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4.19 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CONTAMINATION

The extent of ground water and soil contamination at the LLNL Livermore site, LLNL Site 300, and SNL, Livermore is presented in section 4.17. Cleanup and remediation are required by law and the Laboratories are fully committed to these efforts; however, for purposes of a complete analysis of the existing setting, this section presents a discussion of the environmental effects on the existing environment assuming no remediation. If no remediation of ground water or soils were to occur, and ongoing characterization efforts were to cease, potential environmental impacts could result. These impacts are summarized below.

LLNL Livermore Site

As part of the evaluation of remedial alternatives for ground water and soil cleanup at the LLNL Livermore site conducted under the Federal Facilities Agreement, a no remediation alternative was evaluated (Dresen et al., 1991) to provide a baseline from which to evaluate the various remedial alternatives. Potential environmental impacts that could occur as the result of the no remediation scenario are summarized below.

  • Failure to remediate ground water and soil to regulatory agency–approved levels would place DOE in a situation of noncompliance with state and federal laws.
  • Volatile organic compounds, fuel hydrocarbons, and tritium within the unsaturated zone soils would continue to migrate through the soil column to the ground water. Ground water would most likely be impacted at the Building 518 Area, the East Traffic Circle/Taxi Strip Area, the Gasoline Spill Area, and the Building 292 Area.
  • Concentrations of contaminants in ground water and soil would continue to exceed state and federal regulatory levels.
  • Continued degradation of the Livermore area ground water would occur as the plume(s) continued to migrate. The volatile organic compound and fuel hydrocarbon plumes would continue to migrate downgradient toward local water supply wells and City of Livermore municipal wells. This could inhibit future beneficial uses of increasingly greater proportions of the aquifer system (Isherwood et al., 1990). Over time, however, reduction in chemical concentrations would occur through natural attenuation processes, including biodegradation, dispersion, and abiotic degradation (Isherwood et al., 1990).

Ten active domestic drinking water supply wells and seven industrial and/or agricultural supply wells are located within 1 mile of the LLNL Livermore site volatile organic compounds ground water plume. These wells are generally either transverse, cross- or upgradient, or are in a different ground water regime; therefore, they do not appear to be in the direct (downgradient) flow path of the plume (see Figures 4.11-6 and 4.11-8). Should lateral dispersal be significant, or should a change in ground water flow direction occur (which are both highly unlikely scenarios based on existing data), these wells could be potentially impacted by the advancing plume(s). Additionally, although further development of the ground water resource in the vicinity of the volatile organic compound plumes for domestic consumption is unlikely, development of additional water sources for irrigation is highly possible (Isherwood et al., 1990).

  • Ground water models used in the remedial investigation (Thorpe et al., 1990) indicate that at an average ground water velocity of 70 ft/year, the closest municipal water supply wells would not be impacted for approximately 270 years if no remediation occurred. If contaminated ground water were to reach municipal wells, economic impacts associated with the loss of water resources to local water consumers could result. Water purveyors now supplying water pumped from municipal wells to constituents might need to treat the contaminated water sources or purchase water from other sources, resulting in increased water costs. Given the length of time predicted for such an impact to occur, and the estimated concentration after 270 years of only 1.5 ppb for total volatile organic compounds in ground water (well below volatile organic compound maximum contaminant levels) (Isherwood et al., 1990), the impact would be minimal. This "Best Estimate" case assumes a migration rate based on current data and on the assumption that some degradation and retardation or slowing of the chemical (50-year half-life) has occurred. Assuming that chemicals will not be retarded or degraded, the arrival time (or the estimated length of time it would take for the highest concentration of chemicals to reach the hypothetical well) is estimated to be 110 years ("Health Conservative Case").
  • Assuming that no remediation occurs and contamination reaches municipal wells, and that an individual consumes 2 liters of water each day from a municipal well in downtown Livermore for a 70-year (lifetime) period, the maximum additional cancer risk from a lifetime exposure to volatile organic compounds (including trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride) could be 7 in 10 million (Best Estimate Case) and 1 in 1000 (Health Conservative Case) (Dresen et al., 1991). This risk is much lower than the normal 1 in 4 cancer risk faced by all Americans due to both natural and artificial (i.e., medical) radiation exposures.
  • Assuming that an individual consumes 2 liters of water each day from a potential drinking water well located 250 ft west of the LLNL Livermore site boundary for a 70-year (lifetime) period, the maximum additional cancer risk from exposure to these same constituents would be 2 in 1000 (Dresen et al., 1991). This Health Conservative Case scenario assumes an arrival time of 35 years. A 50-year half-life for contaminants is also assumed. However, administrative controls discouraging the use of this water for drinking and the availability of municipal water would continue under agency programs and greatly reduce, if not eliminate, the possibility of such a Health Conservative Case.
  • Tritium would continue to migrate through soils to ground water and in ground water in the East Traffic Circle/Taxi Strip Area and Building 292 Area. By the time the tritium reached the LLNL Livermore site boundary, however, the tritium would have naturally decayed to levels below the drinking water standard.
  • Chromium in ground water would continue to migrate downgradient and offsite. However, the levels of chromium are so low that combined with further dilution and natural attenuation, chromium would not likely represent an offsite health threat.
  • Potential contaminant source areas that have not been investigated and remediated could continue to contribute to the soil and ground water contamination problem. Investigations have not yet been completed on over 17 potential source areas.

LLNL Site 300

At present seven individual investigations are being conducted to mitigate contamination at LLNL Site 300. These include the Building 833 Area, the Pit 6 Landfill Area, the High Explosive Process Area, the General Services Area, the Pit 7 Complex, the Building 834 Complex, and the Building 850/East Firing Area. Details of the extent of contamination and proposed remedial action strategies are presented in section 4.17.

Additionally, a Site Wide Remedial Investigation Report and Baseline Risk Assessment are currently being prepared for LLNL Site 300. The remedial action alternatives, risk assessments, and impacts evaluations presented below are preliminary pending completion of these sitewide evaluations.

Building 833

  • Failure to remediate soils to regulatory agency–approved levels would place DOE in a situation of noncompliance with state and federal laws.
  • Assuming no remediation is performed, the volatile organic compounds (including trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, and 1,2-dichloroethene) in the vicinity of Building 833 would continue to migrate downward through the unsaturated zone and through areas with ephemeral perched ground water.
  • Concentrations of volatile organic compounds in ground water and soils would continue to exceed state and federal regulatory limits.
  • Due to the great depth of the regional (Neroly lower blue sandstone) aquifer (270 ft) and intervening aquitard units, it is unlikely that the chemicals in the shallow unsaturated zone would reach this regional ground water aquifer.
  • Assuming that a drinking water well was installed in the regional aquifer near Building 833 (counter to current administrative controls) and that trichloroethylene migrated to this aquifer with a resultant concentration of 1.5 mg/L, the worst-case estimate of incremental cancer risk is 1 in 1 million. This risk is based in part on a Designated Level Methodology attenuation factor of 1000 (Webster-Scholten et al., 1991).
  • Because the nearest water supply wells are located over 2000 ft southeast of the Building 833 Area in the General Services Area, it is unlikely that the volatile organic compounds listed above would ever reach these wells in detectable concentrations (Webster-Scholten et al., 1991).

Pit 6 Landfill Area

  • Failure to remediate ground water and soil to regulatory agency–approved levels would place DOE in a situation of noncompliance with state and federal laws.
  • Assuming no remediation, the low-concentration trichloroethylene plume would continue to migrate downward through the unsaturated zone and downgradient in the general direction of the Ranger well, a private water supply well located offsite approximately 850 ft from the leading edge of the plume. The plume, however, would not likely migrate offsite, based on analysis of hydrogeologic conditions (Taffet et al., 1991), and no trichloroethylene has ever been detected in the Ranger well.
  • Concentrations of volatile organic compounds (trichloroethylene) in ground water would continue to exceed state and federal regulatory limits although concentrations are declining.
  • The plume undergoes self-remediation through evaporation and photodegradation as a large portion of the waterbearing zone is evaporating at a point where the waterbearing strata crop out immediately north of the Corral Hollow Creek floodplain.
  • Assuming that no remediation occurs, contamination reaches the Ranger well and that the well water is consumed for 70 years, 6 to 1000 people could be exposed to ground water from the Ranger water supply well containing trichloroethylene at 15 mg/L and perchloroethene at 2.5 mg/L (Taffet et al., 1991). The aggregate incremental cancer risk associated with this worst-case, long-term exposure was calculated at about 6.1 in 1 million to 1.4 in 10,000; therefore, risk to human health from long-term exposure to the volatile organic compound–contaminated ground water has been determined to be minimal (Taffet et al., 1991).
  • The beneficial use of the shallow aquifer would continue to be impacted in the plume area; however, this impact would be minimal as there are currently no water supply wells in the plume area and administrative controls limit the use of the affected ground water. Furthermore, the affected aquifer has poor water supply potential with estimated maximum yields of several gallons per minute (Taffet et al., 1991).

High Explosive Process Area

  • Assuming no remediation is performed, the high explosive compounds RDX and HMX, as well as trichlorethylene, would continue to migrate downward through the unsaturated zone into the perched aquifers and deeper Neroly upper blue sandstone aquifer.
  • The high explosive compounds and trichloroethylene would continue to migrate downgradient towards the water supply wells located in the General Services Area. (Well 20 is located within about 500 ft of the inferred edge of the trichloroethylene plume (see Carlsen, 1991).)
  • The risks to public health and the environment associated with the soil and ground water contamination and the need for site remediation at the High Explosive Process Area are currently being evaluated in the Site Wide Remedial Investigation Report and Baseline Risk Assessment for LLNL Site 300.

General Services Area

  • The three volatile organic compound plumes, if not remediated, would continue to migrate downward through the unsaturated zone and downgradient by natural processes thus affecting a larger portion of the shallow alluvial aquifer, and potentially migrating to deeper aquifers currently used in the area for water supply.
  • Trichloroethylene would remain at levels above the drinking water standard if ground water and soil were not remediated to regulatory agency–approved levels. This would place DOE in a situation of noncompliance with state and federal laws.
  • Two of the plumes, if not remediated, would continue to move toward potential receptor wells, CDF-1 and CON-1, located about 800 ft downgradient on private ranch land. No volatile organic compounds have been detected in these wells to date. Based on modeling, the exposure point concentrations at these potential receptor points are conservatively estimated to be 15 mg/L for trichloroethylene and 2.5 mg/L for perchloroethylene (McIlvride et al., 1990).

Assuming no remediation occurs, contamination reaches the wells and the water is consumed, the incremental cancer risks for this hypothetical migration scenario range from 5.4 in 1 million to 1.0 in 10,000 for trichloroethylene, and 6.9 in 10 million to 3.7 in 1 million for perchloroethylene using conservative assumptions (McIlvride et al., 1990).

Pit 7 Complex

  • Failure to remediate ground water and soil to regulatory agency–approved levels would place DOE in a situation of noncompliance with state and federal laws.
  • The tritium plumes at the Pit 7 Complex would continue to migrate downgradient, thus affecting a larger portion of the shallow aquifer system.
  • Natural radioactive decay and dispersion would prevent offsite migration of ground water with greater than 1000 pCi/L of tritium, one-tenth the drinking water standard (Taffet et al., 1989).
  • The ground water beneficial use would be impacted for at least several times the 12.3 year half-life of tritium within the plume boundaries. Institutional controls to restrict access to tritiated ground water would continue, however, and no ground water–producing wells are located within or near the plume boundary. Without remediation, tritium activities in ground water would continue to exceed the drinking water standards for at least several half-lives.

Building 834 Complex(6)

  • Failure to remediate ground water and soil to regulatory agency–approved levels would place DOE in a situation of noncompliance with state and federal laws.
  • Without remediation the volatile organic compound ground water plume which includes trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethene, 1,1-dichloroethene, and methylene chloride would continue to migrate through the unsaturated zone. It is highly unlikely that contamination would migrate through the perched zone into the Neroly upper sandstone aquifer, and potentially into the regional lower Neroly sandstone aquifer, found at a depth of 280 ft beneath the Building 834 Complex.
  • Concentrations of volatile organic compounds would continue to exceed state and federal regulatory limits.
  • Preliminary estimated cancer risks for the key indicator chemicals trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene are 4.3 in 1000 and 8.9 in 1000 using maximum ground water concentrations of 120,000 ppb and 5300 ppb respectively (see Bryn et al., 1990).
  • Preliminary risk assessments (Bryn et al., 1990) have determined that the potential exposure pathways for dermal contact, ingestion, or inhalation of volatile organic compounds in shallow soils beneath the Building 834 Complex are currently incomplete, because most affected soils are covered and no construction is planned in this area, and an upper-bound cancer risk of 1.8 in 10 million for inhalation of volatilized trichloroethylene is estimated.
  • Should soil disturbance occur in the affected area, the estimated cancer risks for exposure to trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene due to inhalation are 4.29 in 100 and 8.86 in 100, respectively. Administrative controls would prevent such soil disturbances.

Building 850/East Firing Area

  • Failure to remediate ground water and soil to regulatory agency–approved levels would place DOE in a situation of noncompliance with state and federal laws.
  • Without remediation, tritium would continue to migrate from the unsaturated zone beneath the firing table soils to the perched waterbearing zone in the shallow alluvium, to underlying decomposed bedrock and, in certain areas, to the regional water-bearing zone. Tritium could also potentially be discharged in springs during periods of very high rainfall.
  • Affected ground water would potentially discharge to the surface via the Well 8 Spring and Spring 6 located in Do-all Ravine. While not human receptor points, the springs are potentially exposure points for animals (Taffet and Oberdorfer, 1991).
  • Preliminary worst-case calculations of the dose received from human consumption of tritium-bearing ground water from exposure points at the LLNL Site 300 boundary indicated a dose of 4.6 mrem/year (assuming an exposure point activity of 26,600 pCi/L and a predicted arrival time of 47 years). The estimated site boundary excess cancer risk for this worst-case scenario is 1.3 in 1 million. Dose calculations for the nearest exposure point (LLNL Site 300 supply wells) yielded 0.7 mrem/year using a predicted arrival time of 80 years for water containing 4100 pCi/L. The incremental cancer risk for this scenario is 1.3 in 1 million.
  • Dose calculations (Taffet and Oberdorfer, 1991) analogous to those above indicate that approximately 0.8 mrem/year would be received by using water from the offsite wells CDF-1 and CON-1 for an unlikely Health Conservative Case (assuming an exposure point concentration of 1000 pCi/L and an arrival time of 78 years). The incremental cancer risk associated with this scenario is negligible.
  • Various tritium migration scenarios to LLNL Site 300 water supply wells and to the nearest offsite wells (the nearest offsite well lies 2.8 km to the north/northeast and is not in a downgradient direction) show that no significant increase in cancer risk would occur from utilization of ground water at the site boundary.
  • Natural radioactive decay (12.3 year half-life) and dispersion would provide for self-remediation of the tritium plume. Tritium concentrations in ground water would continue to exceed the drinking water standard for a number of half-lives assuming no remediation is performed.
  • The shallow ground water resource within the plume boundary would be affected for a number of half-lives. No drinking water supply wells, however, currently tap water in or near the plume area (Taffet and Oberdorfer, 1991), and administrative controls over the use of water from Well 1 and the installation of additional supply wells remain in effect.

SNL, Livermore

Presently, remediation is planned for only one site at SNL, Livermore, the fuel oil spill. Under the no remediation scenario, no additional measures would be taken to remediate the diesel fuel–contaminated soil at the site. The extent of diesel contamination in soils is summarized in section 4.17. Potential environmental impacts as a result of this no remediation scenario are presented below.

  • The diesel contamination would continue to slowly migrate downwards to the water table. Although contaminants do not migrate appreciably under present conditions, a rise in the ground water level could result in contamination of the ground water by benzene.
  • Soil contaminant concentrations (benzene) would continue to exceed state and federal regulatory limits.
  • Failure to remediate soils (and potentially ground water) to regulatory agency–approved levels would place DOE in a situation of noncompliance with state and federal laws.
  • Ground water beneath SNL, Livermore is not used as a drinking water source. Furthermore, the potentially affected aquifer has poor supply potential. Assuming that this water source is used as a routine source of drinking water with 3.5 mg/L of benzene (the maximum concentration detected in ground water) a total lifetime cancer risk of 5.7 in 1 million is calculated (DOE, 1990b).
  • The lifetime cancer risk for benzene from drinking water (leachate) from the fuel oil spill has been estimated at 4.6 in 10,000. The cancer risk from ingesting leachate containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is 4.6 in 100 million (DOE, 1991b).
  • Should benzene levels exceed 0.7 mg/L (California maximum contaminant levels), the beneficial use of the shallow aquifer beneath the fuel oil spill within the resultant plume boundary would be impacted, and downgradient water production wells could be impacted. Dispersion and natural attenuation would likely reduce contaminant concentrations to concentrations below maximum contaminant levels prior to reaching these receptors.

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DOE, 1990b, Fuel Oil Spill, Feasibility Study, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, U.S. Department of Energy, Albuquerque Operations Office, Albuquerque, NM.

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LLNL, 1989f, San Joaquin County Hazardous Materials Management Plan, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA.

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LLNL, 1990e, Hazardous Material Business Plan for Alameda County, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, February 1990.

LLNL, 1990f, Health and Safety Manual, Medical Program, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, July 1990.

LLNL, 1990g, LLNL Emergency Preparedness Plan, Revision 3, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, February 1990.

LLNL, 1990h, LLNL Waste Minimization Program Plan, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, May 1990.

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LLNL, 1991a, AB2588 Air Toxics Risk Screening Document for Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Plant No. 255, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, February 1991.

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LLNL, 1991d, Emergency Response Plan (2/27/90); Release of Tritium to the Environment (1981–1990), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, February 2, 1990.

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SNL, Livermore, 1987, SNL, Livermore Firing Range Sound Level Survey, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, Livermore, CA, February 26, 1987.

SNL, Livermore, 1990a, Emergency Preparedness Manual, Revision 3, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, Livermore, CA, August 1990.

SNL, Livermore, 1990b, External Dosimetry Report for 1989, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, Livermore, CA, March 1990.

SNL, Livermore, 1990c, Hazardous Waste Operation Plan, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, Livermore, CA, December 1990.

SNL, Livermore, 1990e, News Release, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, Livermore, CA.

SNL, Livermore, 1990f, Waste Management Site Plan FY 90, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, Livermore, CA, November 1990.

SNL, Livermore, 1991a, Airborne and Liquid Radioactive Effluents Released by Sandia National Laboratory (1986–1990), Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, Livermore, CA.

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SNL, Livermore, 1991d, Guidelines for Hazardous Waste Generators, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, Livermore, CA, May 1991.

SNL, Livermore, 1991e, Ground Water Investigations Quarterly Report, January-March, 1991, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, Livermore, CA.

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SNL, Livermore, 1991g, On-Roll Counts by City, (computer printout), Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, Livermore, CA.

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SNL, Livermore, 1991l, Unusual Occurrence and Inadvertent Releases, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, Livermore, CA, October 3, 1991.

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