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Engineers - Barrages and Mines

Engineering barrages are one of the basic tasks of engineers. All are to a certain extent familiar with this part of the combat activity of engineers. First of all, this the installation of mines [RU = fugas]. Minefields play very essential role in the cover of the positions of the troops from the attacks of the enemy. The many years experience of waging of war shows that the mine danger can very considerably influence the actions of enemy troops. Mines do not so much bring real harm on enemy as the influence the psyche of personnel. Experience shows that it is sufficient to mine two or three tanks in order to completely break up the attack of a tank company.

The experience of war in Afghanistan attests to the fact that there was a sufficient undermining of one machine on the road so that the speed of the motion of the column of Soviet troops would be reduced to 1-2 kilometers in an hour. Then the speed of motion it would be determined by the ability of field engineers to check the road against the presence of mines. In the field manuals of a number of countries there exists the term "mine war". The mass application of mines is capable of almost completely paralyzing any combat activity of enemy troops in one or another territory.

At present the mine danger is strengthened by the fact that the development of technology and electronics makes it possible to create almost intelligent mines. This is a goal, that the mine does not react to the soldier of its own army, or innocent civilian, but immediately operates with the approximation of the soldier of the enemy and explodes at the most advantageous moment. Furthermore, there is not united a sufficiently reliable method of detecting the mines, and even during the detection of mine there are not always methods of their reliable neutralization. Mines can have sensors [raspoznayushchie] that can detect a r mine sweeper, recognize the significance of it, and can have an instrument of multiplicity (to pass the specific quantity of purposes and under the following to explode). Mines can on a radio signal can be transferred into the combat mode either in a secure situation or be self-liquidated.

The installation of mines in no way requires the presence of the field engineer on the spot of installation. Mines can be placed remotely (to cover even not territory of enemy with the aid of the artillery or aviation). It is possible within the very short times to cover very large sector of the fronts by mines. If at the beginning of the 1960s a combat engineer company within the night could establish one kilometer of minefield, then now it is possible to lay 10-15 kilometers per hour.

Until recently for field engineers, for the installation of the mines before its front line, it was necessary at night to creep out to the neutral line and under the fire of the enemy to lay mines. Now partially it is possible to avoid this due to the systems of remote mining. However, these systems lay mines on ground, which makes possible for enemy frequently to reveal and to destroy mines.

Minefields must be not only established, but also maintained. Into the content of minefield enters control of its state, the installation of new mines of those instead of exploding, the protection of field from its mine clearing by enemy, the enclosure of field by signs so that their machines or personnel would not blow up on the mines, the timely removal of these signs, the transfer of minefield into the combat or safe state (if this minefield is established as controlled), opening and closing passages in the minefield, the passage of its troops through the passages.

Motorized riflemen or tankers can establish some minefields themselves, but this form of military operations is too specific, and requires special knowledge. Therefore only engineers, as a rule, deal with minefields. For the accomplishment of this objective the engineer company of motorized rifle (tank regiment) has the combat engineer platoon, in arsenal of which are three trailer mine layers ([PMZ]) and three Urals or KamAZ (Kama Automobile Plant) trucks. A platoon can in 15-20 minutes establish an antitank mine field with a length of one kilometer. In the arsenal of engineers are anti-tank mines, anti-personnel mines, objective (for mining of buildings and other construction), automobile (for mining of highways), railroad, anti-landing (for mining of water obstacles), anti-aircraft (mining the runways of airfields), booby traps, booby traps.

Nuclear contact mines [atomnaya mina] are a special type of controlled mines. In arsenal of engineers are [nosimye] nuclear contact mines by weight about 60kg and with a power from 500 tons to 2 kilotons of TNT equivalent. No longer tactical, but important immediate strategic problems were solved with the aid of the nuclear contact mines. With their aid the continuous strips of nuclear mines, barrages are created, which can destroy very large bridges, weirs, hydro-electric stations, railroad junctions.

During the years of the Cold War, American troops in Western Europe installed many of these same land mines - located in special wells of nuclear explosive devices designed to create, in the event of hostilities, extensive zones of destruction and flooding on the way breaking through to the English Channel Soviet tank armies. There is evidence that the Americans even mined some cities of their NATO allies with such land mines. Approaches to nuclear landmines could be covered by conventional minefields. So, say, peaceful burghers lived in the same Germany, having a well with an American nuclear bomb nearby.

So, since 1972, platoons of reconnaissance and destruction of nuclear land mines appeared in the staff of engineer-sapper battalions of Soviet tank divisions stationed on the territory of the Warsaw Pact countries. Their personnel knew the structure of these land mines and had special equipment to search for and neutralize them. But the potential adversary also had more exotic nuclear weapons in his arsenal. In addition, the "green berets" (special forces), rangers (servicemen of the deep military intelligence units) and SEALS (saboteurs of the US naval special intelligence) were trained to install special small-sized nuclear land mines, but already on enemy territory.

However, the combat employment of engineers is not limited to mines. Engineers build nonexplosive obstacles (prickly or cutting wire, the antitank ditches, scarps and counterscarps, barricade, obstructions on the roads, the regions of bogging up and flood), produce different destruction for the difficulty of the advance of enemy (destruction of roads, bridges, obstructions on the roads); they destroy infrastructure (destruction of buildings, railroad and highway construction, water-supply systems, gas supply, power supply, capacity with the fuel, the petroleum industries). For the accomplishment of these objectives the engineers have different explosives, special engineer explosive items (charges of different power and methods of actuating).

The problems of destruction and mining engineers solve not only in their territory with the preparation of locality for the defense, but also in the territory of enemy for the purpose to hinder to enemy military operations, to apply to it losses, to hinder or to make impossible his maneuver (withdrawal, the transfer of parts in the threatened sections, supply of ammunition, bringing up of reserves).

Very frequently by the basic task of subdivisions and parts airborne troops or subdivisions of the Special Force is precisely the creation of conditions for the successful fulfillment engineers of the tasks of causing the enemy harm. For example, the Special Force seizes and retains for several hours an important bridge, so that the field engineers could explode it. By the way in order to explode double-transit railroad bridge is required the work of combat engineer platoon during 8-10 hours and 500-700 kg. of explosive. Small mine in a ladies handbag, as this they love to show in the films, is clearly insufficient.

https://rostec.ru/news/razminirovat-vsye/ https://razminirovanie.ru/ Territories where military operations have ever taken place using relatively modern equipment and heavy weapons can potentially pose a danger in the form of unexploded ordnance located underground or in water bodies: mines, missiles, bombs, torpedoes, etc. According to estimates experts, the number of unneutralized explosive ordnance (HEH) on the planet can reach 110 million, and their possible dispersion covers the territories of about 60 countries. Anything that can be identified as a VOP poses a huge threat during construction or agricultural work; and this problem is so significant that entire international programs continue to operate around the world regulating the activities of specialists involved in humanitarian demining. Removing or destroying mines, charges, unexploded ammunition, explosive devices and clearing areas, structures and other objects is carried out by engineering units or specially trained demining groups manually, by shooting or using technical means (engineering demining vehicles, mine trawls, etc.); 2) one of the engineering support tasks, carried out in order to ensure the timely occupation of field positions and areas by units (units), to prevent the destruction (damage) of objects in position areas, missile weapons, special equipment and damage to personnel. R.m. and about. includes: engineering reconnaissance for the presence of mines and other explosive objects; selection of mine clearance methods; calculation of the required forces and means to carry out the work; determining the priority of demining areas (objects) and security measures; control over the quality of mine clearance and other issues. In positional areas of missile formations, enemy minefields, individual mines, land mines and other explosive objects installed on combat patrol routes (CRP) and field positions (FP) by sabotage and reconnaissance groups (sabotage and reconnaissance) are subject to demining remotely installed using aircraft mining systems. formations). Demining is carried out by non-standard forces of reconnaissance and demining groups created from the units and subunits of the missile formation. When clearing mines during combatof all actions the goal isperhaps more efficientclearing a minefield by forcemethods that are acceptabledemining is considered to be80–90%. On the other hand, deminingtion within the framework of humanitarianoperations is a matter of moredifficult and dangerous becauserequires the removal of all mines andreturn of cleared minesminefields to normaluse. Currentlymost of the operations are differentmining in humanitarianpurposes is carried out usinghand-held metal detectors and/or mine detection dogs. WITHusing metal detectorsdiscover objects containingmetal using alternatingtime-dependent electromagneticnew field to induce inobjects of eddy currents, whichwhich in turn generatedetectable magicthread field. Land minesold type contain metallic parts (for example, impactnickname), but in modern land-mines are very presentsmall amounts of metal orbut he is absent altogether. Increased sensitivitymine detectors so that theycould detect smallerthe amount of metal also mattersmakes them very sensitive toscrap metal, oftenfound in those placeswhere mines may be located. Cro-Moreover, using a metal detectorbodies, no matter how perfectthey were not, you can only talk aboutdetect anomalies in the ground, butit is impossible to obtain information aboutwhether there is anyexplosive.One of the main problemswhen demining withinhumanitarian operations - howdistinguish a “false” mine from a real onestanding. Definition and removalthe presence of a harmless object isis long-lasting and expensivework. Dogs haveextremely well developedsense of smell, and they can be trainedto detect explosivesof substances in trace quantitiesstvah. This method, however, requiresdoes not require very long training andlimited ability of dogsto focus onmakes it difficult to continuetelny operations.They are also used to imitatesensory organs of dogstrochemical devices, allowingcapable of detecting explosivesy substances by evaporation.However, minefields are oftensaturated with vapors of detonatedexplosives, which limitsusing the detection methodmines for evaporation.NEW A number of mine detection methodsis being developed as an add-onto currently usedtime to methods. These includeradar devices ob-detection of objects undergroundlei, infrared thermographyand more advanced metal-seekers. Common to all theseways is that theyallow you to detect underearth “anomalies”, but not in co-standing to determine the presenceAre there explosives? Methods based on pro-falling radiation, have acharacteristics that can beused for detection andlandmine recognitionHowever, in contrast toconventional radiographic me-tods, impossible to usepassage of radiation throughhow much does it require access totwo opposite sidesus of the subject under study.Instead, you should useemit secondary radiationradiation or scattered radiationfrom an identifiable object. One of the few waysallowing to determine the chemicalchemical composition of hidden objectstov, is analysis usingneutron irradiation. Good-giving to what they bear zero-howling charge, neutrons even with ma-loy energy can penetratethrough dense layers of matter anddirectly interact-with the atomic nucleus. Inter-action of neutrons on matterlargely dependsfrom their kinetic energy.During “scattering” (reflection)fast neutron nucleus, likewhen absorbed by the nucleus slowlyneutrons, the energy of the nucleus canmay increase (“the core excitesemission”), which causes gamma radiationreading. At certain energiesneutrons characteristic ofeach element, probabilityinteraction of neutrons with poisonrum (capture cross-section) stronglyincreases. Most methods are baseddetection of significantvolumes of explosives withthe use of neutrons liesregistration of this characteristicstatic gamma radiation, usingreleased by excited poisonramie By measuring energiesand intensity of gamma radiationcan be determined chemicallycomposition of the studied pre-meta, since the spectra have characteristicsteristic gamma radiationfor most elementswell known.In accorda The remote demining device belongs to the field of military engineering and means of combating terrorism, and is designed to ensure the safety of movement on the routes of movement of special military equipment, weapons and vehicles. The remote demining device is designed to detect mine-explosive devices (MVD) with metal elements, as well as for non-contact blocking or for the destruction of engineering ammunition and improvised radio-controlled explosive devices (IRED) containing electronic components by remote detonation. Due to the use of microwave equipment based on special electronic systems, the device provides remote non-contact neutralization of camouflaged radio-controlled explosive devices, which makes it possible to protect roads, highways, airfield runways and other military and civilian facilities from terrorist attacks. The remote demining device has received practical implementation in production and has passed full-scale tests; it can be mass-produced at existing enterprises in modern industrial conditions. State of the art (analogues) A device is known according to the patent of the Russian Federation No. 54162 PM "Installation for the disposal of camouflaged controlled explosive devices" [1]. The installation according to the patent [1] is characterized by the fact that it has a self-propelled chassis, a housing, a pulsed electromagnetic emitter in the form of an inductor coil, a current source in the form of an electric current generator, the rotor of which is connected to the power take-off shaft of an internal combustion engine, and an electric capacitance connected in parallel to it through a rectifier , in parallel to which, through an electronic key controlled by a pulse frequency regulator, an emitter in the form of an inductor coil is connected. The emitter is placed outside the self-propelled chassis and housing with the help of a telescopic support. The removal of the emitter with the help of a retractable telescopic support is carried out 1.5 m to the right of the installation, because traffic in Russia is right-handed. Abroad, on roads with left-hand traffic, the removal of the emitter from the chassis should be done to the left of the chassis. It is supposed to lay explosive devices (VU) on the side of the road. The disadvantage of the device [1] is the limited amount of charge accumulation on the electric capacitance and hence the low power of the capacitance pulsed discharge to the induction emitter. Accordingly, a weak impact on WU. In addition, another disadvantage of the device is a narrow and limited survey sector (sector of irradiation with an e / m emitter on a telescopic rod) of the surface, namely only on one side of the self-propelled chassis, which entails the danger of explosive devices being detonated from the opposite side of the installation in the direction of its movement or from front side in the direction of movement of the unit. In addition, the disadvantage of the device is the destructive effect on the nodes and elements of the installation, including due to damaging factors when mine devices are detonated in the immediate most dangerous proximity to the induction emitter. From information sources [2] of Force Protection Inc. known description of the device Mine Protected Vehicle (eng. MPV - Mine Protected Vehicle, transport with increased protection against mines) - an armored personnel carrier and a combat engineering vehicle, which is a three-axle all-wheel drive off-road vehicle with a V-shaped bottom. The armored personnel carrier "Buffalo" MPV has increased protection against damaging factors of mines and improvised explosive devices, including due to the V-shaped bottom. The device is used to create passages and transport troops in mined areas. The conveyor is equipped with a movable 9-meter manipulator. The disadvantage of this device is the inability to remotely neutralize mine-explosive devices on the trajectory of movement of military vehicles. Known description [3] of the device "Vehicle wide-range mine detector" VAMIDS ", which indicates that the device is designed to search for both conventional mines and those that contain a small amount of metal. The VAMIDS modular system includes a control unit (Control Unit), a segmented array of sensors (Segmented Array), a system control panel (System Console). Using VAMIDS sensors, you can detect unknown metal objects buried in the ground at a depth of up to several meters. Sensor array segments are rigid or flexible panels that can be mounted either on vehicles or on the ground. Each segment provides a gripping area on each side, allowing the segments to be spaced up to 6 meters apart. The disadvantage of this device is the lack of electronic technical devices for remote neutralization and detonation of mine-explosive devices with electronic components and located on the trajectory of military vehicles. It is also known a device according to patent No. 2185614 RI "Device for detecting hidden explosives" [4], designed to search and detect IDP. This device uses the effect of secondary radiation of radioactive fields and particles from objects intended for search and detection, due to preliminary pulsed irradiation with appropriate radioisotopes. This device has the following disadvantages: a) low speed of operation and detection of the VU, since the search for the VU is performed when the device is stationary (“reconnaissance from a fixed chassis”), the subsequent stage of the search is performed only after a slight movement of the entire device; b) adverse radiation impact on the environment and biological objects (including the personnel of military units); c) a limited narrow search space for the WU and a relatively long period of the effect of registering the “response” of the radioactive radiation of the search object (VU) and detecting its location. Since the device according to the patent of the Russian Federation No. 54162 [1] is characterized by a significant correspondence of essential features to the proposed remote demining device, then the device "Installation for the disposal of camouflaged radio-controlled explosive devices" [1] is considered as a prototype. The technical task and technical result of the proposed invention is: - creation of a device, for example, a mobile one, for operational remote neutralization (blocking) of a device, mine-explosive devices (IMS) and improvised explosive devices with electronic components on the trajectory, as well as for the destruction (liquidation by explosion) of radio-controlled objects and engineering munitions intended to destroy vehicles and special equipment on their routes. The technical result is achieved due to the fact that the vehicle has a microwave installation with a scanning antenna device, an ultra-wideband (UWB) high-frequency (HF) module of directional polarized radiation with a microwave installation and a UWB RF module at the top level of the device with a simultaneous expansion effect the boundaries of the zone of influence of the electromagnetic microwave field during remote neutralization of radio-controlled explosive devices (ED), as well as for remote destruction (liquidation by detonation) of explosive devices with electronic components, with the exception of the risk of a destructive effect on the functional external elements of the microwave installation and UWB HF module in the event of a mine explosion -explosive means (IMS), ammunition and explosive devices with electronic components, in the process of moving the entire device in the operational (combat) mode for demining the area.