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Defense Policy / Programs

• Senior Military Official Holds a Background Briefing DOD 23 Jan 2023
• KFOR Soldiers emergency response evaluated during Exercise Cavalry Guardian Army News 23 Jan 2023 -- Kosovo Force, Regional Command-East recently conducted exercise Cavalry Guardian, an emergency response training exercise, geared toward testing team cohesion, resilience under stress and job proficiency, near Camp Novo Selo on Jan. 10, 2023.
• CENTCOM and Israel Defense Forces Conduct Exercise Juniper Oak 23.2 CENTCOM 23 Jan 2023 -- Today, U.S. Central Command and the Israel Defense Forces begin Exercise Juniper Oak 23.2 in Israel and the Eastern Mediterranean Sea.
• U.S. Air Force Selects Howard University for Science Research Partnership DoD 23 Jan 2023 -- The Department of the Air Force has selected Howard University as the first Historically Black College or University to lead a University Affiliated Research Center.
• Howard University Will Be Lead Institution for New Research Center DoD News 23 Jan 2023 -- Defense Department leaders today announced the creation of a 15th university-affiliated research center associated with Howard University in Washington, D.C.
• Alaska Air National Guard trains with Coast Guard US Air Force 23 Jan 2023 -- Undulating waves pitched the 2,000-ton U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Cypress like a bath toy, which was nothing unusual for the vessel while operating in Pacific waters off Alaska.
• 24 SOW D-Cell, pioneers of the ACE concept, hone arctic skills in Alaska US Air Force 23 Jan 2023 -- Agile Combat Employment is one of the most talked-about concepts in the Air Force. The ability to rapidly deploy and establish forward operating locations, manned by multi-capable Airmen, is the way the Air Force is crafting the future of warfare.
• Naval Beach Group One Completes Integrated Amphibious Training Exercise US Navy 23 Jan 2023 -- Naval Beach Group (NBG) 1 completed a four-day intensive integrated amphibious training exercise Jan. 20, rehearsing its ability to respond to real-world ship-to-shore logistical transportation missions.
• Exercise Obangame Express 2023 kicks off in Lagos, Nigeria US Navy 23 Jan 2023 -- Obangame Express (OE23), the largest multinational maritime exercise in Western and Central Africa, kicked off its 12th year with 32 participating nations, Jan. 23.
• U.S. 5th Fleet Kicks Off Central Partnership Station in Kenya US Navy 23 Jan 2023 -- Personnel from U.S. 5th Fleet launched a five-day relationship-building mission with the Kenya Navy, Jan. 23, during an opening ceremony in Mombasa, Kenya.
• NATO hosts symposium on climate change and military capabilities NATO 23 Jan 2023 -- On Monday (23 January 2023), NATO hosted its first Industry Symposium on Climate Change and Capabilities, which brought together over 150 representatives from NATO Allies and industry. The participants discussed how NATO's ambitions on climate change and security can be taken into account in the development of new military capabilities.
• Erdogan: Sweden Should Not Count on Turkey's Support for Joining NATO Sputnik 23 Jan 2023 -- Stockholm should not expect Ankara's support for Sweden's entry into NATO after anti-Turkish and anti-Islamic actions, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan said on Monday.
• Russian warship armed with hypersonic missiles to join drills with China, South Africa Press TV 23 Jan 2023 -- A Russian warship armed with new-generation hypersonic cruise missiles will participate in joint exercises with the navies of China and South Africa in February, state media say.
• Australia Planning to Spend Up to $1Bln on Sea Mines: Defense Ministry Sputnik 23 Jan 2023 -- Australia plans to spend up to $1 billion on advanced naval mines to protect its sea lanes and ports amid China's rising influence in the Indo-Pacific region, the Australian Defense Ministry said on Monday.
• Exercise Red Flag Nellis commences in the United States Australia DOD 23 Jan 2023 -- The first Exercise Red Flag Nellis of 2023 is off to a flying start at the Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada, USA.
• Alliances and experience keep missile testing on target Australia DOD 23 Jan 2023 -- Lessons learnt from British missile testing gave Australia decades of advantage. This history article tells the story of Defence Science and Technology Group's* vital role in the research behind this, as part of a relationship that continues today.
• COMMISSIONING OF FIFTH KALVARI CLASS SUBMARINE 'VAGIR' AT NAVAL DOCKYARD, MUMBAI India PIB 23 Jan 2023 -- Indian Navy's fifth stealth Scorpene class Submarine INS Vagir was commissioned into the Indian Navy today, 23 Jan 2023 at the Naval Dockyard Mumbai in the presence of Adm R Hari Kumar, Chief of the Naval Staff, the Chief Guest for the ceremony. Six Scorpene Class submarines are being built in India by the Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL) Mumbai, under collaboration with M/s Naval Group, France. INS Vagir would form part of the Western Naval Command's Submarine fleet and would be another potent part of the Command's arsenal.
• Aatmanirbhar Bharat: DRDO's Fuel Cell-based Air Independent Propulsion system to soon be fitted onboard INS Kalvari, significantly enhancing its submerged endurance India PIB 23 Jan 2023 -- In a major boost to 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat', Fuel Cell-based Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) system of DRDO's Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL) will soon be fitted onboard INS Kalvari. An agreement was signed between senior officials of NMRL and Naval Group France in Mumbai on January 23, 2023 to extend cooperation to enter into the detailed design phase for integration of indigenous AIP in the Kalvari class submarines. As part of the agreement, Naval Group France will certify the AIP design for integration in the submarines.
• Top Iranian military general calls for closer defense ties, joint drill with Syria Press TV 23 Jan 2023 -- Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff of the Iranian Armed Forces Major General Mohammad Baqeri has praised Syria for standing at the forefront of support for Palestine against Israel ever since the regime illegally occupied and annexed Arab lands in 1967, calling for stronger defense ties and plans to hold a joint war game with the country.
• Minister Černochová met with her Turkish counterpart, Minister Hulusi Akar Czech Republic Ministry of Defence & Armed Forces 23 Jan 2023 -- Defence Minister Jana Černochová today had an official call with the Minister of National Defence of Türkiye General Hulusi Akar. The agenda of their meeting covered the security situation in Europe, in the Middle East and in the Euro-Atlantic Area, as well as bilateral defence and defence industrial cooperation.
• In Zambia, US Treasury Chief Reiterates US Commitment to Global Health VOA 23 Jan 2023 -- U.S. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen is in Zambia to highlight joint efforts to improve global health and meet with President Hakainde Hichilema.
• US Envoy Heads to Africa to Advance Joint Priorities VOA 23 Jan 2023 -- U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Linda Thomas-Greenfield will travel to Ghana, Mozambique and Kenya this week to advance joint priorities following December's U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit.Readout of National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan Meeting with Special Representative for International Cooperation Erzhan Kazykhan of Kazakhstan The White House 23 Jan 2023
• Press Briefing by Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre and Secretary of Energy Jennifer Granholm The White House 23 Jan 2023
• Deputy Secretary Sherman's Meeting with Kazakhstani Special Presidential Representative Kazykhan US Dept. of State 23 Jan 2023

Defense Industry

• Contracts For Jan. 23, 2023

Other Conflicts

Ukraine Conflict News


• 23 January 2023 - Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General United Nations 23 Jan 2023
• Armenia: EU establishes a civilian mission to contribute to stability in border areas EC/CEU 23 Jan 2023 -- The Council today agreed to establish a civilian European Union Mission in Armenia (EUMA) under the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The objective of the Mission is to contribute to stability in the border areas of Armenia, build confidence on the ground, and ensure an environment conducive to normalisation efforts between Armenia and Azerbaijan supported by the EU.
• U.S. Urges Azerbaijan To Reopen Lachin Corridor With Armenia RFE/RL 23 Jan 2023 -- U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken has urged Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev to reopen Nagorno-Karabakh's land link with Armenia, warning that a blockade of the corridor could undermine peace efforts between the two countries.
• Secretary Blinken's Call with Azerbaijani President Aliyev US Dept. of State 23 Jan 2023
• Junta jets dropped bombs on the home of a Karen ethnic army commander Radio Free Asia 23 Jan 2023 -- Myanmar's junta jets dropped bombs over the weekend on the home of the leader of an ethnic Karen group that has not been fighting the military, appearing to violate an 8-year-old ceasefire, local residents told Radio Free Asia.
• Mine blast kills 2 pro-junta militia members in Sagaing region Radio Free Asia 23 Jan 2023 -- A grenade and mine attack by the Red Eagle anti-junta group killed two Pyu Saw Htee militia members and injured another in Myanmar's northern Sagaing region, the group told RFA.
• Despite Talks, Reassurances, Myanmar Refugees Remain in Limbo VOA 23 Jan 2023 -- The United States is in talks with the Thai government, a close ally, about allowing Myanmar refugees stuck in Thailand to leave for the U.S.
• Polisario's Brahim Ghali Vows to Intensify 'Armed Struggles' With Morocco After Winning Reelection Sputnik 23 Jan 2023 -- The Polisario Front announced the end of a 20-year ceasefire in November 2020 after Moroccan forces stormed a protest encampment on Western Sahara's border with Mauritania. The United Nations has long promised to oversee an independence referendum in the territory.
• UN convenes Lake Chad countries, amid growing regional crisis UN News 23 Jan 2023 -- Amid worsening security, economic, and humanitarian crises, the third Lake Chad Basin High Level Conference has begun, aimed at addressing a range of long-standing issues and the needs of the population, including some 11 million people, who are in need of assistance.

News Reports

• Former Senior FBI Official Charged in Two Separate Indictments VOA 23 Jan 2023 -- A retired senior official of the FBI has been arrested on charges of secretly taking hundreds of thousands of dollars from a former Albanian spy and violating U.S. sanctions by secretly working for a Kremlin-linked Russian oligarch he once investigated.
• Retired FBI Executive Charged with Concealing $225,000 in Cash Received from Former Intelligence Officer US Dept. of Justice 23 Jan 2023 -- Charles F. McGonigal, 54, a former FBI Special Agent in Charge of the New York Field Office, has been arrested on charges relating to his receipt of $225,000 in cash from an individual who had business interests in Europe and who had been an employee of a foreign intelligence service, while McGonigal was serving as Special Agent in Charge of FBI counterintelligence efforts in the New York Office. McGonigal retired from the FBI in September of 2018.
• Former Special Agent in Charge of the FBI New York Counterintelligence Division Charged with Violating U.S. Sanctions on Russia US Dept. of Justice 23 Jan 2023 -- A former Special Agent in Charge of the FBI New York Counterintelligence Division and a former Soviet and Russian diplomat were arrested Saturday on criminal charges related to their alleged violating and conspiring to violate the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) and conspiring to commit money laundering and money laundering.
• White House Defends Discovery of More Classified Docs in FBI Search of Biden Home VOA 23 Jan 2023 -- The White House on Monday defended itself from growing criticism after an FBI search Friday at President Joe Biden's personal residence yielded yet more classified documents, by saying that the administration is cooperating with authorities.
• DNI Haines Participates in World Economic Forum Panel Director of National Intelligence 23 Jan 2023
• Four Oath Keepers Found Guilty of Seditious Conspiracy Related to U.S. Capitol Breach DoJ -US Attorney - DC 23 Jan 2023 -- Four members of the Oath Keepers were found guilty today by a jury in the District of Columbia of seditious conspiracy and other charges for crimes related to the breach of the U.S. Capitol on Jan. 6, 2021. Their actions and the actions of others disrupted a joint session of the U.S. Congress that was in the process of ascertaining and counting the electoral votes related to the presidential election.
• Maryland Man Pleads Guilty to Felony Charge For Actions During Jan. 6 Capitol Breach DoJ -US Attorney - DC 23 Jan 2023 -- A Maryland man pleaded guilty today to the felony charge of assaulting, resisting, or impeding officers using a dangerous weapon during the breach of the U.S. Capitol on Jan. 6, 2021. His actions and the actions of others disrupted a joint session of the U.S. Congress convened to ascertain and count the electoral votes related to the presidential election.
• Arkansas Man Who Put His Feet on Desk in the Offices of Former Speaker of the House of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi, Found Guilty of Felony and Misdemeanor Charges Related to Capitol Breach DoJ -US Attorney - DC 23 Jan 2023 -- An Arkansas man was found guilty in the District of Columbia today of felony and misdemeanor charges for his actions during the Jan. 6, 2021, Capitol Breach. His actions and the actions of others disrupted a joint session of the U.S. Congress convened to ascertain and count the electoral votes related to the presidential election.
• Man Photographed in Pelosi's Office Convicted in Jan. 6 Riot Case VOA 23 Jan 2023 -- A U.S. man who posed for photographs with his feet on the desk of then-House Speaker Nancy Pelosi during the January 6, 2021, Capitol riot has been convicted of all eight charges.
• Ukraine's SBU Responsible For Killing Of Banker Who Was Conduit For Russian Intelligence, Says Intel Chief RFE/RL 23 Jan 2023 -- Ukrainian security agents were responsible for killing a Ukrainian banker who reportedly served as a crucial information conduit and negotiator with Russia in the run-up to last year's invasion, a top intelligence official said.
• US Proposes Switching to Annual COVID Vaccine Shots VOA 23 Jan 2023 -- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is proposing switching to an annual COVID-19 vaccination campaign for the country, similar to the flu shot.
• Monaco should step up its efforts to investigate and prosecute money laundering Council of Europe 23 Jan 2023 -- In a new report the Council of Europe's anti-money laundering body MONEYVAL encourages Monaco to further strengthen measures to combat money laundering (ML) and financing of terrorism (FT), in particular when it comes to investigating and prosecuting money laundering, confiscating and recovering proceeds of crime as well as strengthening its supervisory system.
• Address by President of Russia Vladimir Putin to heads of Eurasian Economic Union member states President of Russia 23 Jan 2023
• Press release on Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov's visit to the Republic of South Africa Russia Ministry of Foreign Affairs 23 Jan 2023
• Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov's remarks and answers to media questions at a joint news conference with South African Minister of International Relations and Cooperation Naledi Pandor following talks, Pretoria, January 23, 2023 Russia Ministry of Foreign Affairs 23 Jan 2023
• Lavrov says West's war with Russia 'no longer hybrid but real' Press TV 23 Jan 2023 -- Russia's Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov says the war in Ukraine is no longer a hybrid one, as it has almost escalated into "a real one," with the West continuing to 'plot' against Moscow.
• Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov's opening remarks during talks with South African Minister of International Relations and Cooperation Naledi Pandor, Pretoria, January 23, 2023 Russia Ministry of Foreign Affairs 23 Jan 2023
• Russia, Estonia Expel Each Other's Ambassadors VOA 23 Jan 2023 -- Russia and neighboring Estonia, a member of the NATO military alliance, said Monday they are expelling each other's ambassadors by February 7 in a new display of rancor over Moscow's invasion of Ukraine.
• Press release on the Fourth Session of the UN Ad Hoc Committee to Elaborate a Comprehensive International Convention on Countering the Use of Information and Communications Technologies for Criminal Purposes Russia Ministry of Foreign Affairs 23 Jan 2023
• South Africa Hosts Russian Foreign Minister Despite Criticism VOA 23 Jan 2023 -- South Africa has defended its warm relations and joint military drills with Russia as it hosts Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov on his first visit since the invasion of Ukraine.
• New US Envoy for North Korea Rights an 'Ideal' Fit, Activists Say VOA 23 Jan 2023 -- Human rights activists are welcoming the United States' appointment of an envoy for North Korean human rights, a position that had been vacant for six years.
• U.S. Armed Spy Ship Pueblo KCNA 23 Jan 2023 -- On January 23, 1968, the U.S. armed spy ship Pueblo illegally intruded into the territorial waters of the DPRK and perpetrated military espionage acts. But, it was captured in only 14 minutes and its captain and more than 80 crewmen were arrested by the self-defensive measure of the Navy of the Korean People's Army (KPA).
• Iranian Female Political Prisoners Publish Letter Demanding Halt To Executions RFE/RL 23 Jan 2023 -- A group of 30 female political prisoners incarcerated in Iran's notorious Evin prison have published a letter demanding a halt to executions of those protesting the death of a young woman while in police custody, as well as an end to unjust sentences in response to the unrest.
• Iran Charges 16, Including Several Teens, For Protests Amid Reports Of Forced Confessions RFE/RL 23 Jan 2023 -- Iran has charged 16 people, including several teenagers, in the northwestern Iranian city of Urmia for planning demonstrations and accusing them of espionage amid reports those detained gave confessions after being beaten.
• US Sanctions Iran's IRGC Cooperative Foundation, Senior Officials Sputnik 23 Jan 2023 -- The United States is imposing sanctions on Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Cooperative Foundation and senior officials, the Treasury announced on Monday.
• Designations in Connection with Human Rights Abuses in Iran US Dept. of State 23 Jan 2023 -- Concurrently with the United Kingdom and the European Union, the United States today is taking further action to press for accountability for the Iranian regime's human rights abuses by imposing sanctions on 10 additional Iranian individuals and one additional Iranian entity.
• Treasury Sanctions the IRGC Cooperative Foundation and Senior Iranian Officials Connected to Protest Suppression US Treasury 23 Jan 2023 -- Today, the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) is designating Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Cooperative Foundation and five of its board members, the Deputy Minister of Intelligence and Security, and four senior IRGC commanders in Iran under human rights authorities. Today's action, in coordination with both the United Kingdom and European Union, targets a key economic pillar of the IRGC, which funds much of the regime's brutal suppression; as well as senior security officials coordinating Tehran's crackdown at the national and provincial levels.
• UK imposes further coordinated sanctions on Iranian regime officials UK FCDO 23 Jan 2023 -- The Foreign Secretary announced more sanctions on Iranian officials at the heart of the regime's repression, including on Deputy Prosecutor General Ahmad Fazelian.
• New EU sanctions target 37 Iranian individuals, entities IRNA 23 Jan 2023 -- The European Union on Monday imposed a fourth package of sanctions on Iran over alleged human rights violations following a meeting of the bloc's foreign ministers in Brussels, targeting 18 individuals, including Iran's sport minister, and 19 entities.
• Iran FM: EU not looking for taking costly measures IRNA 23 Jan 2023 -- Iranian Foreign Minister Hossein Amirabdollahian said on Monday that the European leaders should refrain from making emotional and irrational comments, saying that the European Union foreign policy chief Josep Borrell's recent comments showed that the European Union is not looking for taking costly measures.
• Anti-Iranian resolution by EU to list IRGC as "terrorist group" irresponsible, illogical: Kanaani ISNA 23 Jan 2023 -- Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman, Nasser Kanaani said that Iran called an anti-Iranian resolution by EU to list Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) as a terrorist group irresponsible and illogical, while adding that urgent warnings had been issued to European sides by diplomatic channels.
• Iran FM: EU hesitation about IRGC blacklisting shows bloc avoids 'costly' steps Press TV 23 Jan 2023 -- Iranian Foreign Minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian says the European Union does not appear to be willing to take "costly" steps vis-à-vis Iran after the bloc's foreign policy chief indicated legal hurdles stood in the way of labeling the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) as a terror group.
• Borrell says EU cannot designate Iran's IRGC as 'terrorist' without court ruling Press TV 23 Jan 2023 -- In what seems to be a partial retreat from hardline anti-Iran policies, European Union foreign policy chief Josep Borrell has announced that the bloc cannot list the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) as a "terrorist" entity without an EU court decision.
• Iran says Europe owes security to IRGC's anti-terrorism fight; blacklisting violates UN charter Press TV 23 Jan 2023 -- Iran has reiterated that the European Union's plan to designate the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) as a terror group violates the UN Charter, saying Europe enjoys security due to the elite defense force's decisive fight against terrorist groups.
• Daesh would have reached heart of Europe if not for IRGC, says Iranian MP Press TV 23 Jan 2023 -- The Daesh terrorist group would have reached the heart of Europe by now if it was not for the sacrifices made by Iran's Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC), says an Iranian lawmaker.
• U.S., U.K., EU Level New Sanctions Targeting Those Linked To Iran's IRGC RFE/RL 23 Jan 2023 -- The United States, Britain, and the European Union have issued new sanctions on dozens of Iranian individuals and entities for Tehran's deadly crackdown on dissent following the death of a young woman while in police custody for allegedly wearing a head scarf improperly.
• Iran, Russia to implement 25-year-old agreement ISNA 23 Jan 2023 -- Iran's Parliament Speaker, Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf during a meeting with his Russian counterpart put emphasis on making the most of economic, trade and transit opportunities between the two countries.
• President Raeisi: Iran-Russia capacities complement each other, can serve mutual, regional interests Press TV 23 Jan 2023 -- Iranian President Ebrahim Raeisi says Iran and Russia are constantly developing economic relations, emphasizing that capacities of the two countries can complement each other toward the aim of serving mutual and regional interests.
• Iran, Russia can use capacities to counter US sanctions: Majlis speaker Press TV 23 Jan 2023 -- Iranian Parliament Speaker Mohammad Baqer Qalibaf says Iran and Russia enjoy important capacities that can be used to counter the US sanctions imposed on both countries.
• Iran sets up special committee to sell $90 bn worth of state assets Press TV 23 Jan 2023 -- Iran has set up special committee to sell some $90 billion worth of state assets with the purpose of securing financial resources needed by the government, according to a parliament lawmaker who has been briefed on the issue.
• Official: Iran ramping up alumina production with Chinese help Press TV 23 Jan 2023 -- Iran has started studies for the annual production of 500,000 tonnes of alumina from low-grade bauxite with the help of the Chinese, an official says.
• Three More Belarusian 'Railway Guerrillas' On Trial For Trying To Derail Russian Military Moves RFE/RL 23 Jan 2023 -- Three more Belarusian activists who were arrested for allegedly damaging railways in the country to disrupt the supply of Russian arms and troops to Ukraine have gone on trial in the eastern city of Mahilyou.
• Reported spyware deal implicates Israeli firm in Myanmar junta's crimes, critics say Radio Free Asia 23 Jan 2023 -- Human rights groups are criticizing a reported deal between Myanmar's military and an Israeli tech firm for intercept spyware, accusing the company of aiding and abetting the junta in crimes against humanity.
• EU Slaps New Sanctions on Iran, Mulls More Against Russia VOA 23 Jan 2023 -- European Union foreign ministers slapped a fourth round of sanctions against Iran, discussed a possible 10th sanctions package against Russia, and agreed to more than $540 million in new military spending for Ukraine.
• Foreign Affairs Council: Remarks by High Representative Josep Borrell at the press conference European External Action Service (EEAS) 23 Jan 2023 -- Check against delivery!
• Foreign Affairs Council: Remarks by High Representative Josep Borrell upon arrival European External Action Service (EEAS) 23 Jan 2023 -- Check against delivery!
• Wider Europe Briefing: Will The EU Slap More Sanctions On Belarus? And What To Look Out For At The EU-Ukraine Summit RFE/RL 23 Jan 2023
• Kuwait's government resigns amid friction with parliament Press TV 23 Jan 2023 -- The Kuwaiti government, headed by Ahmad Nawaf al-Ahmad al-Sabah, has submitted its resignation amid a dispute with the parliament.
• Lao business owners decry the shuttering of money-changing shops Radio Free Asia 23 Jan 2023 -- A move by the Lao government to shut down money-changing shops in an effort to rein in rampant inflation has upset business owners, who say the move is crimping their businesses by making it more difficult to buy construction materials and consumer goods from neighboring Thailand.
• DR Congo President Urges to Turn $6.2Bln Mining Deal With China Into 'Win-Win' Sputnik 23 Jan 2023 -- In September 2021, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) started a review of a mining deal with China, signed over a decade ago, in order to secure all the financing for infrastructure projects that was promised under the agreement, as well as a share of the profits, which have recently surged due to rising commodity prices.