the frequency allocation lists (FAL) which are published as the frequency allocation and usage list of the unified command. Thus, the branch performs frequency planning, coordinates frequency use, and publishes frequency information to subordinate commands. The branch participates in frequency planning with higher and lower commands and helps to ensure that the policies and directives of higher commands are being followed. The branch also maintains frequency allocation records and a master list of frequency and call signs for equipment organic to its unit. They also maintain the ability to acquire rapidly the data they need from lower echelons regarding frequencies and call signs. Each element and/or echelon maintains a master list of frequencies and call signs for equipment organic to its element and/or echelon and/or area of operation.
4-18. Theater Signal Command (Army)
The Theater Signal Command (TSC) Army (A) provides command and area communications coverage in the communications zone (COMMZ), extending communications from the theater rear boundary where communications access points are established at area signal centers. The TSC(A) commander is dual-hatted as the theater Army signal officer.
In the standard command structure, the TSC(A) ranks as a major subordinate command of the theater Army. In turn, the TSC(A) apportions frequencies to other theater Army subordinate commands for operations of the TSC(A) managed theater communications systems. However, the theater Army commander may direct the TSC(A) to perform all spectrum management for theater Army units. That is, TSC(A) would not only apportion spectrum resources, but also perform direct liaison with appropriate national authorities in a friendly environment or act as sovereign spectrum management authority in a hostile nation.
Higher headquarters and the host nation may impose spectrum and spectrum-related restrictions on the theater Army. These restrictions, plus those of the theater Army commander, will be reflected in the frequency allotments and assignments to its subordinate commands. Generally, restrictions are related to the size of the theater Army area of operations, the requirements of the host nation and Allied forces, the types and quantities of equipment being operated, the electromagnetic spectrum available, and the requirements for strategic communications.
4-19. Automated BSM
The proliferation of C3I equipment and electromagnetic spectrum requirements, such as during Operation Desert Shield, often exceed the available frequency resource. Without automated spectrum management and engineering capability, compatible BSM can not happen.
BSM at all echelons of command needs to have automated tools to efficiently manage their frequency resource and to provide engineering support.
The capability must exist to allow for electronic transfer of frequency assignment data between echelons of command and/or service components.
Current Army tactical BSM, in most cases, still operates in the MANUAL mode. Operation Desert Shield revealed weakness in the overall BSM. Those units that had automated frequency engineering capability were able to quickly engineer noninterfering systems and were able to react to the dynamic battlefield. Those units that had no automated tools could not react as quickly. (See Figure 4-4.)
The proposed concept of automated BSM will allow echelons of command from division to the TSC(A) to electronically transfer frequency data between the echelons and automatically update data bases. (See Figure 4-5.)
There are many automated frequency tools currently fielded or being developed. Some are--
- ATFES - Army Tactical Frequency Engineering System.
- SPEED - Marine Corps System Planning, Engineering, Evaluation Device.
- EMCAS - Electromagnetic Compatibility Assurance Software.
- AFES - Army Frequency Engineering Software.
- ISYSCON BSM Module - Integrated Systems Control Battlefield Spectrum Management. (See Figure 4-6.)
- BECS - Battlefield Electronic CEOI System.
- MSE SCC - Systems Control Center.
- MSE-FURIES - Frequency Utilization Resources Integrated and Engineering System.
- JSMS - Joint Spectrum Management System.
There are many personal computer (PC) based programs that have been developed to aid the spectrum manager. These automated tools with an updated data base will enhance overall BSM at any level, especially at division and corps.
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