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Intelligence

FM 6-20-10: Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for The Targeting Process

CHAPTER 4

CORPS AND DIVISION TARGETING

Targeting at corps and division level is primarily at the tactical level of war. It involves commanders and staffs in the decide, detect, deliver, and assess functions in support of tactical operations. A corps commander might also command a joint force land component or a JTF. As a JTF commander, he might plan and execute a campaign with objectives associated with the operational level of war.

REQUIREMENTS FOR SUCCESSFUL TARGETING

Targeting is done throughout the current and anticipated areas of interest. The operational success of the corps and/or division battle depends on--

  • The commander's battle plan.
  • The timeliness and accuracy of intelligence from national, theater, corps, and division assets.
  • The speed with which the corps or division creates and exploits its tactical and operational advantages.
  • The ability of the staff to synchronize a multiservice targeting effort.

The corps targeting team is a planner and an executor of the targeting process. It has the assets needed to see, plan, and execute deep targeting while synchronizing targeting in support of close and rear operations. Corps is normally the first echelon where other service components provide significant fire support assets beyond field artillery and other Army systems. To engage the enemy, it involves the coordinated use of all of the following:

  • Intelligence.
  • Surface-to-surface rocket and missile artillery.
  • Army aviation.
  • Air Force.
  • SOF.
  • Navy and Marine Corps assets.

To look deep into the battlefield, the corps has collection assets in the organic military intelligence (MI) brigade. The corps targeting team also has various systems that link it to EAC and national collection and attack systems. To plan targeting, the corps main CP has the command, control, communications, computers, and intelligence (C4I) elements to synchronize the overall battle, to include deep targeting. To execute the targeting process, the fire support cell has links to all of the following:

  • Field artillery units.
  • Army attack aviation.
  • SOF.
  • EW.
  • Air Force.
  • Naval assets.

With these links, the fire support cell can aggressively attack the commander's HPTs.

The corps and divisions fight combined arms battles and engagements by employing every tactical means available. The commander integrates and coordinates different kinds of maneuver battalions and lethal and nonlethal support to accomplish division missions. The division executes close operations and at the same time conducts deep and rear operations. This is the highest echelon where cannon and rocket artillery provide the majority of the fire support systems. It is also the lowest to plan extensively on the use of air platforms, both fixed- and rotary-winged.

FUNCTIONS

The targeting functions at caps and division are as follows:

  • Synchronize close, deep, and rear area targeting.
  • Provide input to the G3 DST.
  • Perform TVA to develop HVTs.
  • Identify HPTs and produce HPTLs for each phase or critical event.
  • Develop TSSs.
  • Identify requirements for detection of HPTs, and include them in the collection plan.
  • Nominate targets for attack.
  • Allocate acquisition and attack assets.
  • Request assistance from higher headquarters.
  • Recommend and determine attack guidance (within established ROE).
  • Coordinate and direct lethal and/or nonlethal attack of approved targets.
  • Identify requirements for CA.
  • Execute the collection plan.
  • Receive and evaluate BDA.
  • Recommend changes to the OPORD.

PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS

The operating environment and targeting capabilities influence the decide, detect, deliver, and assess functions. Planning is different for a conventional war against a sophisticated enemy, requiring interdiction of operational targets, than that for OOTW against a guerrilla force where targets are difficult to locate. With evolving security threats, each corps and division staff is concerned with several contingency plans. HVTs and HPTs are developed for plans that are regional and for which adequate intelligence is available. Also, for planning purposes, each contingency has an associated list of forces that contains listings of available nonorganic collection and delivery assets.

TARGETING ORGANIZATION

Main Command Post

The main CP provides continuity for corps and division operations. It synchronizes the entire corps or division battle, conducts deep operations, and plans all future operations. The main CP is functionally organized to support the coordination needed to synchronize operations. The main CP is normally composed of seven functional cells as shown in the figure below. Each cell has either a full or part time representative from each of the coordinating staff sections. Most targeting responsibilities are supported by the DOCC and current operations, plans, intelligence, and fire support cells.

Current Operations Cell

The current operations cell has the primary function of synchronizing current close, deep, and rear operations. The current operations cell executes the commander's attack guidance for deep targets. In addition, the cell monitors the corps close battle being fought by the corps tactical (tac) CP and subordinate divisions.

Plans Cell

The plans cell plans future operations as branches and sequels for the current operation. Determining the HPTs to be attacked in support of the mission is of major importance during this planning process. Planning also establishes the concepts for detection and attack of these targets. The plans cell is responsible for leading the staff in war gaming. The DST, collection plan, and attack guidance are developed as a result of war gaming.

Fire Support Cell

The fire support cell synchronizes all deep fires and directs the attack of targets by organic or attached fire support. This includes synchronizing fires for J-SEAD to support air and aviation operations. It coordinates the use of airspace through the A2C2 element. It coordinates Air Force support through the ASOC and corps or division TACP. The fire support cell coordinates support requests and taskings with the FSE in the DOCC. In some special cases, the fire support cell coordinates directly with the BCE at the AOC. The cell includes representatives from the TACP, Army aviation, AD, EW, G3 air, G2, engineer, and A2C2 section.

Deep Operations Coordination Cell

The DOCC is an emerging organization that can be employed on a stand-alone or ad hoc basis. It is to be located at the main CP and plans, coordinates, and synchronizes the corps or division deep operations. Making deep operations work requires the full time (24-hour) efforts of several people (FSCOORD, G3 plans, G2, and aviation). Additional assistance from other staff agencies (DFSCOORD, EWO, ADAO, ALO, G3 air, PSYOP, and ADA) are included as required. The chief of staff leads the DOCC and approves all deep operations. The DOCC has robust communication links.

The DOCC acts as the battle command and control facility, which exists to support the successful execution of deep operations. The DOCC stays abreast of the status of close and rear operations and continually assesses their relationship with deep operations criteria. Through the targeting process, targets are selected and detection assets are allocated and employed. The DOCC is responsible to confirm and validate the sensor reading to determine if the original decide criteria for a target remains in place. The DOCC allocates the attack resource to engage the target. With the DOCC in place, the battle command and control process is continuous and interactive. The DOCC ensures the process is driven by the commander's intent, missions, and events.

Intelligence Cell

The intelligence cell requests, collects, and analyzes intelligence information from all sources to produce and distribute combat intelligence. It performs continuous IPB and TVA to support future operations planning and is the basis for target development. As part of the targeting process, it executes the collection plan and notifies the fire support and current operations cells when HPT are detected. It tasks the organic corps or division MI unit.

Command and Control Warfare

Command and control warfare (C2W) is the ability to deny information to or adversely affect enemy command and control capabilities by the integrated use of all of the following:

  • OPSEC.
  • Military deception.
  • PSYOP.
  • EW.
  • Physical destruction.

It is also used to protect friendly command and control against such action.

The part of C2W designed to deny enemy commanders the ability to command and control their forces effectively is called counter-C2 . Action taken to maintain the effectiveness of friendly C2 despite both adversary and friendly counter-C2 actions is called C2-protection.

COUNTER-C2

Planning for C2W is also based on the corps commander's concept of operations. It describes how the corps will disrupt the enemy's C2 capability. It further describes how the commander will use the available information warfare capabilities to enhance his own operations.

Used in conjunction with OPSEC, deception can be used to feed selected information to an enemy decision maker to get him to see an incorrect picture and act upon it. Some of the specific deception goals of C2 W may be to--

  • Cause the enemy to employ his forces in ways which are advantageous to us.
  • Cause the enemy to reveal his strengths, dispositions, and future intentions.
  • Overload the intelligence and analysis capabilities of the enemy and create confusion as to our intentions in order for us to achieve surprise.
  • Cause the enemy to expend firepower on false or unprofitable targets.

PSYOP can be used against enemy command and control in such a way as to either create or reinforce perceptions. It is obvious that PSYOP is closely integrated with OPSEC and deception. All three seek to portray a picture of reality in a way that will be beneficial to what we wish to accomplish.

Electronic warfare is divided into three areas:

  • Electronic attack (EA).
  • Electronic warfare support (ES).
  • Electronic protection (EP).

All three divisions can be used in information warfare. When we can intercept enemy communications and locate enemy transmitters, we have the potential to target his C2 systems with fires. Another method of targeting the enemy C2 systems is EA. For the purpose of the corps, this equates to jamming critical enemy C2 nodes. The major mission of EP in information warfare will be to starve the enemy intelligence gatherers. Communications operators and leaders must pay close attention to communications security (COMSEC) to ensure vital information is not revealed when emitters radiate.

For the purposes of C2W, destruction of a hostile C2 function means that it cannot perform permanently or for a given time period. The commander's destruction intentions must be clearly communicated to the fire support element so that limited assets can cover the most targets.

It is important to remember that C2W will be competing with other targets needing the same weapon systems.

C2-PROTECTION

C2-protection planning is based on the corps commander's concept of operation. The first step is to make an assessment of enemy intelligence and counter-C2 capabilities. Next, the corps characteristics that are vulnerable to enemy intelligence and counter-C2 actions are identified. Priority characteristics that require special protection are identified by the G3 as essential elements of friendly information (EEFI). The staff helps the G3 determine and implement OPSEC measures that eliminate or reduce vulnerabilities.

Considerations must also be given to the prevention of fratricide. Fratricide is caused by the degradation of crops C2 capabilities by friendly actions intended to counter enemy C2. The following are a few examples of measures that can be used to reduce the risk of fratricide:

  • Allocating frequencies.
  • Implementing deconfliction procedures.
  • Establishing restricted frequency lists.

In C2-protection, OPSEC measures deny targeting information to the enemy. Jamming is used to disrupt enemy communications between his sensors and fire support systems. Destruction is used in C2-protection to attack enemy information warfare resources. Destroying enemy jammers, enemy fire direction centers, and deception units protects corps C2 capabilities from lethal and nonlethal attack and deception operations. In turn, deception can be used to negate his targeting and surveillance assets to protect our C2 systems.

C2W PLANNING

C2W planning is directed by the G3, who is assisted by several established staff elements. The OPSEC staff element develops EEFI and determines appropriate protection measures. The corps deception element helps the G3 plan and coordinate deception activities. Jamming requirements are planned, coordinated, and integrated with fires and maneuver by the EW section. The section forwards jamming missions to subordinate units and jamming requests to higher echelons. Attacks by fire are planned and coordinated by the fire support element (FSE). Preplanned requests for cross service EW, air support, and reconnaissance and surveillance are coordinated by the corps G3 and the BCE. The PSYOP support element from the PSYOP battalion coordinates corps PSYOP operations in support of the overall PSYOP campaign.

One way to ensure the unity of effort of the varied elements of C2W is through the use of a C2W cell. This cell is comprised of the G3 deception, EW, and OPSEC sections combined of the PSYOP support element from the PSYOP battalion. Working together, and in concert with the FSE, the cell elements coordinate their efforts to build a synergistic C2W plan that supports the corps operation. A C2W officer (for example, the chief of the deception element) is designated to lead the cell. Whether or not the cell reports to the G3 directly or through another cell, such as plans, is a matter of command preference.

Intelligence support for C2W is coordinated by the G2 with assistance from the ACE. The ACE is OPCON from the operations battalion of the MI brigade. It directly tasks corps MI brigade organic collection assets and attached reinforcing assets.

The corps MI brigade provides ground-based and airborne EW support through signals intelligence (SIGINT), imagery (IMINT), and human intelligence (HUMINT). It also provides links to national and theater intelligence systems. The brigade has three battalions:

  • Operations Battalion. This battalion provides the ACE. The ACE performs IEW collection, analysis, processing, dissemination, and management functions in support of corps operations.
  • Tactical Exploitation Battalion. The tactical exploitation battalion (TEB) provides long-range surveillance teams, CI teams, and interrogation teams to corps operations.
  • Aerial Exploitation Battalion. The aerial exploitation battalion (AEB) allows the commander to see the battlefield throughout the corps area of operations and beyond. It provides a deep look aerial reconnaissance, surveillance, and SIGINT collection capability.

Divisional MI Battalion

The divisional MI battalion is responsible for conducting EW operations within the framework of the division commander's intent. The MI battalion receives the HPTL, the AGM, the EW composite target matrix, and the collection plan from the division targeting team. The technical control element (TCE) of the MI battalion translates guidance into taskings to the division EA assets. The MI battalion conducts the EW mission and reports the results via the collection management section to the G3 electronic warfare officer (EWO). (see FM 34-l.)

The battalion provides ground-based communications intercept, direction finding (DF) capability, EA, HUMINT collection, and ground-based surveillance.

  • The QUICKFIX platoon, habitually OPCON to the MI battalion, provides aerial communications intercept and DF. It operates in general support (GS) to the division and allows for greater collection range and depth.
  • Long-range surveillance (LRS) teams, found in corps and light divisions, are deployed from 15 up to 80 km forward of the division FLOT to observe selected NAIs. Their insertions are time-phased to ensure continuous coverage of selected deep divisional NAIs.
  • In light divisions, ground surveillance systems are frequently attached to the maneuver units to locate moving targets.

The remaining divisional assets are task-organized into MI company teams GS to the division as a whole or DS to designated brigades.

Corps and Division Artillery Units

Corps artillery and div arty CPs focus on counterfire and attack at depth. The DS and reinforcing battalions focus primarily on close support. These operations must support the combined arms commander's intent while permitting artillery commanders to mass and shift fire. Accordingly, corps artillery and div arty CPs use the appropriate HPTL, TSS, and AGM to guide operations. They use field artillery (FA) radars and other assets to answer collection plan information taskings. FA units fire missions, within their capabilities, at targets the FS cell provides through fire support channels.

TARGETING METHODOLOGY

The actions and functions of the corps and division targeting teams are essentially the same. The chief difference being the capabilities of the organic assets available for targeting. The division relies heavily upon corps and EAC assets for targeting support for its deep operations.

The commander directs the targeting effort. The process begins with the commander's guidance after the G3 and G2 present their initial mission analyses. Along with his mission statement, the commander must give his guidance on--

  • What he expects the unit to do.
  • What he feels are the most important targets.
  • What general effects he wants to have on those targets.

The targeting process must be supervised by one individual. In the main CP, the chief of staff is responsible for supervising the targeting process and the targeting team. At corps level, the FSCOORD could be an alternative supervisor. The targeting team incorporates the mission statement the commander's intent, and the concept of the operation into the TVA process.

Once the staff has this information, the targeting team analyzes enemy COAs and identifies basic HVTs at the same time. As the staff war-games friendly COAs, the targeting team develops initial proposals on HPTs and attack guidance. (See Chapter 2 for specifics.) After the commander selects the final COA and issues further guidance, the targeting team--

  • Refines and prioritizes the HPTL.
  • Develops the AGM.
  • Submits these products to the commander for approval.

Once approved, the HPTL and AGM form the basis for the activities of the targeting team. The G3 ensures that the intelligence, operations, plans, and FS cells incorporate these products into the OPORD and its annexes. For example, included are tasks to subordinate units, coordinating instructions, and PIR and/or IR. The G2, G3, and FSCOORD determine what additional support is required for collection and target attack. When support requirements have been determined, they submit the appropriate requests.

The targeting team provides TSS to the FS cell and FAIO by using the following:

  • Timeliness.
  • Target status (stationary or moving).
  • Target characteristics (for example, size, accuracy, and TLE requirements for given attack systems).

The targeting team also determines the targets that require BDA. Only the most critical targets should be selected, as valuable assets must be diverted from target or situation development to perform BDA.

The G2 ensures appropriate HPTs are approved as PIR and a collection plan that focuses on answering the commander's PIR is developed. The collection management section provides targeting information to the intelligence analyst for analysis. The FAIO helps the analyst in this process. He provides his knowledge of requirements for lethal and nonlethal attack and identifies the most important and perishable targets. The FAIO and analyst inform the targeting team when major changes in the tactical situation warrant reevaluation of the HPTL. The targeting team continually assesses the current situation and future needs. At the same time, the team reevaluates the HPTL, AGM, BDA requirements, and TSS and updates them as necessary. The FAIO works closely with the collection management section as well. The FAIO helps that section translate targeting team requirements into guidance for the collection plan. He also provides expertise on FA TA systems.

The all-source analysis section and FAIO evaluate the information from the collection management section against the TSS and HPTL to determine targets or suspected targets. Targets are immediately passed to the FS cell for attack. Enemy activities that do not achieve TSS are suspected targets. Enemy activities that appear on the HPTL but categorized as suspected targets are passed to the FS cell for correlation with information available at the FS cell. This correlation may produce a valid target. Also, the FAIO should request the collection manager focus additional collection assets to further develop selected suspected targets. He coordinates with the collection manager to retrieve BDA data as acquired.

The EWO conveys his EA missions in two forms:

  • The division EW composite target list for preplanned missions.
  • The EW requesting and tasking message for immediate missions or for changes to current EW taskings.

(See FMs 34-1 and 34-10.) The EWO coordinates with the collection manager to eliminate any conflicts between the EA (EWO proponency) and ES measures (collection manager proponency). He does this before the TCE receives the collection plan and the division EW composite target list. The limited number of IEW assets causes conflicts to occur between the collection plan and the division EW composite target list. The TCE, through the G2, notifies the EWO of the conflict. If the conflict cannot be resolved at the manager level, the G3 deconflicts the tasking.

The FS cell receives most target nominations from the FAIO. Once a target is received, the FS cell analyzes it in terms of TSS and the AGM, prioritizes it, and determines an appropriate attack method. The FS cell may consult with other agencies to facilitate target engagement. This is especially necessary when attack system availability, ROE, or other considerations determine the method of attack. Coordinated attacks or any combination of lethal and nonlethal attack means also necessitates temporary augmentation of the FS cell. The FS cell directs the selected attack unit to engage the target and provide BDA data through the G3 or representative of the unit at the division TOC. The all-source analysis section and FAIO analyze BDA data for selected targets to evaluate the effectiveness of the attack. However, the targeting team determines whether the commander's attack guidance has been achieved or further fires are necessary.

Targets and missions beyond the capability of the corps or division to properly service with their assets are passed to higher headquarters for action. The staff must know when the requests must be submitted for consideration within the requested echelon target planning cycle. The synchronization of these missions with ongoing operations may be critical to the success of the unit mission. Close coordination between supported and supporting components is required to ensure vertical integration and synchronization of plans. A key to coordination for both planning and execution is the use of LOs at all headquarters.

During this process, the commander, chief of staff, G2, G3, Army aviation commander, and FSCOORD exert considerable influence. Targeting is a process that involves the entire staff. Leaders must keep the targeting effort focused so that the targeting cells devote their fullest efforts to the process.

The targeting process is a continuous and cyclical effort. Phases occur at the same time when executing current operations and planning future operations. The phases are sequential in the context of any given planning cycle. Recurring events and their associated products are best managed through workable SOPs. SOPs must be tailored to the unit's structure and operating environment to ensure a cohesive, coordinated targeting effort. A sample SOP for a targeting team at corps or division level is at Appendix J.

CORPS AND DIVISION SYNCHRONIZATION

The focus at the corps level is on deep tactical and operational targets. These targets must be engaged to shape the battlefield for the close battle at division level and below. The corps deep assets must be integrated and synchronized with joint force systems. At the same time, the corps commander must support the detect and deliver requirements of subordinate units. Corps and perhaps division HFTs are located throughout the depth of the battlefield. Corps and division commanders set the targeting priorities, timing, and effects consistent with the higher commander's guidance. Mission analysis and plan development establish what conditions must be achieved for success. The mission analysis determines the combat activities, sequence of activities, and application of resources that will achieve the conditions for success. While all his conditions may not be met, the commander is responsible for the coordination and synchronization of supporting service and joint assets in his AOR.

The corps ensures subordinate divisions and separate units understand the corps mission and concept of operations. Each division plan supports the corps commander's intent and guidance. The corps deep battle establishes the conditions for the divisions to successfully fight the corps commander's close battle. This understanding between corps and division means that each command supports the other. Missions and targets may be passed from corps to divisions as the more appropriate executor. The divisions may also have missions and targets that are beyond their capabilities that require the corps to provide support. This is important considering the limited range of division assets to detect and attack targets. The corps may coordinate attack of crops HPTs in a division area; similarly, the division may ask the corps to acquire division HPTs that are beyond the capability of the division. This mutual support must be coordinated and synchronized during the decide phase of the planning process. Synchronization includes all of the following:

  • Coordinating the acquisition, tracking and reporting of targets of concern at either or both echelons.
  • Vertical exchange of target information.
  • Attack of targets outside the AOR of an echelon.*
  • Target engagement criteria.
  • Allocation of assets.
  • Establishment of communications links between sensor systems, decision makers, and attack systems.

* An example is the acquisition of a corps HPT by division assets that is reported to corps and attacked by corps assets.

The corps and division FSEs and subordinate unit LOs play key roles in the synchronization process.

TARGETING IN SUPPORT OF REAR OPERATIONS

Rear operations helps provide freedom of action and continuity of operations, logistics, and battle command. Their primary purposes are to sustain the current close and deep fights and to posture the force for future operations. Rear operations can become the target of the enemy's deep attack. Commanders train and equip units involved in rear operations to protect themselves against all but the most serious threats. If the rear elements cannot protect themselves, assets needed for the close battle must be used.

Soldiers and leaders at all levels must remain alert to threats to rear areas. They must be psychologically prepared to deal with them. Protective actions in the rear can be active and passive. Contingency plans can also identify combat forces to respond to rear area threats. Commanders continually reevaluate the possibility of serious threats to rear operations and devise measures to meet them with minimum assets.

Threats to Rear Operations

Most elements in rear areas are not trained or resourced to conduct sustained defensive operations against larger forces. Requirements to conduct sustained combat operations in rear areas will disrupt vital support fictions and permit threat forces to accomplish their goal. Nevertheless, bases and units in the rear area must be able to provide for their own short-term self-defense. The rear area may contain small defensive forces specifically organized to defeat threats beyond the capability of local defense forces. They may also maintain a limited capability to detect, delay, and disrupt larger forces until the arrival of friendly combat forces.

Threats to the rear area cover a wide spectrum from terrorism to attacks by large, sophisticated enemy forces. Rear area installations may be targeted by indigenous elements capable of unconventional operations like crime, sabotage, terrorism, and large-scale raids.

Levels of Response

Threats to rear operations are categorized by the levels of defense required to counter them. Each level, or all levels simultaneously, may occur in the rear area. Emphasis on specific defense and security measures may depend on the anticipated threat level. The threat levels which follow are also discussed in detail in Joint Pub 3-10.

Level I threats can be defeated by base or base cluster self-defense measures.

Level II threats are beyond base or base cluster self-defense capabilities but can be defeated by response forces, normally MP units, with supporting fires.

Level III threats necessitate the commitment of TCFs. Level III threats, in addition to significant ground attacks, include major attacks by airborne and air assault forces.

Threat levels, examples of them, and responses are provided in the table below.

An in-depth knowledge of the enemy is vital to successful rear security operations. The same emphasis on IPB that takes place in deep and close operations must also take place in the rear area. Good intelligence gives commanders the planning time needed to destroy the enemy forces before they disrupt rear operations. Commanders prioritize intelligence requirements for deep, close, and rear operations. Host-nation intelligence organizations are vital to a total collection effort.

Rear Area IPB

At corps and division levels, the multidisciplined counterintelligence (MDCI) personnel in the rear operations cell are responsible for the rear area IPB. The MDCI personnel produce and incorporate IPB products produced by using the following:

  • ACE at the main CP.
  • Combat information provided by units transiting through the rear area.
  • Host nation authorities.

It then produces a predictive intelligence estimate, identifying likely threat targets and intentions against critical friendly functions and facilities. For example, MDCI IPB can effectively identify those areas that will support major enemy airmobile or airborne insertions.

Commanders of base and/or base clusters, response forces, and TCFs use rear area IPB and intelligence estimates to produce target lists that include the following:

  • Likely landing zones (LZs) and drop zones (DZs) near bases.
  • Avenues of approach from LZs and DZs to bases.
  • Man-made and natural obstacles.
  • Key terrain features, such as those which permit observation posts, assembly areas, or openings in dense vegetation canopy which permit mortar fire.
  • Perimeter defense targets, including final protective fires.
  • Obscuration targets to facilitate movement of response forces and TCFs.

NOTE: See FM 100-15, FM 71-100, FM 90-23, Joint Pub 3-10, and Joint Pub 3-10.1 for more details on base and/or base cluster defense, response force operations, and TCF operations.

Decide, Detect, Deliver, and Assess Methodology in Rear Operations

Decide

The rear operations cell is responsible for the overall planning of rear area fire support operations. The cell collates base and base cluster target lists and response force target lists. It then coordinates the composite list with the FSCOORD and FSE at the main CP. In rear operations, CAS timing cannot be preplanned. Requests for immediate CAS, either from response forces or the TCF, are forwarded through the appropriate TACP to the ASOC. The rear operations cell coordinates rear area targets with the FSCOORD for on-call fires to help rear elements counter Level II or III attacks. The TCF coordinates with response force units through the rear operations cell regarding the exchange of all of the following:

  • Intelligence information.
  • Targets.
  • Battle handoff procedures.
  • Contingency plans for TCF operations.

The rear operations cell coordinates and assigns responsibilities to both response forces and TCF units in the rear area to preclude duplications.

The HPTL for the rear area should reflect targets associated with protection of critical friendly functions. The AGM should reflect the TCF and response force assets charged with attack responsibility. The rear area collection plan should reflect more reliance on the following:

  • Rear area units.
  • Host nation authorities.
  • CI and EPW teams (in conjunction with the main CP).

Rear area attacks will normally be quick; therefore, the rear operations cell must establish responsive sensor-to-shooter links.

Detect

Rarely are there enough target acquisition assets to satisfy the needs of close, deep, and rear security operations. Also, TSS are more subjective due to the nature of the detection assets available in rear security operations. Most observers in the rear area are individuals who have other primary duties. They are not as proficient in target detection as fill-time observers in combat units. However, target reporting requirements are the same as those in the forward area. Usually, multiple sources must be used before targets can be confirmed. Initial detection efforts concentrate on determining the threat level (I, II, or III) so the commander can select the response. If the threat is Level II or III, detection focuses on locating targets in enough detail to be attacked effectively.

The rear operations cell is responsible for gathering and disseminating situation development and target development information. It gathers information from sources that include:

  • Current operations and intelligence cells at the main CP.
  • Supporting host nation and U. S. government agencies and civil affairs units.
  • Movement control assets and convoys.
  • Base and/or base cluster operations centers.
  • Communications sites.
  • Higher echelon sources.
  • Medical evacuation assets.
  • Defector and EPW interrogators.
  • Response forces.

Response forces should be positioned to do the following:

  • Interdict potential enemy incursions.
  • Block enemy forces en route to key friendly facilities.
  • Respond to priority facilities in the rear area.

Deliver

As a general rule, indirect fire assets are not needed against a Level I threat. These threats are usually individual or small-unit operations of limited scope and duration. They provide too fleeting a target for successful engagement. Level II or III threats have the potential force to require the commitment of larger combat forces and the use of fire support.

Army aviation and CAS may be the most responsive maneuver and fire support assets for use in the rear area. Army aviation is not only more responsive, it is probably the best system to use in a situation with a high risk of fratricide. Army aviation has eyes-on-the-target capability and point-target weapons systems. Indirect fire support is provided by mortars and field artillery. There are a number of factors to consider in providing fire support for rear security operations:

  • Fire support organizations in rear operations cells may have to be formed on an ad hoc basis.
  • Army aviation may also be used to rapidly displace towed artillery to firing positions.
  • FSCMs must be in use to protect friendly units. On order boundaries, restrictive fire lines (RFLs), and NFAs are used for this function.
  • When a brigade-size task force is committed for Level III threat, fire support will usually consist of a DS FA battalion.

Assess

Target BDA is usually accomplished by forces in contact and ground or air observers who can see the engagement area. Based on information they provide, the appropriate commander can determine whether the threat has been successfully engaged.

AIR-GROUND OPERATIONS AT CORPS LEVEL

Deep Attack

The attack of targets throughout the depth of the corps battlefield by air and ground systems should be simultaneous and complementary. Attack of deep targets requires a mutual understanding of joint coordinating measures between air and ground systems. Some targets beyond the FSCL are essential to future operations, others must be destroyed or neutralized to support the scheme of maneuver, while some must be captured, not destroyed to facilitate future operations. The corps commander must establish guidance, on the basis of future operations, for targets beyond the FSCL but still in his boundaries. He must ensure Air Force planners understand the importance of attacks beyond the FSCL on future operations.

Theater Air Ground System

The theater air ground system (TAGS) provides liaison elements from corps down to battalion level. The figure below illustrates the Army Air-Ground System (AAGS) coordination links. (See Final Draft FM 100-103-2, 21 September 1994 for complete details.)

Tactical Air Control Parties

The TACPs at corps and lower levels provide advice and planning assistance on the employment of air support. The TACPs work with the fire support elements at each level. At corps and division level, the TACP consists of the following personnel:

  • ALO.
  • FLO.
  • Tactical airlift liaison officer.
  • Reconnaissance liaison officer.

The corps TACP operates the Air Force request net through which subordinate TACPs request immediate missions and informs the ASOC of air support activities.

The TACP is supervised by the ALO and performs the following functions:

  • Serves as the Air Force commander's representative, providing advice to the commander on the capabilities, limitations, and employment of air support, airlift, and air reconnaissance.
  • Provides a coordination interface with the respective FSE and A2C2 cell. Helps synchronize air and surface fires and helps prepare of the air support plan. Provides direct liaison for local AD and airspace management (ASM) activities.
  • Advises and helps develop and evaluate CAS, interdiction, reconnaissance, and SEAD targets.

Air Support Operations Center

The focal point for coordinating air support at corps is the ASOC. The ASOC plans, coordinates, and directs air support and air reconnaissance operations in the corps commander's AOR. The ASOC is under the command of the corps ALO, OPCON of the AOC, and collocated with the FSE and A2C2 element at the corps main CP. The primary functions of the ASOC are to provide fast reaction for immediate requests for CAS and reconnaissance operations and to implement the CAS distribution decision. The ASOC performs the following:

  • Processes immediate requests for CAS.
  • Redistributes corps assets.
  • Forwards to the AOC for approval and action those requests it cannot fill.

The ASOC is responsible for establishing and maintaining the tactical air control system at levels below the corps.

Airborne Battlefield Command and Control Center

The airborne battlefield command and control center (ABCCC) may be used as an airborne extension of the ASOC. It provides increased range capability for command and control of air support to the corps. In this configuration, the corps provides a GLO who represents the commander. The GLO helps coordinate current air and ground operations with the ABCCC battle staff.

Air Operations Center

The AOC normally passes control of CAS missions to the ASOC. Requests for air support are coordinated by the FSE with the ASOC. Requests that cannot be satisfied with previously distributed assets are passed to the AOC. The AOC normally retains control over all AI and reconnaissance operations supporting the corps as directed by the JFC. The AOC may divert aircraft to support immediate missions.

Army Airspace Command and Control

The A2C2 section, under the direction of the G3 air, is the primary lead in the planning and management of airspace over the ground battle. A2C2 collocates with the FSE. It consists of the personnel and equipment needed to coordinate the use of airspace over the commander's AO. A2C2 integrates and helps synchronize all functional operations which share airspace with other friendly forces, including the following:

  • Field artillery.
  • Air defense.
  • Army aviation.
  • Special electronic mission aircraft.
  • Remotely piloted vehicle operations.
  • Airlift and joint forces.

TARGETING RESPONSIBILITIES

The formal structure of the elements at corps and division depend on the operating environment. Tailoring the formal structure of the staff working environment is necessary to ensure a cohesive, coordinated targeting effort. Key personnel and their targeting responsibilities are listed below.

Commander

The commander issues guidance on the concept of operation for close, deep, and rear area operations as well as for future operations. He defines the mission and the objectives of the mission, the concept of operation and his intent; assigns missions; and task-organizes. His intention and objectives guide the actions of the targeting team.

Chief of Staff

The chief of staff is responsible for supervising the targeting process and chairs targeting meetings.

(More information on targeting meetings is at Appendix J.)

FSCOORD

The FSCOORD is the primary advisor to the commander on all fire support matters. In this role he--

  • Recommends the artillery organization for combat.
  • Establishes and supervises the FS cell.
  • Plans and synchronizes fire support.
  • Prepares the fire support portion of the operation plans and orders.

Deputy or Assistant FSCOORD

The deputy or assistant FSCOORD provides the latest status of fire support resources and plans their use in support of the overall battle. Further, he finalizes the attack guidance formulated by the commander and the FSCOORD. His specific actions areas follows:

  • Coordinates the functions of the targeting team.
  • Recommends target priorities for acquisition and attack on the basis of TVA and war gaming.
  • Recommends to the chief of staff methods of attack for targets.
  • Supported by the other members of the targeting team, develops the HPTL, AGM, and BDA requirements.
  • With the G2 plans/operations officer, develops timeliness and accuracy guidelines for the TSS for use by the FAIO and the FS cell.
  • Assisted by the EWSO, develops targets for electronic attack.
  • Monitors changes in the situation and reassess the HPTL, AGM, timeliness and accuracy guidelines of the TSS, and BDA requirements.
  • Synchronizes timing of attack with the G3 and subordinate units.
  • Coordinates support for subordinate units attack requirements.
  • Coordinates SEAD, J-SEAD, and JAAT.
  • Receives BDA and, with the G2 and G3, determines if the desired effects were achieved or if additional attacks are required.
  • Ensures target nominations are validated to support the ATO in accordance with local SOPs.

G2 Officer

The G2 officer prepares the intelligence collection plan and maintains information on the current enemy situation. He provides assessments of probable enemy actions and analyzes and identifies targets on the basis of the commander's guidance. His more specific actions are as follows:

  • Develops and monitors the enemy situation.
  • Develops and provides IPB products to the other targeting team members.
  • Passes HPTs and suspected HPTs to the FS cell.
  • Develops HVTs.
  • With the other members of the targeting team, develops the HPTL, AGM and BDA requirements.
  • Distributes the intelligence collection plan to collection managers.
  • Provides input to the FS cell on TSS.
  • With the deputy FSCOORD and G3 plans/operations officer, periodically reassesses the HPTL, AGM, and BDA requirements.
  • Receives BDA and, with the deputy FSCOORD, determines if desired effects were achieved or if additional attacks are required.
  • Provides input for DST.

G3 Officer

The G3 officer's actions are as follows:

  • With the other members of the targeting team, develops the HPTL, AGM, and BDA requirements and ensures they are integrated with the DST.
  • Concentrates on future and contingency operations.
  • Ensures the plans reflect the commander's concept of operation.
  • With the deputy FSCOORD and G2 plans/operations officer, periodically reassesses the HPTL, AGM, and BDA requirements.
  • Determines, with the deputy FSCOORD and G2 plans/operations officer, whether desired effects have been achieved or if additional attacks are required.

G3 Air

The G3 air's actions are as follows:

  • Supervises the A2C2 element.
  • Coordinates the integration of tactical airlift.

Special Operations Coordination Element (Corps level)

The elements actions are as follows:

  • Forwards target nominations and missions requirements to the JFC for consideration by the JTCB.
  • Coordinates JTCB taskings with the JFSOCC for feasibility assessment and execution.

FAIO

The FAIO's actions are as follows:

  • Collocates with the G2 staff particularly the collection manager and all-source analysis section
  • Works within the ACE and expedites targeting information from the ACE to the FSE.
  • Monitors the enemy situation and keeps the deputy FSCOORD informed. Recommends changes to priorities and attack means.
  • Provides input concerning the threat, TSS, attack guidance, and list of HPT types.
  • Provides information to the intelligence cell regarding accuracy requirements and timeliness of information for the fire support system.
  • Ensures essential target information is compared to TSS prior to passing a target to the FS cell.
  • Advises the deputy FSCOORD when changes in the situation warrant reassessment of the HPTL and AGM.

Artillery Targeting Officer

The artillery targeting officer's actions are as follows:

  • Develops targets and potential targets from available intelligence.
  • Works with the corps G2 and FAIO to integrate FA targeting requirements with the overall corps collection plans.
  • Determines FA targeting information required by the TOC and passes the requirements to the corps G2 and FAIO.
  • Advises the commander on matters and status of FA target acquisition assets.
  • Provides supervision to corps target acquisition detachments in the corps.
  • Works with the G2 to develop and perform TVA.
  • Helps develop TSS.
  • Helps develop AGM products for fire support.
  • Provides assistance in maintaining and updating the HPTL as situations change.

Corps and Division Targeting Officer

The corps and division targeting officer's actions are as follows:

  • Deploys to the corps or division main TOC to help form the fire support cell.
  • Performs duties as a targeting officer at the BCE when required.
  • Recommends organization for combat for the corps target acquisition detachments (CTADs).
  • Participates as a member of the targeting team at corps or division.
  • Helps determine the HPTL.
  • Helps determine the AGM.
  • Helps determine the TSS.
  • Interfaces with the FSEs in subordinate units.
  • Keeps the FAIO informed on changes to the HPTL, TSS, and AGM.
  • Passes targets received from the FAIO to attack systems in the most expedient manner.
  • Advises and keeps informed the FSCOORD on issues concerning targeting and fire support.

G2 Plans/Operations Officer

The G2 plans/operations officer's actions are as follows:

  • Maintains a current enemy situation map.
  • Maintains the target data base.
  • Receives combat information from the ASAS and other automation systems.
  • Evaluates and analyzes combat information, with the FAIO, to identify HVTs and recommend HPTs.
  • Applies the criteria for timeliness and accuracy from the TSS.
  • Reports HPTs to the FAIO.
  • Templates potential HVTs and/or HPTs.
  • Recommends NAIs and TAIs to the G2 to support targeting.
  • Coordinates with the collection manager section to ensures adequate intelligence collection to support targeting.

Assistant Division Air Defense Officer

The assistant division air defense officer's actions are as follows:

  • Advises the commander and staff on the forward area air defense (FAAD) plan.
  • Integrates Army airspace information from high to medimum air defense (HIMAD) and FAAD assets.
  • Develops and maintains Army airspace utilization and situation.
  • Requests, maintains, and disseminates A2C2 control measures and restrictions.
  • Synchronizes friendly airspace usage with FAAD assets.
  • Provides ADA PIR to intelligence collection managers.
  • Nominates active forward operational bases (FOBs), FAC, and forward arming and refueling points (FARP) locations.

Air Liaison Officer

The ALO's actions areas follows:

  • Commands the corps ASOC and the corps and division TACP.
  • Monitors execution of the ATO.
  • Advises the commander and his staff on the employment of air support assets.
  • Receives, coordinates, plans, prioritizes, and synchronizes preplanned CAS requests.
  • Coordinates redistribution of CAS resources.
  • Coordinates approval of requests for immediate CAS and initiates ASOC execution.
  • Provides Air Force input to analysis and plans.
  • Receives, processes, exploits, and disseminates air intelligence.
  • Provides intelligence support to electronic combat (EC).
  • Provides Air Force PIR to intelligence collection managers.

Fighter Liaison Officer

The FLO's actions areas follows:

  • Participates in developing targets.
  • Helps evaluate targets.
  • Advises the commander on suitability of targets for attack.
  • Advises the commander on the best aircraft ordnance to attack the target.
  • Coordinates with the FS cell for SEAD.

Aviation Officer

The AO's actions areas follows:

  • Advises on employment of aviation, especially for deep operations.
  • Conducts aerial reconnaissance.
  • Recommends A2C2 measures for attack helicopter operations.

Electronic Warfare Officer

The EWO'S actions areas follows:

  • Helps the deputy FSCOORD determine EW HPTs.
  • Recommends EW methods of target engagement.
  • Recommends EA and ES requirements that will support the commander's intent.
  • Plans and coordinates the taskings and requests needed to satisfy EA and ES requirements.
  • Helps the ACE in its portion of IPB, specifically the EPB.
  • Recommends EW actions to support the friendly C4I strategy.
  • Prepares EW estimates and annexes and develops the EA mission tasking.
  • Assesses the enemy vulnerabilities, friendly capabilities, and friendly mission.

Engineer Representative

The engineer representative's actions are as follows:

  • Advises on the obstacle and/or barrier plan.
  • Advises on attack of targets with scatterable mines.
  • Templates potential HVTs and/or HPTs (mechanical breaching, minelayers, and so forth).
  • Helps develop TPLs on DST and describes the effects of terrain on maneuver.
  • War-games and synchronizes the effects of artillery scatterable mines.
  • With other members of targeting team, develops HPTL, AGM, and BDA requirements.
  • Recommends HPTs, NAIs, and TAIs to support the employment of artillery scatterable mines.

Psychological Operations (PSYOP) Officer

The PSYOP officer's actions are as follows:

  • Selects target audiences during the target nomination process and recommends them to the chief of the targeting team.
  • Coordinates PSYOP targeting with the deception officer.
  • Coordinates PSYOP targeting with production and dissemination assets.

G5 or Civil Affairs Representative

The G5 or civil affairs officer's actions are as follows:

  • Advises on the effects of friendly operations on the civilian populace.
  • Produces input to the restricted target list.
  • Coordinates CA support to the IPB and targeting process.

Division, Brigade, and Battalion LOs

The actions of these LOs are as follows:

  • Address the concerns of their respective commanders. Submit and explain the significance of target nominations for deep fires and operations to support their unit operations.
  • Provide feedback to their commanders on which targets are added to the HPTL and how they are synchronized with the collection plan and AGM.
  • Inform their organization of higher level targets that fall in their sectors and the taskings and coordination measures involved.

G6 Signal Support Officer

The G6 signal support officer's actions are as follows:

  • Manages information resources to support the commander's information requirements during targeting meetings.
  • Coordinates closely with the chief of staff, G3 and other targeting team members to synchronize information systems.
  • Advises on the employment of information systems.
  • Prepares the signal support annex to the OPORD and OPLAN.

Other Personnel

During certain operations, personnel and agencies that will support the targeting process could include the following:

  • Staff judge advocate.
  • Deception officer.
  • Air and naval gunfire liaison company. Army divisions and brigades coordinate Navy and Marine Corps support through an attached air and naval gunfire liaison company (ANGLICO).



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