I.11.0 RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT: OVERVIEW AND POTENTIAL RADIATION DOSES FROM 1994 HANFORD SITE OPERATIONS
This section provides a brief introduction to the subject of radioactivity and to some of the common terms used in radiological health evaluation. It also summarizes 1994 data on radiation doses from operations at the Hanford Site and estimates the potential future fatal cancers attributable to these radiation exposures.
I.11.1 INTRODUCTION TO RADIOACTIVITY
Radioactivity is a broad term that refers to changes in the nuclei of atoms that release radiation. Radiation is an energetic ray or energetic particle. For ionizing radiation, the ray or particle has enough energy to cause changes in the chemical structure of the materials it strikes. These chemical structure changes are the mechanisms by which radiation can cause biological damage to humans.
Radiation comes from many sources, some natural and some man-made. People have always been exposed to natural or background radiation. Natural sources of radiation include the sun, and radioactive materials present in the earth's crust, in building materials and in the air, food, and water. Natural radioactivity can even be found within the human body. Some sources of ionizing radiation have been created by people for various uses or as by products of these activities. These sources include nuclear power generation, medical diagnosis and treatment, and nuclear materials related to nuclear weapons.
Radioactive waste is a result of the use and production of radioactive materials. At the Hanford Site, DOE manages radioactive waste that was generated primarily by the production of plutonium for nuclear weapons. These waste is classified as low-activity, high-level, or transuranic. When radioactive waste is combined with hazardous chemical wastes, it is referred to as mixed waste. High-level waste is the most dangerous type of radioactive waste and requires extensive shielding by materials such as lead and concrete and special handling. Transuranic waste is material contaminated with radioactive elements heavier than U. While long lasting, transuranic waste does not require the same degree of isolation as high-level waste. Low-activity waste is generally the least dangerous type of radioactive waste and requires fewer measures to isolate it from people and the environment. Depending on the particular radioactive material involved, radioactive waste can be harmful and thus require isolation for up to hundreds or even thousands of years. Plutonium-contaminated waste will be radioactive for thousands of years. Radioactive Cs, on the other hand, will be virtually gone in 250 years.
I.11.2 COMMON TERMS IN RADIOLOGICAL HEALTH EVALUATIONS
Radiation dose to individuals is usually expressed in rem or millirem (mrem), which is one-thousandth of a rem. The rem is a measure of the biological effects of ionizing radiation on people. It is estimated that the average individual in the United States receives an annual dose of about 300 millirem from all natural sources. The collective radiation dose to a population is termed the person-rem, which is calculated by adding up the radioactive dose to each member of the population.
Any dose of radiation can damage body cells. However, at low levels, such as are received from a medical x-ray, the damage to cells is so slight that the cells can usually repair themselves or can be replaced by the regeneration of healthy cells. Radiation exposures are often classified as acute (a dose received over a short time) or chronic (a dose received over a long time). Chronic doses are usually less harmful than acute doses because the body has time to repair or replace damaged cells; however, even low doses can have harmful effects.
Impacts from radiation exposure often is expressed using the concept of risk. The most substantial radiation-related risk is the potential for developing cancers that may cause death in later years. This delayed effect is measured in latent (future) cancer fatalities. The risk of a latent cancer fatality is estimated by converting radiation doses into possible numbers of cancer fatalities. For an entire exposed population group, the latent cancer fatality numerical value is the chance that someone in that group would develop an additional cancer fatality in the future because of the radiation exposure, (i.e., a cancer fatality that otherwise would not occur).
Radiological risk evaluations often refer to the maximally-exposed individual. This would be the member of the pubic or a worker who receives the highest possible dose in a given situation. As a practical matter, the maximally-exposed individual likely would be a person working with radiological or hazardous materials.
I.11.3 POTENTIAL RADIATION DOSES AND LATENT CANCER FATALITIES FROM 1995 HANFORD SITE OPERATIONS
Each year potential radiation doses to the public are calculated for exposure to Hanford Site effluents. The 1995 information presented here was taken from the Hanford Site Environmental Report for calendar year 1995 (PNL 1996 ). Doses are calculated from reported effluent releases, from environmental surveillance results, and from information about operations at specific Hanford Site facilities.
The 1995 potential dose from Hanford Site operations to the hypothetical maximally-exposed individual member of the public was 0.02 mrem , compared to 0.05 mrem reported for 1994 (PNL 1996) . The current DOE radiation dose limit for an individual member of the public is 100 mrem per year, and as stated previously, the national average dose from natural sources is 300 mrem per year. Thus, the maximally-exposed individual potentially received a small fraction of 1 percent of both the DOE dose limit and the natural background average dose.
The total population of the surrounding area (380,000 persons) received a potential dose from 1995 Hanford Site operations of 0.3 person-rem. The 1994 average dose to an individual member of the public was 0.0009 mrem. This is 0.001 percent of the 100 mrem/year standard and 0.0003 percent of the 300 mrem per year received from typical natural sources. Clean Air Act requirements specify a maximum radiation dose through the air of 10 mrem per year. The 1995 air emissions from the Hanford Site were 0.006 mrem, which is less than 0.1 percent of the 10 mrem standard.
Based on a dose-to-risk conversion of 0.0005 latent cancer fatalities per rem (each rem equates to 0.0005 latent cancer fatalities), there would be 0.0001 latent cancer fatalities in the general public attributable to exposure to effluents from 1995 Hanford Site operations.
REFERENCES
7 CFR 657. Prime and Unique Farmlands. Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Code of Federal Regulations, as amended. 1995.
29 CFR 1910. Occupational Safety and Health Standards. Occupational Health and Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. Code of Federal Regulations, as amended. 1995.
50 CFR 17. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of Interior. Code of Federal Regulations, as amended. 1994.
Aikens 1993. Aikens, M.C. Oregon Archaeology. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Oregon State Office. Portland, Oregon. 1993.
ASI 1995. Advanced Sciences, Inc. GIS Electronic Map Files. Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy. Richland, Washington. October 1995.
ASI 1994. GIS Electronic Map Files. Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy. Advanced Sciences, Inc. San Diego, California. July 1994.
BCBCC 1985. Benton County Comprehensive Land Use Plan. Board of County Commissioners of Benton County. Benton County, Washington. July 1985.
Bell 1973. Bell, L.H. Fundamentals of Industrial Noise Control, 2nd Edition. Harmony Publications. Trumbull, Connecticut. 1973.
BFRC 1993. SR 240 Corridor Transportation Study. Benton-Franklin Regional Council. Benton-Franklin County, Washington. August 1993.
Brandt 1996 . Brandt, C. Biological Resources Specialist, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Personal Communication. Richland, Washington. June 27, 1996.
Brandt 1995. Brandt, C. Biological Resources Specialist, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Personal Communication. Richland, Washington. October 5, 1995.
Brincken 1994. Brincken, E. Franklin County Soil Survey. RE: Soil Survey, Hanford Project in Benton County Washington. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. Letter to P. Dunigan. April 1994.
Brown 1995. Brown, T. Pasco School District. Personal Communication. September 19, 1995.
Cadoret 1995. Cadoret, N. Cultural Resources Specialist. Personal Communication. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Richland, Washington. October 5, 1995.
Campbell 1995. Campbell, D. Groups at Odds Over Chances for Hanford Reach. Tri-City Herald. April 7, 1995.
Caputo 1994. Caputo, D. Planning Director. Personal Communication. Adams County, Washington. May 17, 1994.
CEQ 1993. Incorporating Biodiversity Considerations into Environmental Impact Analysis under the National Environmental Policy Act. Council on Environmental Quality, Executive Office of the President. Washington, D.C. January 1993.
Chatters-Cadoret 1990. Chatters, J.C. and N.A. Cadoret. Archaeological Survey of the 200 East and 200 West Areas, Hanford Site, Washington. PNL-7264. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Richland, Washington. March 1990.
City of Richland 1988. City of Richland Comprehensive Plan Adopted by Ordinance No. 11-88 (Map). City of Richland, Community Development Department. Richland, Washington. August 1988.
Connelly 1994. Connelly, M. Economic Development Officer, Port of Mattawa, Washington. Personal Communication. Mattawa, Washington. May 31, 1994.
Corcoran 1996 . Corcoran, M. Planning Director, City of West Richland. Personal Communication. West Richland, Washington. July 1, 1996.
Cowardin et al. 1979. Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States. FWS/OBS-79/31. U.S. Department of Interior, Office of Biological Services, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, D.C. December 1979.
CTUIR 1996. Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation. Comments on the Tank Waste Remediation System Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Pendleton, Oregon. June 6, 1996.
CTUIR 1994. Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation. Safe Interim Storage of Hanford Tank Wastes EIS. Letter to D. Alexander, U.S. Department of Energy and G. Tallent, Washington State Department of Ecology. Pendleton, Oregon. November 29, 1994.
Cushing 1995. Cushing, C.E. Hanford Site National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Characterization. PNL-6415, Rev. 7. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Richland, Washington. September 1995.
Cushing 1994. Cushing, C.E. Hanford Site National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Characterization. PNL-6415, Rev. 6. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Richland, Washington. July 1994.
Cushing 1992. Cushing, C.E. Hanford Site National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Characterization. PNL-6415, Rev. 5. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Richland, Washington. December 1992.
Cushing-Watson 1974. Cushing, C.E. and D.G. Watson. Aquatic Studies of Gable Mountain Pond. BNWL-1884. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Richland, Washington. December 1974.
Daubenmire 1970. Daubenmire, R. Steppe Vegetation of Washington. Technical Bulletin 62. Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, Washington State University. Pullman, Washington. February 1970.
Delaney et al. 1991. Delaney, C.D, K.A. Lindsey, and S.P. Reidel. Geology and Hydrology of the Hanford Site: A Standardized Text for use in Westinghouse Hanford Company Documents and Reports. WHC-SD-ER-TI-003. Westinghouse Hanford Company. Richland, Washington. 1991.
Denley 1994. Denley, D. Office Manager, Columbia Ridge Landfill Waste Management, Inc. Personal Communication. Arlington, Oregon. August 11, 1994.
DeVoto 1953. DeVoto, B. The Journals of Lewis and Clark. The American Heritage Library, Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, Massachusetts. 1953.
DOC 1991. 1990 U.S. Census of Population and Housing, State and County Profiles, Washington. U.S. Department of Commerce. Washington, D.C. 1991.
DOE 1996c. Draft Hanford Remedial Action Environmental Impact Statement and Comprehensive Land Use Plan. DOE/EIS-0222D. U.S. Department of Energy. Richland, Washington. August 1996.
DOE 1996e . Programmatic Agreement among U.S. Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office, Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, and Washington State Historic Preservation office for The Maintenance, Deactivation, Alteration, and Demolition of The Built Environment on the Hanford Site, Washington. U.S. Department of Energy. Richland, Washington. August 1996.
DOE 1995i. Safe Interim Storage of Hanford's Tank Waste Final Environmental Impact Statement. DOE/EIS-0212. U.S. Department of Energy. Richland, Washington. 1995.
DOE 1995k. Hanford's Landfill to Close; Richland to Accept Waste. Hanford Reach. U.S. Department of Energy. Richland, Washington. October 9, 1995.
DOE 1994a. Draft Environmental Impact Statement Safe Interim Storage of Hanford Tank Wastes. DOE/EIS-0212. U.S. Department of Energy. Richland, Washington. July 1994.
DOE 1994h. Remedial Investigation and Feasibility Study Report for the Environmental Restoration Disposal Facility. DOE/RL-93-99. U.S. Department of Energy. Richland, Washington. October 1994.
DOE 1993a. 200 East Groundwater Aggregate Area Management Study Report. DOE/RL-92-19, Rev. 0. U.S. Department of Energy. Richland, Washington. 1993.
DOE 1993b. 200 West Groundwater Aggregate Area Management Study Report. DOE/RL-92-16, Rev. 0. U.S. Department of Energy. Richland, Washington. 1993.
DOE 1993e. Hanford Site Development Plan. DOE/RL-93-19. U.S. Department of Energy. Richland, Washington. May 1993.
DOE 1993k. Radiation Protection of the Public and Environment. DOE Order 5400.5. U.S. Department of Energy. Washington, D.C. January 1993.
DOE 1992a. 200 East Groundwater Aggregate Area Management Study Report. DOE/RL-92-19, Draft A. U.S. Department of Energy. Richland, Washington. 1992.
DOE 1992b. Decommissioning Eight Surplus Production Reactors Final Environmental Impact Statement. DOE/EIS-0019F. U.S. Department of Energy. Washington, D.C. 1992.
DOE 1991. Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Siting, Construction, and Operation of New Production Reactor Capacity. DOE/EIS-0144D. U.S. Department of Energy. Washington, D.C. 1991.
DOE 1988. Site Characterization Plan, Reference Repository Location, Hanford Site, Washington. Vol.1, Consultation Draft. U.S. Department of Energy. Richland, Washington. 1988.
Downs et al. 1993. Downs, J.L., W.H. Rickard, C.A. Brandt, L.L. Cadwell, C.E. Cushing, D.R. Geist, R.M. Mazaika, D.A. Neitzel, L.E. Rogers, M.R. Sackschewsky, and J.J. Nugent. Habitat Types on the Hanford Site: Wildlife and Plant Species of Concern. PNL-894. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Richland, Washington. December 1993.
Duranceau 1995. Duranceau, D.A. Site Evaluation Report for Candidate Basalt Quarry Sites. BHI-0005, Rev. 00. Bechtel Hanford Inc. Richland, Washington. February 1995.
Emery-McShane 1978. Emery, R.M., and M.C. McShane. Comparative Ecology of Nuclear Ponds and Streams on the Hanford Site. PNL-2499. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Richland, Washington. October 1978.
EO 12898. Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations. 59 FR 7629. Presidential Documents. Washington, D.C. February 16, 1994.
ERDA 1975. Final Environmental Statement Waste Management Operations Hanford Reservation. ERDA 1538. U. S. Department of Research and Development Administration. Richland, Washington. December 1975.
Fitzner 1992. Fitzner, L. Wildlife Biologist, Washington State Department of Wildlife. McGee Ranch letter to D. Hildebrand, U.S. Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office. Yakima, Washington. May 15, 1992.
Fitzner-Gray 1991. Fitzner, R.E., and R.H. Gray. The Status, Distribution and Ecology of Wildlife on the U.S. DOE Hanford Site: A Historical Overview of Research Activities. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 18: 173-202, 1991. Kluwer Academic Publishers. The Netherlands. 1991.
Foley 1995. Foley, P. Facilities Director, Kennewick School District. Personal Communication. September 22, 1995.
Fortner 1994. Fortner, G. TWRS Complex Site Evaluation. Notes on field surveys conducted summer 1994. Unpublished Notes. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Richland, Washington. 1994.
Franklin County 1982. Franklin County Comprehensive Plan October 1979 as Amended May 1982. Franklin County, Washington. May 1982.
Fyall 1996. Fyall, A. Assistant Planner, Benton County Planning Department. Letter to A. Bachrach, Jacobs Engineering Group Inc. Kennewick, Washington. July 2, 1996.
Gee et. al 1992. Gee, G.W., M.J. Fayer, M.L. Rockhold, and M.D. Campbell. Variations in Recharge at the Hanford Site, Northwest Science, Vol. 66, No.4: 237-250. 1992.
German 1995. German, R. Planner, Franklin County Planning Department. Personal Communication. September 27, 1995.
Grant County 1994. Washington Planning Department. Zoning Map of Grant County. Grant County, Washington. March 1994.
Grant County 1988. Grant County Zoning Ordinance. Grant County, Washington. Published April 1980, revised December 1988.
Gray-Rickard 1989. Gray, R.H. and W.H. Rickard, The Protected Area of Hanford as a Refugium for Native Plants and Animals. Environmental Conversation Vol. 16, No. 3: 251-260. The Foundation for Environmental Conservation. Switzerland. 1989.
Griffith 1995. Griffith, G.A. Comprehensive Planning Specialist, State of Washington Department of Community, Trade and Economic Development, Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation. Exemption from Historic Property Inventory for Documentation Requirement. Olympia, Washington, September 1, 1995.
Harvey 1995. Harvey, G.A. Transmittal of Fiscal Year 1996. Multi-Year Program Plan for the Landlord Program. U.S. Department of Energy. Richland, Washington, August 31, 1995.
Harvey 1994. Harvey, D. Architectural Historian, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Personal Communication. Richland, Washington. September 12, 1994.
Haun 1995. Haun, M. Administrator, Kiona-Benton School District. Personal Communication. September 19, 1995.
HBA 1980-1994. Monthly Data on Housing Starts. Compiled by the Tri-City Industrial Development Council. Kennewick, Washington. 1980-1994.
HFSUWG 1992. The Future for Hanford: Uses and Cleanup A Final Report of the Hanford Future Site Uses Working Group (Advanced Copy). U.S. Department of Energy. Richland, Washington. December 1992.
Hoffman et al. 1992. Hoffman, K.M., S.J. Trent, K.A. Lindsey, and B.N. Bjormstad. WHC-SD-EN-TI-037. Westinghouse Hanford Company. Richland, Washington. 1992.
Hunn 1990. Hunn, E.S. Nch'i-wana, The Big River. The Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land. University of Washington Press. Seattle, Washington. 1990.
Irving 1976. Irving, W. Astoria, or Anecdotes of an Enterprise (sic) Beyond the Rocky Mountains. University of Nebraska Press. Lincoln, Nebraska. 1976.
Kasza 1994. Kasza, G. L. Interim-Status Groundwater Monitoring Plan for the 216-A-10 and 216-A36B Cribs. WHC-SD-EN-AP-170, Rev. 0. Westinghouse Hanford Company. Richland, Washington. 1994.
Lambro 1996. Lambro, T. Senior Planner, Grant County. Personal Communication. Grant County, Washington. July 1, 1996.
Landeen et al. 1992. Landeen, D.S., A.R. Johnson, and R.M. Mitchell. Status of Birds at the Hanford Site in Southeastern Washington. WHC-EP-0402. Westinghouse Hanford Company. Richland, Washington. June 1992.
Lindsey 1992. Lindsey, K.A. Geology of the Northern Part of the Hanford Site: An Outline of Outsources and the Geology Setting of the Pot Areas. WHC-SD-EN-TI-011. Westinghouse Hanford Company. Richland, Washington. 1992.
Lindsey 1991. Lindsey, K.A. WHC-SD-EN-TI-008. Westinghouse Hanford Company. Richland, Washington. 1991.
Marsh 1995. Marsh, G. Facilities Director, Richland School District. Personal Communication. September 19, 1995.
McConnaughey 1996a. McConnaughey, J. Habitat Biologist, Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife. Proposed Land Use Planning for the Hanford Site. Letter to T. Marden, Benton County Planning/Building Department. Kennewick, Washington. July 25, 1996.
McDonald 1995. McDonald, D. Community Development Directory, City of Pasco. Personal Communication. Pasco, Washington. September 29, 1995.
McDonald 1994. McDonald, D. Director of Community Development, City of Pasco, Personal Communication. Pasco, Washington. May 16, 1994.
Meeker 1994. Meeker, M. Washington Public Power Supply System. Personal Communication. Richland, Washington. May 16, 1994.
Meilour 1995. Meilour, Kennewick School District. Personal Communication. September 19, 1995.
Meinhardt-Frostenson 1979. Meinhardt, C.C., and J.C. Frostenson. Current Status of the 200 Area Ponds. RHO-CD-798. U.S. Department of Energy. Richland, Washington. November 1979.
Milspa 1996. Milspa, R. Planner, City of Richland. Personal Communication. Richland, Washington. July 1, 1996.
Nature Conservancy 1996. The Nature Conservancy. Biodiversity Inventory and Analysis of the Hanford Site, 1995 Annual Report. 1996.
Neitzel 1996. Neitzel, D.A. Hanford Site National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Characterization. PNL-6415, Rev. 8. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Richland, Washington. August 1996.
Newcomb et al. 1972. Newcomb, R.C., J.R. Strand, and F.J. Frank. Geology and Groundwater Characteristics of the Hanford Reservation of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington. Paper 717. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. 1972.
NPS 1994. The Hanford Reach of the Columbia River Final River Conservation Study and Environmental Impact Statement. U.S. Department of Interior, Pacific Northwest Regional Office National Park Service. Seattle, Washington. June 1994.
NRC 1982. Draft Environmental Statement Related to the Construction of Skagit/Hanford Nuclear Project, Units 1 and 2. Prepared by Puget Sound Power & Light Company, Pacific Power and Light Company, the Washington Water Power Company, and Portland General Electric Company. NUREG-0894. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Washington, D.C. 1982.
NRC 1977. Final Environmental Statement on the Transportation of Radioactive Material by Air and Other Modes. NUREG-0170. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Washington, D.C. 1977.
O'Leary 1996. O'Leary, H. Letter to R. Sockzehigh, Chairman, Yakama Indian Nation. U.S. Department of Energy. Washington, D.C. July 31, 1996.
O'Neil 1995. O'Neil, M. Mid-Columbia Enrollments up 1.2 Percent. Tri-City Herald. Kennewick, Washington. October 7, 1995.
Penour 1994. Penour, J. Landfill Operator, City of Richland Sanitary Landfill. Personal Communication. Richland, Washington. August 11, 1994.
Pitcher 1994. Pitcher, R.D. Westinghouse Hanford Company, Human Resources Department, Personnel Records and Database Administration. Personal Communication. Richland, Washington. December 6, 1994.
PNL 1996. Hanford Site Environmental Report for Calendar Year 1995. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Richland, Washington. June 1996.
PNL 1995. Hanford Site Environmental Report for Calendar Year 1994. PNL-10574. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Richland, Washington. June 1995.
PNL 1994a. Cultural Resources Review of the Tank Waste Remediation System Complex - Site A. HCRC 94-600-054. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Richland, Washington. 1994.
PNL 1994b. Cultural Resources Review of the Tank Waste Remediation System Complex - Site B. HCRC 94-600-060. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Richland, Washington. 1994.
PNL 1994c. Cultural Resources Review of the Tank Waste Remediation System Complex - Site C. HCRC 94-600-054. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Richland, Washington. 1994.
PNL 1994e. Biological Review of the Tank Waste Remediation System (TWRS) Sites. 94-WHC-142. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Richland, Washington. 1994.
PNL 1994g. Hanford Site Climatological Data Summary, 1993, with Historical Data. PNL-9809. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Richland, Washington. June 1994.
PNL 1993a. Hanford Site Environmental Report for Calendar Year 1992. PNL-8682. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Richland, Washington. 1993.
PNL 1989. Hanford Cultural Resources Management Plan. PNL-6942. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Richland, Washington. June 1989.
Reidel et al. 1992. Reidel, S.P., K.A. Lindsey, and K.R. Fecht. Field Trip Guide to the Hanford Site. WHC-MR-0391. Westinghouse Hanford Company. Richland, Washington. 1992.
Reidel et. al. 1989. Reidel, S., K. Fecht, M.C. Hagood, and T.L. Tolan. The Geologic Evolution of the Central Columbia Plateau, Volcanism and Tectonism in the Columbia River Flood - Basalt Province. Geologic Society of America. Special Paper 239. 1989.
RHO 1979. Geologic Studies of the Columbia Plateau: A Status Report. RHO-BWI-ST-4. Rockwell Hanford Operations. Energy Systems Group. Richland, Washington. 1979.
Rickard-Poole 1989. Rickard, W.H., and L.D. Poole. Terrestrial Wildlife of the Hanford Site: Past and Future. Northwest Science, Vol. 63, No. 4. 1989.
Rickard et al. 1988. Rickard, Wilt., L.E. Rogers, B.E. Vaughn, and S.F. Liebetrau, Editors. Shrub-Steppe Balance and Charge in a Semi-Arid Terrestrial Ecosystem. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 1988.
Rogers 1995. Rogers, S. Vehicular Safety Department, Westinghouse Hanford Company. Personal Communication. Richland, Washington. September 21, 1995.
Rogers-Rickard 1977. Rogers, L.E., and W.H. Rickard. Ecology of the 200 Area Plateau Waste Management Environs: A Status Report. Rockwell Hanford Operations. Richland, Washington. October 1977.
Sackewsky et al. 1992. Sackewsky, M.R., D.S. Landeen, J.L. Downs, W.H. Rickard, and G.I. Baird. Vascular Plants of the Hanford Site. WHC-EP-0554. Westinghouse Hanford Company. Richland, Washington. July 1992.
Schafer 1995. Schafer, C. Tri-City Unemployment Hits 6-Year High. Tri-City Herald. Kennewick, Washington. September 20, 1995.
Schramke et al. 1994. Schramke, J.A., C.S. Glantz, and G.R. Holdren. Hanford Site Environmental Setting Data Developed for the Unit Risk Factor Methodology in Support of the Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement PEIS. PNL-9801. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Richland, Washington. May 1994.
Serot 1995. Serot, D.E. TWRS EIS Socioeconomics Impact Analysis in Counties Surrounding Benton and Franklin. Memorandum to J.A. Stanley, ASI and A. Bachrach, Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc. Richland, Washington. July 17, 1995.
Serot 1993. Serot, D.E. Tri-Cities Economic Review and Outlook. Tri-Cities Industrial Development Council. Kennewick, Washington. 1993.
Sivula 1995. Sivula, C. Tri-Cities Economy Continues Slow Growth: Jobs Rise 0.1 Percent. Tri-City Herald. Kennewick, Washington. May 26, 1995.
Stang 1996a. Stang, J. DOE Still Undecided on Fate of Arid Lands. Tri-City Herald. Kennewick, Washington. April 8, 1996.
Stang 1996b . Stang, J. Counties Offer Up Their Vision of Hanford Reach. Tri-City Herald. Kennewick, Washington. February 27, 1996.
Stang 1996c . Stang, J. DOE Will Stay in Charge of Ecology Reserve. Tri-City Herald. Kennewick, Washington. August 10, 1996.
Stang 1995. Stang, J. Buckwheat Plant 9th New Species Discovered at Hanford. Tri-City Herald. Kennewick, Washington. April 7, 1995.
Stang 1995a. Stang, J. Hanford Invites Help for Land Use. Tri-City Herald. Kennewick, Washington. September 9, 1995.
Stengen 1993. Stengen, J.A. Vegetation Communities Associated with the 100-Area and 200-Area Facilities on the Hanford Site. WHC-CM-3-4, WHC-SD-EN-TI-216, Rev. 0. Westinghouse Hanford Company. Richland, Washington. December 1993.
Stone et. al. 1983. Stone, W.A., J.M. Thorp, O.P. Glifford, and D.J. Hostick. Climatological Summary for the Hanford Area. PNL-4622. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Richland, Washington. June 1983.
Stone et al. 1972. Stone, W.A., D.E. Jenne, and J.M. Thorp. Climatology of the Hanford Area. BNWL-1605. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Richland, Washington. 1972.
Supply System 1981. Final Safety Analysis Report, Washington Nuclear Power Plant No. 2. Amendment 18. Washington Public Power Supply System. Richland, Washington. 1981.
TAR 1980-1995. Monthly Data on Housing Prices and Sales. Compiled by the Tri-City Industrial Development Council. Kennewick, Washington. 1980-1995.
Thiele 1995. Thiele, J. Basin Disposal Company. Personal Communication. Roosevelt, Washington. February 15, 1995.
Trent 1992a. Trent, S.J. Hydrogeologic Model for the 200 West Groundwater Aggregate Area, WHC-SD-EN-TI-014. Westinghouse Hanford Company. Richland, Washington. 1992.
Trent 1992b. Trent, S.J. Hydrogeologic Model for the 200 East Groundwater Aggregate Area. WHC-SD-EN-TI-019. Westinghouse Hanford Company. Richland, Washington. 1992.
WAC 173-60. Maximum Environmental Noise Levels. Washington State Department of Ecology. Olympia, Washington. 1975.
Wahluke 1994. The Wahluke 2000 Plan A Proposal for Irrigating the DOE Hanford Control Zone on the Wahluke Slope. The Wahluke 2000 Committee. Mattawa, Washington. 1994.
Walker 1995. Walker, S. Planner, Benton County Planning Department. Personal Communication. September 25, 1995.
Weiss-Mitchell 1992. Weiss, S.G., and R.M. Mitchell. A Synthesis of Ecological Data From the 100 Areas of the Hanford Site. WHC-EP-0601. Westinghouse Hanford Company. Richland, Washington. October 1992.
West Richland 1994. Generalized Land Use Plan. West Richland Planning Department. West Richland, Washington. May 1994.
WHC 1994c. Traffic Data for the Comprehensive Tank Waste Remediation System, Environmental Impact Statement. Response to Memorandum 94-JE-DOE-010. Westinghouse Hanford Company. Richland, Washington. August 8, 1994.
WHC 1993. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis DOE Hanford Site, Washington. WHC-SD-W236A-TI-002, Rev. 0. Westinghouse Hanford Company. Richland, Washington. December 1993.
White 1995. White, R. Senior Planner, City of Kennewick. Personal Communication. Kennewick, Washington. September 28, 1995.
WSDES 1994. Washington State Labor Area Summaries. Washington State Department of Employment Security, Labor Market and Economic Analysis Branch. Olympia, Washington. 1990-1995, various dates.
WSDES 1993a. Annual Demographic Information, 1993, Service Delivery Area XI (Benton and Franklin Counties). Washington State Employment Security, Labor Market and Economic Analysis Branch. Olympia, Washington. 1993.
WSDES 1993b. Employment and Payrolls in Washington State by County and Industry, 1992 Annual Averages. Washington State Employment Security, Labor Market and Economic Analysis Branch. Olympia, Washington. 1993.
WSDES 1990-95. Washington State Labor Area Summaries. Washington State Department of Employment Security, Labor Market and Economic Analysis Branch. Olympia, Washington. 1990-1995, various dates.
WSDFM 1987-95. Annual Population Projections. Compiled by the Tri-City Industrial Development Council. Kennewick, Washington. 1987-1995.
WSDNR 1990. Endangered Threatened and Sensitive Vascular Plants of Washington. Publication compiled by the Washington National Heritage Program. Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife, Land and Water Conservation. 1990.
WSDR 1987-95. Quarterly Data on Taxable Retail Sales. Compiled by the Tri-City Industrial Development Council. Kennewick, Washington. 1987-1995.
WSDW 1993. Priority Habitat and Species. Washington State Department of Wildlife. Olympia, Washington. 1993.
WSDW 1991. Species of Concern List. Washington Department of Wildlife, Wildlife Management Division, Nongame Program. Olympia, Washington. Summer 1991.
YIN 1996. Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Indian Nation. Comments on the Tank Waste Remediation System Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Yakima, Washington. July 2, 1996.
|
NEWSLETTER
|
| Join the GlobalSecurity.org mailing list |
|
|
|
