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LESSON 5
SELF TEST
ANSWER KEY AND FEEDBACK
| 1. | There are two broad categories of surveillance -- direct and indirect. Define these two methods. |
| Direct surveillance requires the observer to use his senses of sight, hearing, and smells to gather infractions about the existence, identification, or scopes of energy activity. Indirect surveillance methods include all of the mechanical, electrical, and chemical devices which extend the range of the human senses. | |
| 2. | Give two advantages of direct surveillance. |
| Two advantages of direct surveillance methods are: | |
| 3. | Give two advantages of indirect surveillance methods. |
| Two advantages of indirect methods of surveillance are: | |
| 4. | There are two major types of aerial photography in common use for surveillance purposes -- vertical and oblique. Which type is most commonly used and why is this so? |
| Reconnaissance and surveillance needs are more often met by various kinds of oblique photography, which also cover a greater area with fewer flights than does vertical photography. | |
| 5. | What expedient can be used to obtain oblique photography from helicopters or other small aircraft? |
| Hand held cameras can be used in helicopter and small aircraft to get valuable information on the terrain and activities below. | |
| 6. | Low altitude oblique aerial photography provides valuable information on ground activities. What terrain features may limit its effectiveness? |
| In areas of moderate to rugged relief, defilade may limit information recorded on low altitude oblique photography. | |
| 7. | There are several devices for indirect surveillance. Which type of device uses radio signals or ultrahigh frequency to transmit reflected signals from which characteristics of the object under observation may be determined? |
| Radar detection devices emitting radio signals, usually in the form of pulses of an ultrahigh frequency, produce minute reflected signals from which the characteristic of the object under observation may be determined. | |
| 8. | What means besides foliage cover should be used to prevent detection by air to ground radar? |
| As foliage alone cannot be relied upon completely to detect air-to-ground radar, digging in, defilade, or special radar-scattering screening materials should also be used for concealment. | |
| 9. | Infrared devices are also used in surveillance. Which type of infrared device detects and is sensitive to the aerial wavelengths (heat emission)? |
| Passive (far) infrared detectors are sensitive to thermal wavelengths and concealment depends on reducing the heat emission of objects which are hotter than their surroundings. | |
| 10. | What measure of insulation can be used to attenuate the heat radiation of an object and thereby help prevent detection by passive (far) infrared detectors? |
| Defilade, heavy brush, and tree cover will attenuate heat radiation and thus help protect from passive (far) infrared detectors. | |
| 11. | Against which type of infrared device are screening nets effective? |
| Screening nets reflect active infrared waves but do not shield a hidden object which emits heat from detection by passive infrared devices. | |
| 12. | Starlight scopes are special devices which greatly amplify reduced light to permit visual detection under night conditions. What countermeasures can be used against detection by those devices? |
| Countermeasures against starlight scopes include all means of concealment from visual detection in daylight. | |
| 13. | Effective countersurveillance depends upon three principles or concepts which govern all implementary plans and activities? What are those principles? |
| All camouflage or countersurveillance plans and activities are effectuated through siting, discipline, and construction. | |
| 14. | Concealment of activities and objects is an objective of the countersurveillance plans of a unit. What are the three techniques used in concealment of objects or activities? |
| Concealment of an object or activity can be achieved through the technique of hiding, blending, and disguising. | |
| 15. | The site chosen must provide concealment without disturbing or altering the characteristic pattern of the terrain. What are the four types of terrain? |
| The four types of terrain are agricultural, urban, wooded, and barren. | |
| 16. | In choosing a site for an activity or unit, there is one requirement (other than size and meeting mission requirements) that all locations must have. What is this requirement? |
| The site chosen must provide concealment without disturbing or altering the characteristic pattern of the terrain. | |
| 17. | Tracks of vehicles are usually easily detected. How is their destination obscured? |
| Tracks should always continue past their destination to a logical termination. | |
| 18. | A one-way track plan of the site should be laid out. How is this done? |
| In addition to laying out a plan on the ground itself, a plan should be sketched on either a map overlay or a sketch of the area. | |
| 19. | In a desert, or any open barren terrain, the lower an object is to the ground, the smaller is its shadow and the easier it is to conceal from aerial observation. Knowing this, what would be your first step in concealing a vehicle under these conditions? |
| When the situation permits, every effort must be made to dig in important vehicles. | |
| 20. | The maintenance of camouflage while a unit is in position is vital to its security. What actions can be taken periodically to determine if the camouflage is continuing to be effective? |
| Successful maintenance involves frequent ground inspection, active patrol measures for camouflage discipline, and, if possible, aerial observation and photography and the correction of defects. |
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