The American Republics
In his victory speech in the early morning of the 6th, Trump said, "The United States has given us unprecedented and powerful power," and "I have made a commitment that I will rule by adhering to this simple motto," thereby emphasizing his will to fulfill his campaign promises.
Many of Trump's campaign promises could significantly alter the order of the United States and the world. Trump said he could use the military to suppress protests or "internal enemies" and planned to fire a large number of federal government employees. In addition, he said that "revenge can sometimes be justified" for his political opponents, including those who participated in investigating and prosecuting him, and said he would promote punishment. He also said that he would deport a large number of unregistered immigrants on his first day in office.
No one can control Trump, which also indicates that his second term may be more violent. He was elected in the 2016 election without political experience and reused Republican elites. White House Chief of Staff John Kelly and Secretary of Defense James Mattis and others were called the "axis of adults" and played a role in calming Trump's unreasonable instructions and impulses. But US media reported that Trump now believes that loyalists are better than outspoken subordinates, and he wants to use them to fill high-level public positions.
The unexpectedly huge victory also made Trump more daring. As of the early morning of the 7th, he had the upper hand in all seven swing states and was leading Vice President Kamala Harris by about 5 million votes in the national vote count. This is the first time since 2004 that a Republican candidate has led in the national vote count.
In the Senate and House elections held at the same time as the general election, the Republican Party won 52 seats out of 100 seats in the Senate, regaining the majority in the Senate. The Republican Party also won 205 seats out of 435 seats in the House of Representatives, ahead of the Democratic Party, which only won 190 seats. If the Republican Party, which follows Trump, controls both the Senate and the House, it will be easier for Trump to realize his own agenda through the main functions of parliament, such as legislation. The Federal Supreme Court, which is composed of three justices nominated by Trump in his first term, has lost its balance due to the six seats of the Conservative Party and the three seats of the Progressive Party.
Numbered republics generally reflect significant shifts in governance, either through revolution, constitutional reform, or occupation. Numbered republics typically refer to political entities with the term "republic" in their name, followed by a numerical designation. This can indicate a succession or version of a governmental or constitutional system.
France has gone through five different republics since the end of its monarchy in the late 18th century. Each republic represents a distinct period of government in French history, marked by changes in the constitution and political system. The First Republic (1792–1804), was established after the French Revolution, following the fall of the monarchy, and ended when Bonaparte declared himself Emperor in 1804. The Second Republic (1848–1852) was established after the February Revolution of 1848, which ended the monarchy of Louis-Philippe (the July Monarchy). Soon Louis-Napoleon staged a coup and declared himself Emperor Napoleon III, leading to the Second Empire. The Third Republic (1870–1940) was etablished after the collapse of the Second Empire during the Franco-Prussian War (1870), and ended with the German invasion in World War II. The Fourth Republic (1946–1958) replaced the Vichy regime, and ended with Charles de Gaulle's return to power amid the Algerian Crisis.
The First Roman Republic (509–27 BCE) was the ancient Roman Republic that replaced the Roman Kingdom. The Second Roman Republic (1849) was a short-lived revolutionary government established in the Papal States during the revolutions of 1848-1849. The First German Republic (1919–1933), also known as the Weimar Republic, was established after World War I. The Second Republic (1949–1990) refers to West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) post-World War II until reunification. The First Republic in Austria (1919–1934): Established after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Second Republic (1945–present) was reestablished after World War II.
In Brazil, the First Republic (1889–1930) was also known as the "Old Republic," following the abolition of the monarchy. The Second Republic (1930–1937) was marked by Getúlio Vargas' presidency. Later "republics" in Brazil are less formally numbered but refer to subsequent phases of government.
In the Philippines, the First Republic (1899–1901), known as the Malolos Republic, established after independence from Spain. The Second Republic (1943–1945) was a Japanese puppet state during World War II. The Third Republic (1946–1972) was established after independence from the United States. The Fourth Republic (1981–1986) was the period under Ferdinand Marcos' rule after martial law. The Fifth Republic (1987–present) was established under the 1987 Constitution post-Marcos.
The Czech First Republic (1918–1938) was the interwar Czechoslovakia after independence from Austria-Hungary. The Second Republic (1938–1939) was a short-lived state following the Munich Agreement. In Hungary, the First Republic (1918–1919) was established after the collapse of Austria-Hungary. The Second Republic (1946–1949) existed before transitioning into the People's Republic of Hungary under communism.
The Korean Republics refer to the different phases of South Korea's government, marked by constitutional changes and shifts in political structure since its establishment in 1948. Each "republic" reflects significant events, reforms, or political transitions in the country's history. Early republics were marked by authoritarian rule, gradually transitioning to democracy in the Sixth Republic. From the Third Republic onward, South Korea experienced rapid industrialization and modernization. Public uprisings played a pivotal role in shaping the transition between republics.
Korean Republics began with the First Republic (1948–1960), the post-independence government under Syngman Rhee. The Second Republic (1960–1961) was a short-lived parliamentary government. And the Third to Sixth Republics (1963–present) repreent phases of South Korea’s government under successive constitutions. The Third Republic (1963–1972) under Park Chung-hee (President) transitioned to a presidential system under Park's leadership after a brief period of military rule. The Fourth Republic (1972–1981) was led by Park Chung-hee (until his assassination in 1979), followed by Chun Doo-hwan. It ended after Park's assassination and subsequent political turmoil, including the 1980 Gwangju Uprising against military rule. The Fifth Republic (1981–1987) under Chun Doo-hwan (President) ended with mass protests (June Democracy Movement), which forced the government to agree to democratic reforms. Sixth Republic (1987–present was marked by political liberalization and consolidation of democracy. Continued economic development turned Korea into one of the world’s leading economies.
In Portugal, the First Republic (1910–1926) followed the abolition of the monarchy. The Second Republic (1933–1974) was also known as the Estado Novo, a corporatist authoritarian regime. In Sudan, the First Republic (1956–1969) was the post-independence government. The Second Republic (1969–1985) was established after a military coup.
Some revolutionary or transitional governments in history have adopted a numbering system to signify phases of their governance (e.g., in Latin America or post-colonial states). Some Soviet republics included a numerical designation for their constitutions or phases, though they were not explicitly referred to as "numbered republics."
|
NEWSLETTER
|
| Join the GlobalSecurity.org mailing list |
|
|
|
