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Chapter 3

Combat Service Support Planning

Contents

PLANNING GUIDELINES

CONSIDERATIONS FOR CLOSE OPERATIONS

CONSIDERATIONS FOR DEEP OPERATIONS

CONSIDERATIONS FOR REAR OPERATIONS

CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONTINGENCY OPERATIONS

CONSIDERATIONS FOR INDEPENDENT BRIGADE OPERATIONS

CONSIDERATIONS FOR LOW-INTENSITY CONFLICTS

PLANNING GUIDELINES

The DISCOM commander and staff conduct support planning. They do so in coordination with the division rear CP. In planning support for combat operations, the commander continuously performs benefit/risk analysis. He does this on support options for courses of action received from his staff. He balances the benefits from a support concept against the risks involved. He evaluates the cost in personnel and materiel resources. He also asks what the benefit is in responsiveness and whether the responsiveness outweighs the risks.

The location of support areas is one example of benefit/risk analysis. To provide support responsively, the commander may locate logistics and HSS elements within the range of enemy artillery. There is clearly a risk involved. The commander assumes this risk if that is the only way to provide critical support.

There are no hard and fast rules for planning. For every mission contemplated and every support concept proposed, the DISCOM commander assesses the circumstances. He measures the risks and decides on the best course of action.

Logistics and HSS plans include priorities for support. Units with the highest tactical priority receive support first. The ADC-S, G1, and G3 aid the division commander by developing broad plans and policies. They recommend support priorities with input from the G4 and the DISCOM staff. To increase critical support capabilities, planners rank classes of supply. This allows them to shift assets used for a low-priority class of supply to support a higher priority.

There are many considerations when planning for support. This chapter discusses aspects of planning for various tactical operations, contingency operations, and low-intensity conflicts. Chapter 6 discusses planning for rear operations. Appendix A covers planning for heavy/light mixes. Appendix B addresses specific considerations for NBC operations. Appendix C contains material essential to planning night operations.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR CLOSE OPERATIONS

OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

The main purpose of logistics and HSS in the offense is to maintain the momentum of the attack. Adequate supplies and transportation to sustain the attack become more critical as the attack progresses. Supply lines lengthen and communications are strained. Requirements for repair and replacement of weapon systems also mount. The DISCOM commander and staff expect these problems. In general, the DISCOM commander considers --

• Forward positioning of essential DISCOM elements. These forward logistics elements may include ammunition, POL, and maintenance elements. See Chapter 6.
• Use of preplanned or preconfigured push packages of essential items if communications break down.
• Maximum use of throughput.
• Availability of HNS.
• DISCOM units echeloning forward to start operations at the new site before they cease operations at the old site.
• Use of captured enemy supplies and equipment. This is important for vehicles and POL.
• Availability of natural water supplies, local civilian and captured water supplies, and facilities.
• Adequacy of communications between tactical and DISCOM units.
• Careful selection of supply routes and alternative routes and means.
• Development of predetermined emergency resupply packages of ammunition, POL, water, and medical supplies in arid and tropical environments in coordination with the supported unit. SOPs identify emergency procedures. These include the DISCOM automatically initiating requests for emergency packages. The supported elements could also use radios, couriers, or MSE to request them. Personnel use emergency airdrop resupply whenever possible in these conditions.
• Materiel uploaded as much as possible.
• Logistics and HSS preparations for the attack not revealing tactical plans.

The supply goal of the DISCOM in preparing for an offense is to ensure supported elements begin with their basic loads to sustain the attack. The DISCOM elements also top off and position themselves far enough forward to resupply the force once basic loads are depleted.

Frequent movement is critical in the offense. Supported elements do not have the assets to travel extensive distances to the rear to pick up supplies. Therefore, planners consider unit distribution as an alternative. Also, in some cases, operational requirements dictate the FSB move up to once a day. Most movements occur at night. Careful coordination lessens the stress on DISCOM and corps assets caused by these frequent moves. Use of airlift or airdrop for resupply also increases.

Considerations for Sustaining the Soldier

During an offense, use of MREs increases and mortuary affairs operations intensify. Supply and service personnel plan accordingly. In arid regions, water supply presents unique problems. Lack of natural water resources in AOs requires water to be purified at distant locations and trucked to the storage sites in the BSA. This reduces the FSB's ability to move quickly.

Offensive operations involve high casualty and evacuation requirements. The basic characteristics of HSS in offensive operations are as follows:

• As areas of casualty density move forward the routes of patient evacuation lengthen. This requires forward movement of medical assets.
• Heaviest patient loads occur during disruption of enemy main defenses, at terrain or tactical barriers, and during assaults on final objectives.
• HSS elements provide temporary EMT and ATM to indigenous or displaced persons as a humanitarian act. This also prevents their interference with combat operations.
• The main attack normally receives the most HSS.

Initially treatment assets locate as far forward as combat operations permit. At times, a maneuver brigade is assigned an independent mission or one that disperses its elements over long distances. In such cases, the maneuver battalions receive assets from the forward support medical company.

A medical company faces two basic challenges in the offense. First, it maintains continuous contact with the supported units. Also, the treatment elements maintain their mobility. Evacuation elements operating within and between the unit-level facilities and the clearing stations also maintain contact. Treatment elements are of minimum size consistent with the patient work load. Personnel position available ambulance assets forward to evacuate patients as promptly as possible.

An offensive operation places high demands on the Class VIII supply system. Treatment elements receive maximum allowable loads of medical supplies before the start of an attack. From the clearing station, ambulances move supplies and equipment forward. These are provided as informal push packages or in response to requests from supported medical elements.

In fast-moving situations the commander predesignates patient-collection points along the axis of advance. The points operated by medical company assets also provide units lacking organic HSS with areas for patient disposition in high mobility situations where area support is not possible.

During an offense, the commander suspends some field services. These include laundry, bath, and clothing exchange.

Considerations for Arming the Force

Class V is critical. Ammunition expenditures usually are not as high as with a defense. However, responsive resupply is essential to maintain the momentum of the attack. A significant problem exists in maintaining this support over extended supply lines. The ATP elements are as far forward as the tactical situation allows. They prepare to move forward as the attack advances. The DAO and the FSB commanders also coordinate with the artillery battalion S4s to stockpile ammunition at designated firing positions.

Considerations for Fueling the Force

Another critical supply category is Class III. The amount of POL consumption is normally high. However, it varies with the terrain. When full loads are not enough to sustain the battle, the supply company commander coordinates for additional stockage at designated areas. POL stockage points require corps assets. These include collapsible storage tanks, fittings, engineer equipment, and personnel.

Considerations for Fixing the Force

Offensive operations generate high vehicular maintenance needs. This is especially true when movements occur over rough terrain. Before an offensive operation, operators and mechanics inspect equipment. They perform required maintenance. Personnel make up shortages where possible. They also bring repair parts stockage up to desired levels. They set up reserve stocks of critical items. They increase the stockage of certain items on the basis of the operation, geography, terrain, and weather. For example, extensive operations over rough terrain dictate increased stockage of vehicle springs, shock absorbers, and tires. Priorities for support include issue of critical repair parts.

Recovery and evacuation and roadside-type repairs receive priority during an offensive phase. Planners consider collection, classification, and reporting of abandoned equipment. As the tempo increases and distances lengthen, maintenance support moves forward. Forward deployed elements increase stockage of small, high-usage assemblies. These include starters and generator alternators. However, planners consider possible enemy counterattacks and maneuver clement needs for space and roads. Maintenance elements require security assistance if they have to bypass pockets of enemy action.

Continuous movement forward also influences the maintenance time guidelines. In fast-moving operations, repair times at forward maintenance sites shorten. Guidelines at rear maintenance points (like the DSA shop) lengthen. As lines continue to lengthen, operations include expedient maintenance techniques as listed below:

• Instituting BDAR.
• Increasing emphasis on controlled substitution.
• Setting up an MCP forward of the BSA base shop.
• Using air transportation to move contact teams and repair parts.
• Attaching contact teams to tactical units.

Considerations for Moving the Force

During a fast-moving offensive operation, supply lines lengthen. The turnaround time for transportation units increases. As vehicular maintenance increases, the availability of assets decreases. The need for protection for supply convoys increases. Bypassed enemy forces try to get supplies by force. Unconventional forces ambush single vehicles. This is especially true for ones moving fuel and ammunition. C2 of transportation elements decreases as transportation assets are more dispersed and communications more difficult.

Overcoming the problems of longer LOCs requires detailed planning. Planners carefully select MSRs. They plan alternative routes. Units move at night. They require support from COSCOM motor transport units. The use of aerial resupply increases. The commander dedicates escorts to critical convoys or positions response forces along the MSR Transportation units use captured enemy vehicles and POL.

Considerations for Specific Types of Offensive Operations

DISCOM planners consider specific factors for each type of offensive operation. DISCOM considerations for a movement to contact include the following:

• DISCOM supply elements top off supported forces before the operation begins.
• DISCOM elements conduct only minimal resupply during the operation.
• Ammunition expenditures are light.
• Repair requirements are low in most commodities. However, they are relatively high for vehicles.
• Field services, except mortuary affairs, are typically suspended during the operation.
• Patients are evacuated from holding facilities to enhance mobility of the HSS element.
• Planners consider potential bypassed enemy elements. They have the latest intelligence on the enemy situation.

Considerations for support of an attack are generally those listed above for offensive operations. other considerations include --

• Positioning ATPs as far forward as tactically possible if resupply is possible during the operations.
• Placing refueling assets forward.
• Giving priority of support to the main effort and making plans to support follow-on actions.
• Arranging to throughput obstacle-breaching and bridging materiel.

Considerations for support of an exploitation include the following:

• DISCOM and FSB headquarters coordinate forward echelonment with maneuver elements to keep ground LOCs open.
• Planners arrange for aerial resupply of critical items to the exploitation force securing deep objectives.

A pursuit depends on open and secure LOCs. Planners consider air resupply. Other support considerations are as follows:

• Planners arrange for air resupply of emergency ammunition and fuel.
• Medical elements plan and coordinate evacuation procedures for extended LOCs.
• Maintenance managers plan for the evacuation of disabled equipment. They consider use of prearranged collection points.

DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS

Defensive operations take many forms. They range from absolutely static to wholly dynamic. That is, they range from relying solely on firepower from fixed positions to total dependence on maneuver to disrupt and destroy the attacking force. The DISCOM commander and staff ensure that they are able to effectively support the wide range of defensive operations. In general, the DISCOM commander --

• Plans to reconstitute within his capabilities the logistics and HSS capability lost to enemy fire. He identifies personnel from DISCOM units as potential replacements as early as possible.
• Echelons DISCOM units in depth through the defensive area as much as possible with his austere organization. When a forward unit moves to the rear, he designates another to pick up the work load until the moving unit is operational again.
• Sends support elements as far forward as the DISCOM or subordinate commander can safely control.
• Sends push packages of critical supplies forward on a scheduled basis. This eliminates repeated calls for supplies. This technique also reduces the chance a lapse in communications interrupts supply. Resupply continues until the receiving unit issues instructions to the contrary. Elements prepare to backhaul unneeded supplies.
• Plans to resupply during periods of limited visibility or with large area smoke support. This reduces the chances of enemy interference. Elements infiltrate resupply vehicles to reduce the chances of detection. They use additional ground guides in reduced visibility. Also, they mark MSRs well. They identify reassembly points and alternate supply routes. They brief drivers in detail. If the supported unit operates at night, resupply may have to occur during the day.

Considerations for Sustaining the Soldier

DISCOM elements plan for increased demand for chemical filters, MOPP gear, and decontaminants. They also take into account possible increased use of water.

HSS of defensive operations is more difficult than in an offense. Casualty rates are lower. However, enemy action and the initial direction of maneuver to the rear complicate forward acquisition. Increased casualties among medical personnel reduce treatment and evacuation capabilities, The heaviest casualties typically occur during the initial enemy attack and in the counterattack. These casualties include those produced by enemy artillery and NBC weapons. Enemy attacks disrupt ground and air routes. This delays evacuation of patients to and from aid and clearing stations.

The probability of enemy penetration requires locating treatment elements farther to the rear than in the offense. However, their locations do not interfere with the maneuver of reserve forces.

The depth and dispersion of the mobile defense create significant time and distance problems in evacuation support to security and fixing forces. Security forces withdraw while simultaneously carrying patients to the rear. Air ambulances help where tactically feasible.

Considerations for Arming the Force

High expenditures of ammunition stress the supply system. Supply personnel preposition stocks of essential supplies in defensive positions in the forward MBA. Personnel plan to destroy these stocks if necessary. Resupply occurs in reduced visibility to reduce enemy interference. Supply and transport units resupply cutoff or isolated units by air.

Demands for Class IV barrier, obstacle, and fortification materials are high during the preparation for defensive operations. These materials are throughput to the emplacement site whenever possible. The use of standard packages of Class IV and engineer Class V supplies speeds delivery. The MCO coordinates delivery times and places between the FSB commander and the corps MCC through the DTO.

Considerations for Fueling the Force

Fuel usage is low during a static defense. The DISCOM commander considers stockpiling limited amounts of POL in centrally located battle positions in the forward MBA. In most cases, the DISCOM coordinates successive defensive positions with the brigades and stocks these positions. Personnel plan to destroy these stocks if necessary.

Considerations for Fixing the Force

Vehicular maintenance needs are generally low. Typically, supported units are not as widespread as in offensive operations. Therefore, maintenance assets centralize more.

In a static defense, movement is less frequent. Therefore, more time is available for maintenance operations. Time guidelines for forward repair increase. Reserves of critical items build up consistent with mobility considerations. Commanders emphasize inspections and technical help to maintain readiness at a high level.

A dynamic defense has many of the same maintenance implications as an offensive operation. For instance, maintenance sites move frequently, and vehicle maintenance requirements rise. Repair time guidelines at forward sites are shortened. Evacuation increases from forward elements to maintenance elements in the rear. If the defensive situation becomes critical, maintenance personnel cease operations. They participate in the defense of their unit. Such a situation requires large-scale reinforcing support from nondivisional sources to end the resulting backlog.

Considerations for Moving the Force

Defensive operations require transportation support immediately shiftable to an offensive operation. Transport elements position themselves to be ready for support of the offense. They prepare to take advantage of windows of opportunity at very short notice.

STAY-BEHIND OPERATIONS

Stay-behind operations are high-risk, high-payoff tactical operations. They provide the commander with a potential force multiplier. Essentially, a stay-behind force goes into hiding. It then emerges to --

• Disrupt the enemy rear area.
• Force the enemy to dispatch combat units to deal with a rear area threat.
• Inflict maximum enemy casualties.
• Call for and adjust fires on enemy targets.
• Provide intelligence on enemy activities.
• Seize and hold key terrain or critical sites.

Later the stay-behind force is extracted, exfiltrates, or links up with the main force.

The use of a stay-behind force is usually planned and prepared in detail. Logistics planning is critical to the success of the mission. Therefore, it receives the personal attention of all commanders involved. Some basic considerations are --

• The location and composition of caches are planned in detail. Substantial coordination between COSCOM and the DISCOM is required to tailor, prepackage, and deliver caches.
• Caches are redundant, both in and outside the hide position. This keeps the loss of a cache site from jeopardizing the mission.
• Stockage levels of needed items are two or three times normal amounts. This creates redundancy of caches and needed equipment that cannot be readily repaired or resupplied.
• Caches include MREs, water, diesel fuel in 5-gallon cans, packaged Class III items, limited Class IV, Class V, Class VIII, limited Class IX, and batteries.
• Unit medical facilities are established within the hide position; the unit may only be able to evacuate the most serious cases. Patients are treated and retained until the HSS element exits the hide position.
• All resupply activity and vehicle movements take place at night.
• Caches are dug in below ground level or placed in existing buildings. This prevents discovery by enemy forces.
• Nontraditional medical and maintenance arrangements are required because of the isolation of the stay-behind force.
• Use of indigenous facilities and equipment is maximized.

RETROGRADE OPERATIONS

Logistics and HSS for retrograde operations are complex because many activities take place concurrently. Maneuver units at any given time may defend, delay, attack, or withdraw during a retrograde. However, the retrograde is basically a movement to the rear or away from the enemy. Therefore, the following considerations apply:

• Consider echeloning DISCOM elements in depth.
• Emphasize keeping supply and evacuation routes open.
• Plan to move all nonessential DISCOM and supporting COSCOM units and facilities to the rear as soon as possible. These include CEB and laundry activities.
• Plan to supply and evacuate in limited visibility.
• Be alert for the rear area threat.

Considerations for Sustaining the Soldier and Arming and Fueling the Force

DISCOM supply elements begin to move to the rear before combat units. This lessens interference with maneuver. It also allows them to Set up supply points along the route of withdrawal. The supply companies and the DMMC identify noncritical items. Replenishments do not go forward of a specified point. The following considerations apply:

• Plan to limit the flow of supplies forward to the most combat essential. Evacuate all other supplies and equipment early.
• Plan to evacuate supplies and equipment to planned fallback points along the withdrawal routes.
• Plan to destroy all supplies (except medical) that personnel cannot evacuate. The OPORD includes destruction authority.
• Position supplies along routes of withdrawal. This reduces the enemy's ability to interfere with supply operations. This also simplifies resupply, reduces vehicular clutter, and permits early withdrawal of supply units.
• Plan for POL and water elements to leapfrog supplies so they can provide continuous supply.

HSS in retrograde operations varies widely. However, planners consider certain factors:

• Time available for medical operations is likely to decrease.
• Personnel evacuate patients early, develop alternate means of evacuation, and use air evacuation. The movement of troops and materiel on evacuation routes and the enemy disruption of C2 and communications complicate patient evacuation. Tactical SOPs include plans for evacuation in such conditions.
• Sorting of patients becomes more critical. Proper sorting and rapid evacuation lessen the need for setting up complete clearing stations.
• When patient loads exceed the means to move them, the tactical commander decides whether to leave patients behind. Personnel use nonmedical transportation assets to the maximum to move patients before making a "stay behind" decision. The brigade requests medical personnel from the supporting medical company to attend patients. Medical personnel and supplies stay with patients not evacuated.
• The forward medical treatment teams withdraw as early as possible. Medical company assets displace by echelon. They hold patients for the shortest time possible. Planners determine the locations of successive positions in advance. Initial locations are further to the rear than in other types of operations. The next rearward locations are operational before personnel close the forward MTFs.

Considerations for Fixing the Force

Maintenance company assets begin to move to the rear before combat elements. Maintenance points leapfrog each other to provide continuous support. Displacement of maintenance elements does not conflict with the movement of combat units. Maintenance elements displace at night.

Personnel emphasize evacuation of equipment over forward repair. Maintenance personnel concentrate on weapon systems and other items required to support the retrograde. They place emphasis on items they can repair readily. They evacuate other unserviceable equipment to planned support areas before opposing forces an overtake it. They use fighting vehicles whose weapon systems are inoperable to tow other vehicles with inoperable motor systems. They use extensively damaged equipment for controlled exchange or cannibalize or destroy it. They give priority of support to units which have completed the move and are preparing new positions.

Recovery equipment is critical to the support of retrograde operations. Personnel rigidly control and coordinate its use. They marshal recovery equipment at critical locations to keep routes open and recover all material possible.

Considerations for Moving the Force

Movement control and highway regulation are key during a retrograde. Keeping supply and evacuation routes open is essential. Nonessential logistics and HSS elements move to the rear as early as possible. They evacuate supplies and equipment to planned fallback points along withdrawal routes. Personnel use nonmedical assets to move patients to the rear.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR DEEP OPERATIONS

The division is the smallest force capable of conducting deep operations. The division conducts deep fires operations through the employment of organic and supporting field artillery. Logistics and HSS are conducted as usual. Deep maneuver is a high-speed, short-duration, audacious operation. Logistics and HSS are austere. Logisticians carefully plan support of deep maneuver.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUSTAINING THE SOLDIER AND ARMING AND FUELING THE FORCE

Early in the planning phase, the DISCOM commander informs the division commander of available supply assets. He provides information on replenishment prospects and the effect of support on the tactical operation. A division involved in a deep maneuver supports itself or external support assets support it over a LOC.

A LID unit planning to support itself takes advantage of every opportunity to forage. It carries as much Class V as possible. Even so, the division can support itself for only a few days. War planners task organize a corps slice of supply assets to accompany a division force on a deep operation. The slice depends on the depth and duration of the operation.

Logistics and HSS assets also support a force conducting a deep operation over a surface or air LOC. Staging supplies near the FLOT makes support over a surface LOC less difficult. This is because supply vehicles directly supporting the force have a shorter distance to cross. Support over an air LOC requires close coordination between the DMMC, the supply activity providing the shipment, the MCO, and the aviation unit. Chapter 11 discusses aerial delivery.

During deep operations, LOCs close. Therefore, medical task-organizing is necessary to provide increased patient-holding and forward treatment capabilities. Air evacuation over extended distances is essential. Self-and buddy-aid, the combat life saver, and ATM training are critical. The modular medical support system and unit-configured palletized medical loads are also vital.

Two situations which are likely during deep operations have an impact on medical operations. First, the use of NBC weapons against isolated forces is possible. As a result, mass casualties are more likely. Large numbers of contaminated casualties rapidly overload and contaminate evacuation assets. This is particularly true of air ambulances. This creates backlogs at medical treatment facilities. Secondly, bypassed enemy units escape the detection of follow-on forces. They inflict severe damage on medical units and evacuation vehicles.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR MOVING THE FORCE

The LID needs additional transportation assets to perform deep maneuvers. Providing support to ground forces in deep operations is hazardous. Because of the difficulty in securing LOCs, units may move over enemy-controlled routes and use aerial resupply. Planners expect the enemy to use NBC warfare to destroy logistics elements and to block routes. Turnaround times lengthen. This is due to the delays that occur when operating in an NBC environment. Transport elements take advantage of overhead camouflage as much as possible to avoid detection. They also avoid bridges. The enemy destroys bridges to block routes.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR REAR OPERATIONS

Commanders conduct rear operations to secure the force and neutralize or defeat enemy operations in the rear area. Rear operations also ensure freedom of action in close and deep operations. The goal is to ensure the threat does not impair logistics and HSS operations in the rear. If rear areas are not secure, the DISCOM cannot support division elements conducting close and deep operations. Chapter 6 contains an in-depth discussion of rear operations.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONTINGENCY OPERATIONS

Contingency operations are politically sensitive military actions. They require rapid deployment to perform military tasks in support of national policy. Army forces may provide a rapid show of force in support of a threatened ally to deter aggression by a hostile neighbor. National policy also uses them to react to the invasion of a friendly government, project property of US nationals, rescue hostages, or perform other tasks.

The LID deploys quickly and is easier to support than other divisions. Before an impending crisis develops into open hostilities which increase risks to US interests, early deployment of light forces may deter an opponent. This prevents a costly later engagement. Light forces are not appropriate, however, to face tank-heavy forces or to operate over great distances. Heavy forces take longer to deploy and are more difficult to support. However, circumstances may require them to defeat the enemy.

A LID may also rapidly reinforce US and allied forces deployed anywhere in the world. Conflicts in these areas are at the low-to mid-intensity level. The versatility y of the LID presents planners with multiple employment options. Planners select the preferred option after consideration of the terrain, the type of enemy, and the capabilities and limitations of the division. Employment options for a LID include:

• Employ it as it is organized. Planners consider the division's maneuver manpower, tactical transportation assets, fire support, and logistics capabilities.
• Augment it after deployment. Task-organizing the division with forward-deployed elements or support increases its capability. The division's C2 structure can accept and quickly integrate these assets into the division's scheme of maneuver.
• Augment it before deployment. Units assigned to support the division need strategic mobility compatible with that of the division.
• Designate selected items of prepositioned equipment in the theater for issue to the LID.

Regardless of the option selected, on arrival in the theater, the LID becomes an integral part of the corps or JTF to which it is assigned.

A LID may deploy to conduct operations in areas without US or allied bases. The indigenous populations range from friendly to neutral to overtly hostile to US forces. Local air superiority and tactical air support are essential in all phases of a contingency operation. A secure airfield, port, or beach is required. For contingency operations, a light division organizes into an assault echelon, a follow-on echelon, and a rear echelon.

CONTINGENCY OPERATIONS PHASES

Contingency operations are phased. Phases begin with planning and end with redeployment of the LID. The information below provides the general planning and execution structure for a contingency operation. Planners adjust it to fit the needs of a particular contingency.

Predeployment and Crisis Action Phase

Contingency operations begin