Military

(1) LVTH6 (Landing Vehicle, Tracked, Howitzer, Model 6). These were fitted with a two-man turret with a 105-mm howitzer, a coaxial 7.62-mm machine gun, and .50-caliber anti-aircraft machine gun. When afloat, they carry 100 rounds of 105-mm, 1,000 rounds of 7.62-mm, and 1,050 rounds of .50-caliber ammunition.

(2) LVTC5 (Landing Vehicle, Tracked Command, Model 5). This is similar to the basic LVTP5 but the cargo compartment is equipped with additional communications equipment, tables, and mapboards. It has a command crew of nine, plus its normal crew of three. It is distinguishable from the basic vehicle by its additional radio antennas.

(3) LVTR1 (Landing Vehicle, Tracked, Recovery, Model 1). The LVTR1 is used for recovery and maintenance of other members of the LVTP5 family of vehicles. It is equipped with a generator, welding equipment, air compressor, a boom with a capacity of 3,175 kg, and a winch with a capacity of 20,412 kg. This model has no machine gun turret.

(4) LVTE1 (Landing Vehicle, Tracked, Engineer, Model 1). This had a special dozer blade in front, and a rocket-propelled mine-clearing system.

(5) Taiwanese LVTP5/LVTP6. A prototype program as of 1989 was to replace the gas engine with one of three diesel powerpacks tested in Taiwan.

(1) AAVC7A1 Command Vehicle. This vehicle is similar to the basic AAV7, except that its machine gun turret has been replaced by a simple hatch cover similar to that fitted at the driver's and commander's position. Armament consists of a pintle-mounted 7.62-mm M60D machine gun with 1,000 rounds of ammunition. This vehicle also has a navigation system. The loaded weight is 21,537 kg.

(2) AAVR7A1 Recovery Vehicle. This vehicle also has the machine-gun turret replaced by a 7.62-mm M60D machine gun. It carries benches, tools, air compressor, battery charger, generator, a MIG welder, and a portable welding kit. A hydraulic crane which can lift 2,722 kg is mounted on the roof. A 13,605kg recovery winch has 84.7 meters of cable. The recovery vehicle has a crew of five.

(3) AAV7A1 with Catapult Launched Fuel Air Explosive (CATFAE). This is an AAV7A1 series vehicle equipped with a CATFAE system in the rear troop compartment.

(4) AAV7A1 with 40-mm/12.7-mm Turret. The Marine Corps has bought 340 Upgunned Weapons Stations, which consists of a 40-mm grenade launcher and a 12.7-mm M2 HB machine gun that replaces the 12.7-mm M85 machine gun turret. A day/night/laser rangefinder sight has also been purchased for this turret.

(1) Commando with MG Turret. This a basic vehicle fitted with a Cadillac Gage one-man turret which mounts twin 7.62-mm machine guns or a combination of 7.62-mm/.50-cal machine guns. The weapons are controlled mechanically with a hand-operated gearbox for 360-degrees of traverse. When fitted with twin 7.62-mm machine guns, 3,800 rounds of ammunition are carried, 800 of which are in the turret for ready use, and 3,000 in the hull. A powerful spotlight is mounted coaxially with the weapons. The turret has a hatch cover opening to the rear, eight vision blocks, and an M28C sight. This model has a crew of three and can carry seven infantrymen. Height to the top of the turret is 2.54 meters.

(2) Commando with 1m MG Turret. This is the basic vehicle fitted with the Cadillac Gage 1m turret. This turret can be fitted with twin 7.62-mm or twin .50-cal machine guns or a combination. Depending on the armament installed, 1,400 rounds of .50 caliber ammunition are carried, of which 400 are for ready use in the turret, or 3,800 rounds of 7.62-mm ammunition, of which 800 are for ready use in the turret. There is a single hatch cover opening to the rear, eight vision blocks, an M28C sight, and a coaxially-mounted spotlight. This model has a crew of three and can carry seven infantrymen. Height to the top of the turret is 2.59 meters.

(3) Commando with 1m 20-mm Turret. This model is a basic vehicle with a one-man turret which mounts a 20-mm Oerlikon 204 GK cannon with provision for coaxial 7.62-mm machine gun. The vehicle carries 400 rounds of 20-mm ammunition, 200 in the turret and 200 in the hull. There is also 3,200 rounds of 7.62-mm ammunition, 220 for ready use and the remainder in the hull. The turret has 360-degree traverse by electro-hydraulics or manual backup. There are eight vision blocks, a telescopic sight, a searchlight, and a blower for removing turret fumes. This vehicle has a three-man crew of commander, driver, and gunner, and can carry five infantrymen. It has a height of 2.895 meters.

(4) Commando with 20-mm Turret. This version is a basic vehicle with a two-man turret fitted with the 20-mm cannon, a 7.62-mm coaxially mounted machine gun, and a 7.62-mm anti-aircraft machine gun. The cannon has a rate controller for firing 1, 2, or 4 rounds per second, or fully automatic. The vehicle carries 400 rounds of 20-mm ammunition, 200 of which are for ready use. There are also 3,200 rounds of 7.62-mm ammunition, with 400 in the turret for ready use. There are two vision blocks on each side of the turret. There is a telescopic gunner's sight and a commander's periscope that moves through 360 degrees. The turret also has an external anti-aircraft sight, a spotlight, and turret blower. This vehicle has a crew of three and can carry two infantrymen. Height to the top of the turret is 2.54 meters.

(5) Commando with 25-mm Turret. This vehicle is the V150S model with a turret armed with a 25-mm M22 McDonnell Douglas Helicopters Chain Gun, a coaxial 7.62-mm M240 machine gun, and another 7.62-mm machine gun on the turret roof. The turret holds 230 rounds of 25-mm ammunition (170 HE and 60 armor piercing (AP)), and there are another 400 rounds in the vehicle. There are 400 rounds of 7.62-mm ammunition in the turret, 200 at the anti-aircraft station on the roof, and 1,000 in the vehicle.

(6) Commando with 40-mm/12.7-mm Turret. A one-man turret is armed with a 40-mm Mk 19 Mod 1 grenade launcher on the left and a12.7-mm M2 HB machine gun on the right. On either side at the rear of the turret are four smoke dischargers.

(7) Commando V-150 S. The V-150 S is 46 cm longer than the V-150. It has more internal space and an increased payload of 726 kg, for a total payload of 3,357 kg. The wheelbase is lengthened and the suspension strengthened. A new transfer case gives better grade-climbing performance. There is a new hydraulic boost brake system and an improved cooling system. In 1981 the V-150 S was fitted with two-man turrets having either a 90-mm Cockerill Mk III gun or a 25-mm M242 McDonnell Douglas Helicopters Chain Gun.

(8) Commando Air Defense Vehicle. This is the basic vehicle equipped with the same turret as is mounted on the M167 towed system and armed with a 20-mm six-barrelled General Electric cannon with an optical sight. For a more stable platform, three outriggers are lowered to the ground: one at the front and one on each side of the hull towards the rear. This vehicle was developed for the Saudi Arabian National Guard.

(9) Commando with 76-mm Turret-mounted Gun. This model is equipped with a two-man power-operated turret armed with a 76mm L22A1, with a 7.62-mm machine gun mounted coaxially to the left of the main gun, and a 7.62-mm anti-aircraft machine gun on the turret roof.

(10) Commando with 90-mm Turret-Mounted Gun. This vehicle has a 90-mm main gun and a coaxially-mounted 7.62-mm machine gun. Another 7.62-mm anti-aircraft machine gun is on the turret roof. A 500,000 candlepower spotlight is mounted coaxially with the main gun. There are 39 rounds of 90-mm ammunition, of which 8 are in the turret. There are also 3,200 rounds of 7.62-mm ammunition, 400 for ready use in the turret, 200 for the anti-aircraft gun, and the remainder in the vehicle. There are two vision blocks in the left and one in the right side of the turret. A commander's periscope can turn through 360 degrees.

(11) Commando with 81-mm Mortar. A 81-mm M29 turntable-mounted mortar fires through the roof of this Commando. Concertina doors open at either side of the roof. A 7.62-mm machine gun can be mounted at any one of four positions around the top of the hull. The vehicle carries 62 mortar bombs and 2,000 rounds of 7.62-mm ammunition. The mortar can be removed from the vehicle and fired from the ground. The vehicle has a crew of five.

(12) Commando with TOW Antitank Guided Weapon (ATGW) System. Similar to the above mortar model, this Commando is armed with a Hughes TOW ATGW system and seven TOW missiles. Hatches on the top open to the front and rear. A 7.62-mm machine gun can be mounted at any one of four positions around the top of the hull. The vehicle carries 2,000 rounds of 7.62-mm ammunition. There is a crew of four, and the vehicle can also carry two infantrymen.

(13) Commando Command Vehicle. This is a standard vehicle equipped with a fixed armored pod on the roof. There are firing ports in each of the four sides of the pod. Behind a 7.62-mm pintle-mounted machine gun is a hatch cover opening to the rear. There are 2,000 rounds of 7.62-mm ammunition, 200 for ready use. Inside is a mapboard, table, and communications equipment. The command vehicle has a crew of three and carries seven staff members.

(14) Base Security Vehicle. Developed for the U.S. Air Force, this model has a crew of three and caries eight fully-equipped infantrymen. Like the mortar model, it has concertina doors opening to either side. Provision is made for mounting 7.62-mm machine guns or 40-mm grenade launchers in four positions in the front, sides, and rear. The vehicle can carry a total of 3,000 rounds of 7.62 ammunition.

(15) Malaysian Upgraded V-150 Commando. This model is an upgraded 90-mm V-150 version. The original gas engine and manual transmission were replaced by a more fuel-efficient diesel and fully-automatic transmission.

(16) Police Emergency Rescue Vehicle (ERV). This model has a three-man crew and carries nine people. A number of police authorities use it. Many were bought by Turkey. It has a fixed pod with six vision blocks and eight vertical gun ports. In front of a rear-opening hatch cover on the roof is a 7.62-mm or a 12.7-mm machine gun.

(17) Recovery Vehicle. The Commando recovery vehicle has a heavy-duty 11,340-kg winch. When two stabilizers are lowered at the front, a boom that pivots forward has a capacity of 4,536 kg. The recovery vehicle is armed with either a 7.62-mm or a 12.7-mm machine gun with 2,200 rounds of ammunition.

(1) TOW Anti-tank. With 10 reserve missiles carried in the hull, two missiles are at the ready-to-launch position on the same mount as used in the M901 Improved TOW Vehicle based on the M113 chassis. The vehicle also has a 7.62-mm machine gun and 2,000 rounds of ammunition.

(2) 81-mm Mortar. This vehicle is equipped with a turntable-mounted 81-mm mortar has a range of 150 to 4,400 meters. The vehicle can carry 60 mortar bombs. It also has a 7.62-mm machine gun and 2,000 rounds of ammunition.

(3) Ambulance. This version is unarmed and has a raised roof. A ramp in place of twin doors a the rear facilitates loading stretchers and walking wounded.

(4) Others. Other models include a cargo carrier, command vehicle (with higher roof line), recovery vehicle, and anti-aircraft with missile system such as ADATS, or a gun system such as the General Electric 20-mm Vulcan as installed in a number of Saudi Arabian V-150 Commando 4 x 4 vehicles.

(1) Cadillac Gage two-man turret with 90-mm Cockerill Mk III gun.

(2) Cadillac Gage two-man turret with 76-mm Royal Ordnance L23A1 gun.

(3) Turret armed with 25-mm M242 McDonnel Douglas Helicopters Chain gun, 7.62-mm coaxial and 7.62-mm anti-aircraft machine guns, and smoke dischargers.

(4) Cadillac Gage two-man turret with 20-mm Oerlikon cannon.

(5) Cadillac Gage one-man 1 meter machine gun turret and a ring mount with 7.62-mm or 12.7-mm machine gun.

(1) Ambulance. The unarmed ambulance carries four stretcher patients or two stretcher and five seated patients. The stretchers are easily loaded with sliding swivel racks.

(2) Carl Gustaf. A Swedish 84-mm Carl Gustaf anti-tank weapon may be mounted with a bar across the top of the troop compartment. The standard armored personnel carrier (APC) may also carry a Euromissile MILAN ATGW which is deployed away from the vehicle.

(3) Command. The seven-crew command model has two mapboards and extra communications equipment. More room can be made by erecting a penthouse measuring 3.6 x 2.74 x 1.98 meters.

(4) 81-mm Mortar Carrier. This is the basic vehicle equipped with an 81-mm L16 mortar on a turntable which is mounted in the rear of the hull, and can be traversed through 360 degrees. The mortar has a range of 5,660 meters and 160 mortar bombs are carried. The vehicle has a crew of six.

(5) Maintenance Carrier. Designated the FV434, this model is used mainly to change major components in the field, such as the complete powerpack of the Chieftain MBT. There is a crane on the right side of the vehicle which has a lifting capacity of 3,050 kg. The suspension of the FV434 can be locked when the crane is being used. The vehicle has a crew of four.

(6) Minelayer. The FV432 is used by the Royal Engineers to tow the Bar minelayer which can lay mines at a rate of 600 per hour. A THORN EMI ranger anti-personnel minelaying system can be mounted on the top of the FV432 to enable a combined anti-tank and anti-personnel minefield to be laid.

(7) Radar. A large scoop-shaped antenna protrudes from the FV432 when mounted with a mortar-locating radar or a short-range radar system.

(8) Recovery. This is the basic FV432 with a winch installed in the rear troop compartment. The winch is driven from the PTO on the engine transfer case.

(9) Royal Artillery Vehicles. The FV432 is used in an artillery battery command role when fitted with the Marconi Command and Control Systems Field Artillery Computer Equipment and the Plessey sound ranging system.

(10) Royal Engineers Vehicles. In addition to using the FV432 as a minelaying vehicle as previously described, the Royal Engineers use it to tow the Giant Viper mine-clearance trailer.

(11) Royal Signals Vehicles. Designated FV439, this model has extensive antenna arrays on the roof for specialized communications.

(12) FV438 Wavell. A command and control Wavell automatic data processing system is recognizable by a large external box on the roof.

(1) M113A2 (formerly Product Improved M113A1). The M113A2 has an improved engine cooling design and improved suspension. A rear-mounted, armored fuel cell is currently available. This option provides more interior space and reduces the danger of fire.

(2) M113A3. This version has the cooling and suspension improvements of the M113A2, as well as better performance and reliability. The 6V-53 (212 hp) diesel engine is replaced by the turbo-charged Detroit Diesel 6V-53T (275 hp). There is a new X200-4 Allison transmission with four forward speeds instead of three.

Hydrostatic steering provides smoother turning with less effort and reduced shock loading on the suspension system as well as greater power efficiency for more horsepower and fuel savings. Driver sticks were replaced by a steering wheel and brake pedal.

The M113A3 has a different generating system, four batteries, and improved electrical diagnostic capabilities. Also it has armored external fuel tanks and internal spall protection liners.

(3) M113/M113A1/M113A2 with Dozer Kit. A kit can adapt the APC for general bulldozing, improvement of water entrances, and grading. It does not change the basic load-carrying ability.

During amphibious operations, the front-mounted buoyant blade acts as a trim vane after removal of the standard trim vane.

(4) M106/M106A1/M106A2 107-mm Mortar Carrier. Designated the Carrier, Mortar, 107-mm, Self-propelled, this is the basic APC with an opening in the roof covered by a three-part hatch. Firing through the opening is a 4.2-inch (107-mm) M30 mortar on a turntable at the rear. Mounted externally on the left side of the hull is a mortar baseplate and bridge for use away from the vehicle if necessary. The vehicle carries 88 to 93 mortar rounds. The carrier has the 12.7-mm (.50-cal) M2 HB machine gun. An Israeli Soltam 120-mm mortar system is expected to replace the 107-mm mortar.

(5) M125/M125A1/M125A2 81-mm Mortar Carrier. Designated Carrier, Mortar, 81-mm, Self-propelled, this vehicle has an 81-mm M29 mortar on a turntable firing through a three-part hatch. The mortar can be used away from the vehicle. It carries 114 mortar bombs. It has the 12.7-mm (.50-cal) M2 HB machine gun.

(6) M163 Vulcan Self-Propelled Anti-aircraft Gun. This is an M113A1 chassis fitted with a one-man electrically-driven turret which is armed with a 20-mm M168 Vulcan gun, Navy Mk20 Mod A gyro lead-computing sight, and a range-only radar.

(7) M548 Cargo Carrier. This unarmored cargo carrier uses many automotive components of the M113A1 APC. It has a payload of 7,258 kg. New vehicles have the suspension and cooling system improvements. A modified M548 has an anti-tank minelaying system for the German Army. The M548 chassis also is used for a Lance surface-to-surface tactical nuclear missile system and tactical electronic reconnaissance and countermeasures systems.

(8) Tracked Rapier. A rebuilt M548 tracked cargo carrier supports the Tracked Rapier SAM system in service with the British Army. At the front is a fully-enclosed armored compartment. On the roof is the Rapier optical tracker, which is retracted for traveling. At the rear is a turntable with eight Rapier SAMs at the ready-launch position. The Forward Area Support Team (FAST) vehicle carries spare parts. The Tracked Rapier Support Vehicle (TRSV) carries 20 Rapier SAMs.

(9) M730 Chaparral SAM launcher. This version is based on a modified M548 cargo carrier has a rear-area flat bed. A pedestal-mounted, one-man power-operated turret with four Chaparral SAMs at the ready-to-launch position is mounted over the rear area. Another eight missiles are carried in reserve. It is used by the U.S. Army, Egypt, Israel, Morocco, Portugal, Taiwan, and Tunisia.

(10) M577/M577A1/M577A2 Command Post. This vehicle's full designation is the Carrier, Command Post, Light Tracked, M577 or M577A1. They have the basic chassis with a higher roof to the rear of the driver's position. A tent can be erected to the rear of the hull to provide increased work area when in a static role. Mounted externally is a generator to power additional communications equipment. The Command Post vehicle can also be used as a fire direction center, communications vehicle, or a mobile medical treatment facility.

(11) Stretched M577A2 Command Post. This has six, rather than five, road wheels on each side. It has additional external fuel tanks and the complete M113A3 powerpack. There is an option of additional armor on the roof and an environmental control unit. It could meet the Army's requirement for a Standard Integrated Command Post System (SICPS).

(12) M113A2 Recovery Vehicle. The Recovery Vehicle, Fully Tracked, Light Armored M113A2 is the basic chassis fitted with a hydraulic winch for recovering disabled vehicles. During recovery operations, spades are lowered to the ground from either side of the ramp. For use in soft soil, an auxiliary spade unit is carried on the roof. The winch has a capacity of 9,070 kg. An auxiliary 1,361-kg crane is on top of the hull on the left side.

(13) M113 APC with TOW. This vehicle is equipped with a pedestal-mounted TOW system that is retracted into the troop compartment when not in use. The vehicle is designated XM233E1 TOW Missile Carrier.

(14) M901/M901A1 Improved Tow Vehicle. This version is essentially an M113A2 APC fitted with the ground TOW launching system. The system consists of an M27 cupola equipped with an image transfer assembly, an armored launcher, missile guidance set, and an auxiliary battery pack. The launcher assembly contains two TOW launch tubes, TOW sight assembly, and an acquisition sight mounted on top of two elevating arms. In addition to the 2 ready-to-launch missiles, another 10 are carried in the hull. A 7.62-mm machine gun is mounted on the cupola for local defense, and 1,000 rounds of ammunition are carried.

(15) M981 Fire Support Team Vehicle (FISTV). This vehicle is the M901 Improved TOW Vehicle equipped with the AN/TVQ-2 GLLD with north-finding module and line-of-sight subsystem, AN/TAS-4 night sight, land navigation system, and extensive communications equipment. In 1988, Egypt received 20 Artillery Target Locating Vehicles (ATLV) which are very similar to the U.S. Army's FISTV.

(16) M1059 Smoke Generating System. This vehicle is an M113A2 with two M54 smoke generators mounted on top of the hull. The smoke generators can be used either singly or in tandem.

(17) M113 with Composite Armor. The hull is made of a reinforced plastic material covered with ceramic tiles with a total thickness of about 32mm. This reportedly provides greater protection than aluminum armor plate at equal or lighter weight, which is critical in amphibious vehicles.

(18) Thyssen Henschel Applique Armor. A 650-kg armor kit for the APC provides protection against 14.5-mm projectiles at a range of 100 meters, and 20-mm projectiles at a range of 200 meters.

(19) Creusot-Loire Add-on Armor. An add-on armor package developed by Creusot-Loire Industrie can be installed or removed with on-board tools. Some panels are fixed and others are removable for maintenance access. This package does not change the vehicle's basic amphibious characteristics. There are three kits:

• A 445-kg kit giving complete protection against penetration from 14.5-mm armor piercing rounds at a range of 300 meters.
• A 830-kg kit providing protection against 12.7mm armor-piercing rounds at a range of 100 meters, and 20-mm and 23-mm armor-piercing rounds at a range of 200 meters.
• A kit still under development for protection against former Soviet RPG-7 anti-tank weapons.

(20) GIAT Armor Package. The M113 vehicles can be fitted with an add-on armor package by GIAT of France. It protects against 14.5-mm former Soviet heavy machine gun and 20 to 23-mm AP attack. Modular panels of special hard steel are attached to the front, sides, and rear. A basic kit weighs 650 kg. A version with a false floor weighs 950 kg. The kit increases the width of the M113 and slightly reduces the power-to-weight ratio. Top speed is not affected.

(21) M113 with Bofors RBS 70 SAM. This variant is a kit which enables a standard M113 series APC to be equipped with a Bofors surface-to-air (SAM) system on a pedestal in the rear troop compartment.

(22) M113 with Air Defense Antitank System (ADATS). The Swiss Oerlikon-Buhrle ADATS was selected by the Canadian Armed Forces for installation on 36 modified M113 APCs. On top is a turret with eight ADATS missiles, four either side, ready to launch. Between the missiles is the electro-optical module and on the turret rear is the surveillance radar.

(23) M113 with Tadpole Sight. Martin Marietta has tested the Tadpole sight with the British Army and the U.S. Army Field Artillery School at Fort Sill. Tadpole is similar to the helicopter Mast Mounted Sight (MMS). It has a 15.24-meter telescoping mast. On top is a sight providing day, night, and limited adverse weather target information. This has a laser rangefinder/designator and a silicon vidicon TV, gimballed mirror to line-of-sight stabilization system.

(24) M113A2/TS 90 Light Tank. This vehicle consists of the M113A2 APC with the roof modified to accept for the GIAT TS 90 two-man turret with 90-mm gun.

Almost every user has developed variants of the M113/M113A1 family. These variants will be discussed in subparagraph f below, which discusses countries served.

(1) Australia. The Australian Army has the M113A1 with the turret of the British Scorpion CVR (T) vehicle armed with a 76-mm gun. This model is amphibious with additional buoyancy aids on the sides and front. They also have 18 models fitted with the turret from the Saladin (6 x 6) armored car. Another light reconnaissance vehicle has the American Cadillac Gage turret T50 armed with a 7.62-mm and a 12.7-mm machine gun. The Australian Army is expected to extend the life of its M113A1s with upgrades. The Australian Army also uses the following:

• M113A1 APC/LRV (armored personnel carrier/light reconnaissance vehicle).
• M113A1 APC(A) (ambulance).
• M113A1 FSV (Scorpion) (fire support vehicle Scorpion turret). This is now called the Medium Reconnaissance Vehicle.
• M113A1 FSV (Saladin) (fire support vehicle Saladin turret).
• M577A1 ACV (armored command vehicle).
• M125A1 APC(M) (carrier mortar).
• M806A1 (armored recovery vehicle, light).
• M113A1 APC(F) (carrier, repair fitters).
• M548 TLC (tracked load carrier).

(2) Belgium. Belgium Mechanical Fabrications has built 525 M113 series vehicles under license for the Belgian Army. These vehicles are in a number of different variants.

(3) Brazil. The Brazilian Army has about 600 M113 series vehicles. They have their original gasoline engines replaced with a Brazilian-built Mercedes-Benz diesel.

(4) Canada. Canada has about 900 M113A1 series vehicles, including the basic APC, the M577A1 command post vehicle, the M113A1 engineer vehicle with a hydraulically-operated dozer blade in front, the M548 tracked cargo carrier, and the Lynx command and reconnaissance vehicle. Canada recently took delivery of 36 Oerlikon-Buhrle ADATS systems on a modified APC, as well as 64 TOW Under Armor (TUA) vehicles, plus ordered another 64 TUAs. The TUA is a Norwegian Kvaerner-Eureka Armored Launching Turret made in Canada under license by Invar Manufacturing.

(5) Denmark. Denmark recently ordered 50 M113 series vehicles fitted with a 25-mm cannon turret, in addition to its 530 basic M113 series vehicles in service.

(6) Egypt. In 1980, Egypt ordered 500 M113A2s. In 1984, the Pentagon offered to supply 354 M113A2 APCs, 19 Mortar carriers, 13 M577A2 command post vehicles, 23 M113A2 armored ambulances, 33 M548A1 ammunition carriers, 52 fitters vehicles and 43 M806E1 armored recovery vehicles. Egypt also developed an applique armor kit, and uses a locally-produced Soviet 120-mm mortar. A modified M113A2 chassis has a one-man power-operated turret with twin 23-mm cannons manufactured in Egypt. It has an Officine Galileo fire control system and an Electronique Serge Dassault surveillance radar. It also has the locally-built Sakr Eye SAM which is an improved version of the Soviet SA-7 Grail.

(7) Germany. One of the largest users of the M113 is Germany, who developed a number of versions. This includes radar vehicles fitted with the RATAC battlefield artillery radar and the Green Archer mortar-locating radar, an artillery observation post vehicle, 120-mm mortar carrier, and modifications to the basic APC. Most have eight smoke dischargers on the front of the hull, and are armed with a single 7.62-mm MG3 machine gun.

Conversion kits for the M113 series offered by Thyssen Henschel are:

Thyssen Henschel also offers: low wear track, M113A2 suspension, cooling, rear external fuel tanks, hydrostatic steering system, more powerful diesel engine, supplementary armor, NBC protection and, various turret systems.

Artillery batteries have an integrated fire control system called the Integrierte Feuerleitmittel fur Artillerie Batterie (IFAB) developed by Thyssen Henschel. This has three main components: forward observer vehicle on M113A1 chassis, fire direction center vehicle on an M577A1G chassis, and data installation kits for the weapons.

Germany also use an artillery observation vehicle called the Beobachtungs-panzer Artilleries. It has a laser rangefinder and a land navigation system. There are three versions of the M577 IFAB command post vehicle: the command cell, the teleprinter cell, and the information cell.

Germany has approximately 500 mortar carriers with a Tampella 120-mm mortar in back that fires to the rear. It carries 63 mortar bombs, or only 23 when afloat.

(8) Israel. The Israelis call the M113 the Zelda. The trim vanes were removed from most vehicles. An extension was fitted to the exhaust so fumes do not blow back into the troop compartment when driving with hatches open. Up to four 7.62-mm or 12.7-mm machine guns may be mounted on top. Racks may be fitted on either side of the hull for personnel kits or other stores to give more room in the troop compartment.

The Israeli Army uses many specialized versions of the M113A1. There is an anti-tank version equipped with the Hughes TOW ATGW system, a forward ambulance, a forward engineer vehicle, modified M577 command vehicles, 60-mm Soltam mortar carriers, and technical support vehicles. A new type of armor can be fitted to the front, sides, and rear.

A RAMTA Improved TOW Vehicle has a TOW ATGW launcher that retracts hydraulically into the hull. The gunner rises on a special platform along with the complete system. The vehicle carries 10 missiles internally.

(9) Italy. Italy uses several versions of the M113. These include the M577 command post vehicles and M548 tracked cargo carriers. Italy also developed an infantry armored fighting vehicle.

There is also the SIDAM 25 (4 x 25-mm) self-propelled antiaircraft gun system. This vehicle has a power-operated turret with a day-only fire-control system. Key modifications to the chassis are:

• Replacement of the existing engine by a more powerful Detroit Diesel 6V-53T developing 265 horsepower.
• Two new fuel tanks mounted one on either side externally at the hull rear, giving a total capacity of 360 liters.
• Modifying the top deck for an improved reverse-flow cooling system.
• Reinforcement of the idler wheel mounts and repositioning the shock absorber supports.
• The existing fan is replaced together with a new air cleaner and silencer.
• The existing transmission is modified or replaced.
• Stronger torsion bars.

The combat engineer vehicle has additional armor, a dozer blade, three-ton hydraulic crane, and a 10-ton winch with rear stabilizers.

(10) New Zealand. New Zealand has 72 M113A1 series APCs, some with the T50 turret. Some were rebuilt, and they include the M125A1 mortar carrier, M577A1 command vehicle, M579 fitters' vehicle, and the M806A1 armored recovery vehicle.

(11) Norway. The NM 135 was developed for the Norwegian Army. This has a new Swedish Hagglunds turret with a German Rheinmetall 20-mm Rh 202 cannon. Mounted coaxially to the right is a 7.62-mm machine gun. The turret is behind the engine. The commander's hatch is immediately to the rear of the driver.

(12) Pakistan. The Pakistani Army has a fleet of around 800 M113 series vehicles. Some of these have been fitted with Improved TOW and RBS 70 surface-to-air missile launchers. A new locally built air-defense version has four locally-built SA-7/HN-5 series SAMs and two 14.5-mm KPV series machine guns elevated on a pedestal.

(13) Singapore. Chartered Industries of Singapore converted the M113 to a 120-mm or 81-mm mortar carrier which is in service with the Singapore Army and is offered for export.

(14) Spain. Spain has the M113, M113A1, M113A2, M548 tracked cargo carrier, M577 command post vehicle, M113 series recovery vehicle, and the M125 81-mm mortar carrier. They are also completely overhauled in Spain. The Spanish Army has a 120mm mortar that fires out the rear. A baseplate is carried externally on the left side of the hull.

(15) Switzerland. The Swiss Army calls the basic APC the Schutzenpanzer 63. Many have the Swedish Hagglund turret with 20-mm cannon. Other versions in service are:

• Bulldozer model (called the Geniepanzer 63).
• Command vehicle (Schutzenpanzer Kdo Spz-63).
• 120-mm mortar carrier (Minenwerferpanzer 64).
• Command vehicle (Kommandopanzer 63).
• Command vehicle with turret-mounted 20-mm cannon (Kommandopanzer 63/73).
• Repair vehicle (Kranpanzer 63).
• Wireless vehicle (Ubermittlungspanzer 63).
• Artillery command vehicle (Feuerleitpanzer 63).

(16) Vietnam. The Vietnamese Army in 1985 was observed to be still using significant numbers of American M113 series APCs, including a version similar to the ACAV but with the 12.7mm M2 HB machine gun replaced by a former Soviet 12.7-mm DShkM machine gun. The two lateral machine guns also were retained, but probably the original M60 series 7.62-mm machine guns have been replaced by former Soviet weapons of the same caliber. The Vietnamese Army in 1987 was using a flamethrower version of the M113 and ACAV models with add-on armor.

The M113 series is in service with:

(1) Vehicule de Combat de l'Infanterie (VCI). The infantry combat vehicle is available in several variations, as shown at the top of next page.

(2) VAB Echelon (Repair Vehicle). This vehicle is equipped with welding equipment, a work bench, and tools. The three-man crew carries out vehicle repairs in the field. It has a Creusot-Loire Industrie TLI 52A turret.

(3) VCAC High-Subsonic Optically Tracked (HOT) (Anti Tank) Mephisto. The French Army has the 4 x 4 model which is the basic VAB with the Euromissile Mephisto system with four ready-to-launch HOT missiles. The vehicle also carries eight more missiles in reserve in the hull. When the launcher is retracted into the hull for travelling it is difficult to distinguish from the APC version. There is a crew of four.

(4) VCAC HOT (Anti-tank) UTM 800. This export model is in service with Qatar. Cyprus also has 18 systems. It has a Euromissile UTM 800 turret with four ready-to-launch HOT missiles. Another 16 missiles are in reserve in the hull. It has a four-man crew.

(5) VAB RATAC and VAB ATILA. These two VABs are in French artillery regiments of armored divisions. The French Army also has reconnaissance squadrons with the VAB RASIT ground surveillance radar.

The VAB RATAC is a mobile firing radar system for field artillery and has a 20-km range Doppler radar on the roof. A generator is on the right side of the hull. A five-man crew includes two radar operators and one radio operator.

The VAB ATILA is a mobile automatic data transmission system fitted out as a mobile data teleprocessing center for various command post levels.

(6) VAB PC (Command Vehicle). This is a basic VAB with mapboards and additional communications equipment, carries a crew of six. It is used as a fire direction center (VAB FDC) and forward observation officer vehicle (VAB FOO), acting as part of the ATILA system. It also mounts parts of the RITA communications system.

(7) VAB Transmission. This model has communications equipment with seats for the operators. It is also used for the RITA Automatic Integrated Transmission Network.

(8) Engineer Vehicle. Called the VAB Genie, this version of the VAB carries engineer equipment and a rubber dingy on the roof. There is a crew of nine.

(9) Electronic Warfare Vehicle. Called the Bromure, this model has a three-man crew with electronic-warfare equipment at the rear.

(10) VAB Sanitaire (Ambulance). This unarmed version carries 4 stretcher or 10 seated patients, or 2 stretcher and 5 seated patients. It has air-conditioning and first-aid equipment.

(11) VMO (Internal Security Vehicle). The Vehicule de Securite export model is fitted with various light armament installations. It may have a Creusot-Loire Industrie TLI 52 A with a 7.62-mm machine gun, or the Creusot-Loire Industrie TLI 52 G turret. A hydraulic obstacle-clearing blade is in front. It has special protection against Molotov cocktails. In the rear and sides are special firing ports with vision blocks. It has a loudspeaker system and optional equipment such as front-mounted winch, heater, air conditioner, and radios. Abu Dhabi has a number of these.

(12) VTM 120 (Mortar Towing Vehicle). This Vehicule Tracteur de Mortier tows a Thomson-Brandt 120-mm mortar, has a six-man crew, and a TLI 52 A turret at the front. The vehicle carries 70 mortar bombs.

(13) VPM 81 (Mortar Carrier). This model has an 81-mm mortar that fires through a two-part opening in the roof. Qatar uses this version in a 6 x 6 configuration with a 7.62-mm machine gun turret in front.

(14) VAB NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle. Called the VAB Reco, this version has nuclear fallout sensors and a series of devices to collect and analyze chemical agents from inside of the vehicle. It should be produced in 1992.

(15) Twin 20-mm SPAAG. The Omani Royal Guard has nine VAB 6 x 6 vehicles with the Electronic Serge Dassault one-man 20-mm turret for use in air defense. Three of these are also equipped with radar.

(1) PWI-S(GR). Pantser Wagen Infanterie-Standaard (Groep) is the Dutch designation for the basic APC.

(2) PWI-S(PC) (Command Vehicle). This platoon commander's vehicle is similar to the PWI-S(GR) but is equipped with additional communications equipment and another periscope is mounted at the rear. The vehicle has a crew of nine, which includes the platoon commander, gunner, driver, and six infantrymen.

(3) PWCO (Command Vehicle). Externally recognizable by its three radio antennas, this company or battalion commander's vehicle has a commander, three staff men, driver and gunner. The seats on the left have been replaced with a folding table, mapboard, and additional communications equipment. A tent can be erected at the rear. The heater works independently of the main engine. A flexible exhaust pipe prevents gases entering the vehicle when it is stationary.

(4) PW-GWT (Ambulance). This unarmed model has a driver and two medical orderlies. It can carry two stretcher patients and four seated patients. Spare stretchers may be carried on the outside.

(5) PW-V (Freight). Internally the same as the PW-GWT, this can be converted to an ambulance. It does not have a radio as standard equipment. It can carry 1,500 kg of cargo, and is crewed by a driver and a gunner.

(6) PW-MT (Mortar Tractor). This version carries a seven-man mortar team and 50 mortar bombs kept in position with a special rack. The vehicle tows a French 120-mm Thomson-Brandt mortar. The lower part of the rear doors have been shortened to allow them to open when the mortar is being towed.

(7) PWAT (Anti-tank Vehicle). This is the basic APC fitted with the Hughes TOW ATGW system.

(8) PWRDR (Radar). This model has the British ZB298 ground surveillance radar.

(1) AMX-10P 25 ICV. This is the standard AMX-10P hull without the two-man turret. In the center is a new GIAT Dragar one-man turret with a 25-mm dual-feed cannon which has 175 rounds of high explosive and 45 rounds of armor-piercing ammunition for ready use. Mounted coaxially is a 7.62-mm machine gun with 200 rounds of ready-use ammunition. A thermal camera and stabilized turret are optional. The gunner has four forward periscopes and two rear vision blocks. The commander sits to the left of the turret; has a hatch cover opening to the front, and six periscopes.

(2) AMX-10P Marine. Used by the Indonesian Marines, this version has a Baudouin 6 F11 SRX diesel engine and is specially modified for naval operations. A 12-inch water jet gives a water speed of 10 km/h. The vehicle has reinforced waterproofing, special protection against salt corrosion, four bilge pumps, streamlined track links, new air intakes, side rings, and an emergency pneumatic engine starter. A strong transparent wave breaker on the front can be raised and lowered hydraulically by the driver. In place of the 2-man turret is a turret with externally-mounted 12.7-mm machine gun mounted over the rear troop compartment. The vehicle has a 2-man crew and can carry a 13-man landing party.

(3) AMX-10 Ambulance. This unarmed version has a fixed commander's cupola with three forward vision blocks. There is a driver and two orderlies. There can be three stretcher patients or one stretcher and four seated patients. The ambulance has air conditioning, a searchlight, washing facilities, oxygen, and blood-transfusion equipment.

(4) AMX-10 ECH Repair Vehicle. This vehicle has the Toucan I one-man turret. There is a crew of five which consists of the commander/chief mechanic, three mechanics, and the driver. There is a 6,000 kg capacity crane mounted on the right side of the roof at the rear. When the crane is being used, two jacks are positioned under the rear of the hull between the ground and the floor of the vehicle. The vehicle is used to change engines on other vehicles of the AMX 10P family. It is also used for changing torsion bars on AMX 10Ps and on AMX 30s.

(5) AMX-10 HOT (Anti-tank). This model is the basic AMX 10P with the Toucan II turret replaced by a new two-man Lancelot turret. It has 4 ready-to-launch HOT missiles and 14 more in the rear of the hull. The crew of five consists of the commander and gunner in the turret, two missile loaders, and the driver. The missiles are launched by the gunner who is seated on the left side of the turret. The gunner has an M509 sight, and the commander has a laser rangefinder with a range of 8,000 meters. The turret also has six periscopes and two vision blocks. The only known user of the vehicle is Saudi Arabia.

(6) AMX-10 PC Command Vehicle. This is the command version of the AMX 10P. It is identical to the basic vehicle except that it has additional communications equipment and a crew of six (two officers, one NCO, two radio operators, and the driver). There is a portable generator mounted on the top of the hull at the rear which is placed on the ground when the vehicle is being used in a static role. Two of the vehicles can be placed back-to-back with a canopy erected between them. In addition, an awning can be erected at the side of the hull.

(7) AMX-10P with RATAC. A roof-mounted Radar For Field Artillery Fire (RATAC) takes place of a turret. The crew consists of a commander, radar operator, assistant radar operator, radio operator, and driver. The radar operates in four modes: ground surveillance, acquisition and identification, angular deviation, and automatic tracking. The radar is in the forward part of the vehicle on the right side, and the radar console is behind it. The plotting table is at the rear of the vehicle on the right. The vehicle also has a navigation system and an identification system. Height including radar is 2.84 meters. At least 24 have been sold to Saudi Arabia.

(8) AMX-10RC. This reconnaissance vehicle is armed with a turret-mounted 155-mm gun. The vehicle has a 6 x 6 configuration and shares many automotive components with the AMX10P.

(9) AMX-10 SAO (Artillery Observation Vehicle). This vehicle is used for battlefield observation and artillery fire control. It is an AMX-10P with its Toucan II turret replaced by a new two-man turret armed with an externally-mounted 7.62-mm machine gun on the right side. There are four electrically-operated smoke dischargers on the top of the turret. The turret has a laser rangefinder with an 8,000-meter range. The rangefinder is coupled to a day sight with a x8 magnification and a night sight with a x4.5 magnification. The turret also has a binocular telescope with a magnification of x2.5 and x10. The crew of five consists of the commander (who normally operates the binocular telescope), second in command (who normally operates the laser rangefinder), two radio operators, and a driver. This vehicle is equipped with a vehicle attitude corrector which enables it to establish its exact position.

(10) AMX-10 SAT (Artillery Survey Vehicle). This is the AMX-10 PC command vehicle modified internally for a gyrostabilized theodolite, topographic survey theodolite, distance measuring equipment, and navigation system.

(11) AMX-10 TM (Mortar Tractor). This version has a Toucan I turret with a 20-mm cannon and a 7.62-mm machine gun. It tows a 120-mm Thomson-Brandt rifled mortar and carries 60 rounds of ammunition. There is a crew of six.

(12) AMX-10 VOA (Artillery Observer Vehicle). This artillery observer vehicle is based on the AMX 10P command vehicle chassis. It has a crew of four, consisting of the commander, the observer, a radio operator, and a driver. The turret is manned by one or two men. The turret has equipment for day and night observation and for local defense. The turret equipment enables the acquisition of target coordinates and the manual or automatic transmission of artillery messages. There is a 7.62-mm machine gun and four smoke dischargers.

(13) AMX-10 SAF. Also known as the AMX-10PC SAF, this model is used with the ATILA artillery fire control system. It has a five-man crew, auxiliary power unit, two air conditioning systems for the electronics and crew, a computer, a data processing center (including screen and keyboard), and three radio sets.

(14) AMX-10 PAC 90 Fire Support Vehicle. This version basically consists of an AMX 10P ICV hull equipped with the GIAT TS 90 turret. The Indonesian Marine models of this vehicle have automotive characteristics and modifications similar to the AMX 10P Marines previously described. The primary role of the AMX 10 PAC is anti-tank and fire support on the battlefield at ranges of between 1,000 and 2,500 meters. It can also be used as a reconnaissance vehicle or as an APC. It can also transport MILAN anti-tank or 81-mm mortar teams.

The 90-mm gun can fire canister, HE, HE long range, HEAT, smoke, and APFSDS ammunition. The turret carries 20 rounds of ammunition, 12 HEAT and 8 HE. Another 10 rounds are carried in the hull. There is a 7.62 machine gun mounted coaxially to the left of the main gun, and there are 2,000 rounds of ammunition for it in the turret and another 1,200 rounds in the hull. The vehicle has two smoke dischargers mounted on each side of the turret toward the rear.

The four infantrymen sit at the rear of the hull. They enter and leave by the large ramp in the hull rear which has two doors, each with a firing port. There are four periscopes in the rear of the troop compartment, one in each side and two at the rear.

(1) A1 Upgrade. This four-crew model carries five infantrymen. It weighs 30,000 kg. Some 674 vehicles were upgraded to this standard. Main improvements include:

• Better firepower from a double-belt feed for the 20-mm cannon.
• Improved night capabilities with the installation of the PERI Z 59 night sight which uses image intensification technique with thermal pointer.
• Remaining active infrared searchlight and sight are retained.

(2) A1A. The previous modifications were made to 1,112 vehicles, except that the passive vision equipment was not installed. All German Army Marders, except command vehicles, carry MILAN ATGW systems that reduce the number of infantrymen carried from six to five.

(3) A2. This modification includes the thermal imaging sight equipment instead of image-intensification equipment. The infrared searchlight on the left side of the turret is removed and the chassis and suspension are modified.

(4) A3. Starting in 1989, an armor package is being added to 2,100 Marders. To provide protection from the BMP-2 30-mm cannon, the 1,600-kg package includes the following:

• Frontal armor on the hull.
• Add-on armor on the glacis plate.
• Conformal add-on armor on both sides of the turret.
• Three box-type armor components on both sides of the hull. These block off the hull firing ports.
• Spaced armor plates on the roof to cause premature detonation of top attack rounds.
• Add-on armor with a stowage compartment at the rear door.

(5) Marder with Radar System. The Radarpanzer TUR (Tiefflieger-Uberwachungs-Radar) is an extensively-modified raised hull with a large hydraulic arm that raises a rotating acquisition radar to approximately 10 meters above ground. The RadarPz TUR hull was raised to accommodate the hydraulic, cooling, radio and data processing, power supply, display, and control equipment. The system is expected to enter service in the early 1990s and support the Roland and Gepard air defense systems. Basic specifications are:

(6) Marder with LWT-3 Turret. This vehicle is a Marder equipped with a new turret armed with a 20-mm cannon which is fully stabilized. LWT-3 stands for Light Weapon Turret with three-axis stabilization.

(7) Roland Surface-to-air Missile System. The German Army has 144 Roland systems. Two missiles are at the ready-to-launch position, and another eight are in the hull ready for automatic loading. A rotating acquisition radar is mounted above a target dish radar that sits between two arms holding the missile tubes.

(8) TAM Medium Tank Family. The Tanque Argentino Mediano (TAM) developed for the Argentinean Army is described in Lesson One. Thyssen Henschel also developed 300 VCTP ICVs for Argentina. The VCTP is similar to the Marder but it has the following modifications:

• a more powerful 720-hp engine.
• a less sophisticated two-man turret with a 20-mm cannon and a 7.62-mm anti-aircraft machine gun.
• three gun ports in each side of the troop compartment.
• two rectangular roof hatches hinged on the outside.
• a remote-controlled 7.62-mm machine gun at the hull rear.
• a capacity of 12 men including the crew.
• 75 km/h maximum road speed.
• two rear fuel tank drums for an increased range of 800 km.

The TAM/VCTP chassis has been used for a range of vehicles, including:

• 155-mm self-propelled gun (using the turret of the French 155-mm GCT).
• 57-mm Support Tank, or Begleitpanzer.
• 57-mm anti-aircraft vehicle.
• Dragon twin 30-mm self-propelled anti-aircraft gun system.

(1) M2A1 and M3A1 Bradleys. First delivered in 1986, the M2A1 and M3A1 can fire all versions of the Hughes TOW ATGW, including the full-diameter TOW 2 with maximum range of 3,750 meters.

Both models have an improved NBC system. The M2A1 has a central NBC system for the commander, gunner, and driver, while the dismounted infantrymen in the rear have their own NBC suits and masks which allow them to leave the vehicle quickly.

Other improvements include:

• Turret power indicator.
• Padding for the driver's station.
• Redesigned weapons interlock and top deck clearance arrangements.
• Simplified stowage strapping.
• New on-board rations.
• Two camouflage nets.
• Replacement of the single water tank by two smaller ones with the same total capacity.

The M2A1 has the Dragon AN/TAS-5 night sight, and up to five Dragons are carried in place of TOWs. Mine and flare stowage was re-arranged for more mines and fewer flares. The M3/M3A1 does not have the firing ports and associated vision blocks of the M2/M2A1. This cavalry version has two individual seats with four periscopes in the missile loading hatch. The M2A1/M3A1 also has revised fuel and fire-suppression systems.

A second set of improvements starting in 1988 included:

• Enhanced vehicle survivability by restowing ammunition and fuel.
• Internal armor protection of key components.
• Spall liners and improved vehicle smoke screening.
• Additional armor protection including explosive-reactive armor for hull and turret.
• A ballistic shroud to be provided for the commander's back-up sight.
• Introduction of a new 25-mm round.
• Improved drive train and suspension.

(2) High Survivability Bradley. This vehicle features additional armor protection. This increases the weight to approximately 30,000 kg. It is powered by a 600 horsepower engine instead of the 500 horsepower production model.

(3) Multiple Launch Rocket System. The MLRS (M993) has been designed for the Bradley in forward battlefield areas. It is carried on the M987 Fighting Vehicle Systems Carrier. Another member of this family is the Armored, Forward-Area, Rearm Vehicle (AFARV) which rearms main battle tanks and other vehicles. Recent variants on this chassis in the testing stages are the Armored Maintenance Vehicle and the Electronic System Carrier.

(4) Bradley Air Defense Vehicle. The U.S. Army selected the Bradley chassis to mount a Oerlikon-Buhrle ADATS air defense system. It is a power-operated turret with electro-optics in the center and four ADATS missiles in the ready-to-launch position either side of the turret.

(1) Cougar 76-mm Gun Wheeled Fire Support Vehicle (WFSV). A total of 195 Cougars were built. It is the basic vehicle fitted with basically the same turret used on the British CVR(T) Scorpion and the Australian M113A1 fire support vehicle. The turret has a 7.62-mm machine gun mounted coaxially to a 76-mm L23A1 main gun and four smoke dischargers on either side. Ten rounds of 76-mm and 220 rounds of 7.62-mm ammunition are carried in the turret, and 30 rounds of 76-mm and 15 boxes of 7.62-mm ammunition are in reserve in the hull. The Cougar has a crew of three. It carries a laser rangefinder.

(2) Grizzly Wheeled Armored Personnel Carrier (WAPC). This is the basic vehicle fitted with a Cadillac Gage 1m turret armed with a 12.7-mm machine gun, a 7.62-mm machine gun, and four smoke dischargers on either side. The Grizzly carries 10 boxes of 12.7-mm ammunition and 18 boxes of 7.62-mm ammunition. The hull sides and rear have firing ports and vision blocks. The Grizzly has a three-man crew, and carries eight fully-equipped infantrymen.

(3) Husky Wheeled Maintenance and Recovery Vehicle (WMRV). This vehicle has a crew of three. It is equipped with a 4,536-kg capacity crane. The vehicle is used for field repair and recovery work.

(1) Logistics Vehicle. This vehicle has a higher roof with twin hatches for the rapid loading and unloading of cargo. The crew of three consists of the commander, driver, and loadmaster. There is a crane for loading and unloading cargo at the left rear of the hull. Armament consists of a pintle mounted 7.62-mm machine gun and two four-barrelled smoke grenade launchers.

(2) Mortar Carrier. This version has a crew of four consisting of the commander, driver, and three mortar men. The vehicle carries an 81-mm mortar and 94 rounds of ammunition. The mortar is mounted in the center of the vehicle, and fires through the three-part roof hatch. There is also a pintle-mounted 7.62-mm machine gun and two four-barrelled smoke grenade launchers.

(3) Maintenance/Recovery Vehicle. This vehicle has a crew of five. There is the commander, the driver, and two mechanics. There is a 7.62-mm pintle-mounted machine gun and two four-barrelled smoke grenade launchers. The vehicle is equipped with a portable auxiliary power unit, a crane with a 1,814 kg capacity, and a rear-mounted winch with a capacity of 13,608 kg. There are four stabilizers to provide a more stable platform when the crane is in use.

(4) Anti-Tank Vehicle. This vehicle has an Emerson twin TOW launcher mounted on top of the hull above the third wheel. The launcher carries two ready-to-launch missiles, and there are 14 more missiles in the hull. Secondary armament consists of a 7.62-mm or a 12.7-mm machine gun on a pintle and two four-barrelled smoke dischargers. The vehicle also carries a ground mount for the TOW and a hand-held laser rangefinder. The vehicle has a crew of four consisting of the driver, commander, gunner, and loader.

(5) Command and Control Vehicle. This version has a similar hull to the logistics vehicle, and has extensive communications equipment installed. The crew consists of the vehicle commander and driver. There is space for a unit commander and four staff members or radio operators. Armament consists of one pintle-mounted 7.62-mm machine gun and two four-barrelled smoke dischargers.

(1) Ferret Mk 1. An open top which may be covered by canvas is featured on this version also called Car Scout 4 x 4 Liaison FV701(C). It has a 7.62-mm Bren machine gun or a 7.62-mm (.30-cal) Browning machine gun with 450 rounds.

(2) Ferret Mk 1/2 (FV704). This vehicle is identical to the Mk 1 except for a three-man crew, this variant is designated Car Scout Liaison Mk 1/2. There is an armored roof with periscopes, vision blocks, and rear-opening hatch cover.

(3) Ferret Mk 2. This is basically a Mk 1 fitted with a turret. It is officially known as the Car Scout 4 x 4, Reconnaissance (Ferret) Mk 2 FV701(E).

(4) Ferret Mk 2/2. This was a local modification carried out in the Far East. It is basically the Ferret Mk 2 with an extension collar fitted between the top of the hull and the machine gun turret to enable the commander/gunner to have a better field of fire.

(5) Ferret Mk 2/3. Officially designated Scout Car Reconnaissance Mk 2/3 (Daimler Ferret 4 x 4)FV701(H), this is the later production model of the Mk 2.

(6) Ferret Mk 2/4. This is a Ferret Mk 2/3 with additional armor.

(7) Ferret Mk 2/5. This is a Ferret Mk 2 brought up to Ferret Mk 2/4 standards.

(8) Ferret Mk 2/6 (FV703). Designated Scout Car Reconnaissance/Guided Weapon Mk 2/6, this model is a Mk 2/3 with one Vigilant ATGW ready-to-launch missile on each side of the turret. In place of the spare wheel on the left side are two more missiles. The wire-guided missile has a range of 200 to 1,375 meters. The last known users were Libya and the United Arab Emirates, but they may have been placed the vehicles in reserve.

(9) Ferret Mk 3/7. This is a Ferret Mk 2/6 with the missile system removed. It is, therefore, basically a Ferret Mk 2/3.

(10) Ferret Mk 3. This is the Mk 1/1 improved to Mk 4 standards with a machine-gun turret.

(11) Ferret Mk 4 (FV711). This model is an early Ferret rebuilt with stronger suspension, disc brakes, and large tires. Around the top of the hull is a collapsed flotation screen that provides the vehicle the capability to propel itself across lakes and rivers by its wheels. Watertight stowage containers are on either side of the hull, and servicing points have been reduced.

(1) Panga Armored Reconnaissance Vehicle. Developed for export to Malaysia, the Panga has a redesigned hull and a one-man turret with 12.7-mm M2 HB machine gun. This model has the following features.

• Two-man crew.
• 5,840-kg combat weight.
• 22 meters length.
• 2.13 meters width.
• 2.34 meters height (to sight).
• Spare tire is on the right side.
• Additional external stowage.
• Another periscope on either side of the driver's hatch.
• Vapor-cycle air-cooling system.
• Hub winching equipment for self recovery.
• Improved vehicle lighting.
• Engine fire-extinguishing system.
• Dual circuit brakes.
• Electrically-operated tire pump.
• Trench crossing channels on the front.
• Flashing lights.
• Public address system.

(2) Fox/25-mm McDonnell Douglas Helicopters Chain Gun. This vehicle is the basic Fox equipped with a one-man, electric-driven turret. The turret is armed with a 25-mm M242 Chain Gun and coaxial 7.62-mm machine gun. The vehicle carries a minimum of 250 rounds of 25-mm and 1,500 rounds of 7.62-mm ammunition. Options include a stabilization system, escape hatches, limited slip differential, crew air cooling, and increased fuel capacity.

(3) Fox/MILAN. This is a basic Fox equipped with a one-man all-welded steel turret. A 7.62-mm McDonnell Douglas Helicopters Chain Gun is mounted in the forward part of the turret. The vehicle carries 2,600 rounds of ammunition. Mounted on the roof of the turret on the left side is a twin launcher for the Euromissile MILAN 2,000-meter ATGW with a minimum of six missiles carried in reserve. The MILAN launcher and its integral sight can be elevated and traversed independently of the turret. A bank of four electrically-operated smoke dischargers are mounted on each side of the forward part of the turret. The commander/gunner has one periscopic sight for aiming the machine gun and four vision blocks. Optional equipment includes escape hatches, limited slip differential, air cooling for the crew, 16 grenade launcher configuration, and increased fuel capacity.

(4) Fox/Scout. This is essentially the Fox/MILAN with the MILAN installation removed and the hole blanked. The conversion can be achieved in a matter of minutes using simple equipment. Armament consists of the 7.62-mm Chain Gun and four smoke dischargers.

(1) Main Armament. A 30-mm RARDEN cannon fires a new armor-piercing round and other high-explosive rounds. It fires rapid single shots or bursts up to six rounds. Cartridge cases are automatically ejected outside the turret. Maximum effective range is 2,000 meters.

(2) Secondary Armament. Mounted coaxially to the main gun is a 7.62-mm machine gun. Four smoke dischargers are on each side of the front of the turret.

(1) Dutch Vehicle. The Dutch version has a slightly different layout from the Canadian Lynx. In the Dutch vehicle, the driver is seated at the front of the vehicle on the left, and has a single piece hatch cover that opens to the rear. The hatch has an integral infrared periscope mounted in its roof and four periscopes arranged around the forward part of the roof. The radio operator/gunner is seated to the right of the driver and has a hatch cover that opens to the rear. He also has four periscopes arranged around the forward part of the hatch cover. A 7.62-mm machine gun can be mounted forward of this hatch cover. There is an entry door in the right side of the hull to the rear of the radio operator/gunner.

When originally delivered, the Dutch vehicles were armed with a 12.7-mm machine gun, but the Dutch Army ordered 266 Oerlikon turrets armed with a 25-mm Oerlikon cannon for installation on the vehicles.

(2) Optional Armament Installations. The FMC Corp has offered the following options:

• Model 100-E cupola with a 7.62-mm M73 machine gun.
• Model 74 cupola with twin 7.62-mm M73 or twin .30-cal M37 machine guns.
• XM27 cupola (modified M26) with 20-mm Oerlikon cannon.
• M113 cupola with 12.7-mm, 7.62-mm, or 7.62-mm machine gun pintle-mounted.
• FMC Pedestal Mount with 7.62-mm, 12.7-mm, 20-mm, or 25-mm cannon that can be loaded, aimed, and fired from within the vehicle.
• ATGWs mounted in launcher boxes on the roof.
• 106-mm M40 recoilless rifle mounted on the roof.

(1) Belgian Scorpion and Scimitar. The Belgian Army's Scorpions and Scimitars underwent two major repair and maintenance programs. The first program included modifications to rectify cracks in the armor. The second program was combined with a mid-life general overhaul and improved safety for the crew, better operational capability, improved reliability, and easier maintenance.

(2) Irish Scorpions. These Scorpions have a 12.7-mm machine gun on an anti-aircraft mount installed on the turret roof.

(3) New Zealand Scorpions. The New Zealand Scorpions include an electronic ignition system, a Dunlop power traverse system, American radios, and no NBC protection or image intensification night sights.

(4) Omani Scorpions. The Omani Scorpions had many modifications. These are listed below.

• Installation of a central warning system.
• Larger rubber mud flaps at rear.
• Fiberglass track shrouds replaced by rubber shrouds.
• Driver's mine plate increased to 20 mm.
• Larger rear hull stowage bin.
• Left tool bin replaced by larger bin with facility to stow two extra jerry cans.
• Additional stowage bin on right side of hull.
• No NBC pack. This allows for an additional five rounds of 76-mm ammunition and three boxes of machine gun ammunition in its place.
• No. 25 reel and bracket installed.
• Turret fume extractor.
• Helio MG pintle fitted adjacent to commander's hatch aperture.
• Stowage bins either side of the turret.
• Two-color camouflage paint.
• Mounting points to enable Clark-type radio mast to be erected at the front of the vehicle.
• Vickers Instruments L20 laser sights to complement the L22 TLS fitted in the Omani Chieftain tanks.

(5) Scorpion 90. This export model can deal with all types of targets and can inflict severe damage on main battle tanks. The Scorpion with a 90-mm Cockerill Mk III gun was first produced with the American Cadillac Gage power traverse and elevation system now superseded by Marconi Command and Control Systems equipment. Malaysia has 26 Scorpion 90s with the Perkins diesel engine and German smoke/fragmentation grenade dischargers.

Nigeria has 33 Scorpion 90s with the Belgian OIP-5 fire-control system. In 1988, Venezuela reportedly ordered 84 Scorpion 90s.

(6) Scorpion Improvement Program. Alvis produced Scorpions with its Jaguar XK gasoline engine replaced by a Perkins turbo-charged six-cylinder diesel model T6-3544. It develops 200 horsepower at 2,700 rpm. The weight increased from 8,073 kg to 8,260 kg. The vehicle's range increased from over 640 km to over 840 km. Acceleration to 48.3 km/h improved from 18.5 seconds to 16 seconds.

Laser rangefinders for the Scorpion come in various configurations for sights and fittings. A Far Eastern customer, believed to be Thailand, ordered 160 Vickers L20 sights. Omani has this sight fitted with a Ferranti laser rangefinder. The United Arab Emirates has a Barr and Stroud Tank Laser Sight.

A package of improvements for export vehicles includes:

• Avimo NV53 day/night commander's sight.
• Avimo NVL53 day/night gunner's sight with integral laser rangefinder.
• Power traverse and elevation drives.
• External 7.62-mm machine gun mount which can be used by the commander or the gunner.
• New fume extraction system.
• Improved transmission.
• Improved suspension and enhanced cross-country mobility.
• Fire suppression system.

(7) Scorpion Dieselization Package. This variant uses a proven diesel engine design. It allows for system compatibility and offers all of the financial, logistics, operational, and technical advantages associated with diesel powered vehicles. Diesel conversion packages can be undertaken in-country.

(8) Scimitar Reconnaissance Vehicle (FV107) (Figure 2-18). The Scimitar has the same hull and turret as the Scorpion but is armed with a 30-mm RARDEN cannon instead of the 76-mm gun. It fires 30-mm Hispano Suiza Oerlikon ammunition as well as many British rounds. It also fires a new APDS-T round. The gun fires in rapid single shots or bursts up to six rounds. Empty cartridge cases automatically eject outside the turret. Coaxially to the left of the main gun is a 7.62-mm machine gun. Four smoke dischargers are on each side of the turret front.

(1) Spartan Anti-Aircraft Variant. One proposal is to fit the Spartan with the French EST TA 20 turret armed with twin 20-mm cannon.

(2) Spartan with Hughes TOW ATGW System. There is one proposal to equip the Spartan with a Hughes TOW launcher on the roof and carry nine missiles in the rear of the vehicle. The vehicle would also carry a tripod to enable the missile to be used on the ground.

(3) Spartan with Euromissile HOT ATGW System. For trails purposes a Spartan APC has been equipped with a Euromissle HOT HCT turret with four HOT 4,000-meter ATGWs in the ready-to-launch position.

(4) Spartan with Euromissile MILAN ATGW System. This system has been ordered by the British Army. The vehicle is a Spartan APC fitted with a Euromissile MILAN MCT compact turret mounted over the roof. It has two missiles in the ready-to-launch position and 11 missiles carried internally. This system can be installed during manufacture, or it can be retrofitted to existing vehicles without major modification.