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Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)

Washington File

15 May 2003

USAID Delivers Humanitarian Relief, Rebuilds Infrastructure in Iraq

(Assistant Administrator Wendy Chamberlin's congressional testimony) (4660)
A senior official in the U.S. Agency for International Development
(USAID) says the U.S government is engaged with humanitarian groups
and U.S. private companies to deliver humanitarian relief and
reconstruction assistance to Iraq while helping the country establish
a representative form of self-government.
USAID Assistant Administrator for Asia and Near East Wendy Chamberlin
testified before the Committee on International Relations of the House
of Representatives in Washington May 15.
She said that nearly 300,000 metric tons of U.S.-produced food have
been shipped or are en route to Iraq, where all the 25.5 million
people are at least partially dependent on food rations. Chamberlin
said USAID has provided funds to the World Food Program to purchase
commodities in the region, bringing the total of U.S. food aid to Iraq
to more than 600,000 metric tons.
Other USAID initiatives:
-- transition initiatives: citizen participation in grass roots
community projects bridging ethnic divisions; garbage collection;
providing office supplies to looted government ministries;
rehabilitating schools; organizing sports and recreational activities
for youths.
-- abuse prevention units: prevent political and ethnic retribution,
property confiscation and other human rights abuses; develop public
information campaigns to promote tolerance, justice and respect for
rule of law; investigate mass graves and human rights abuses.
-- restoration of critical infrastructure: electrical power
generation; potable water systems; waste water treatment facilities;
seaports; airports. The U.S. heavy construction company, Bechtel, is
playing a major role in many infrastructure projects in Iraq,
Chamberlin said.
-- health care: medical supplies for urgent health care are in
adequate supply but medicines for chronic diseases such as diabetes
and heart disease are in short supply, Chamberlin said.
"The key challenge for assistance providers is the distribution of
these medicines throughout the country in light of current security
concerns. USAID's objectives are to meet urgent health needs as well
as to normalize health services rapidly," Chamberlin said.
-- education: 
USAID is working to get as many children into school as possible by
the start of the school year on October 1 and keep those children in
school by improving academic quality and services.
"By August, we hope to have classroom materials for 2.1 million
children distributed and a sufficient number of teachers trained. We
have funded UNICEF and our American private sector partner, Creative
Associates, to help us achieve these objectives," Chamberlin said.
-- expanding economic opportunities:
The U.S. Treasury is helping Iraq's Finance Ministry with budget
planning, tax policy and other reforms to develop a transparent and
accountable fiscal system.
USAID is helping Iraq establish a market-friendly legal system with
guidance on strengthening property rights and corporate and contract
law. USAID is helping Iraqi farmers, rural enterprises and the
government use modern agricultural technology to attract investment
and enhance profitability.
-- improving the efficiency and accountability of government:
USAID is working with a private sector partner, Research Triangle
Institute, to support Iraqi-led efforts to restore local government
structures and processes.
"[C]orruption is rampant at all levels. Municipal councils have been
in existence in administrative subdivisions but they served more as a
means by which to gain greater support for the Ba'ath Party and ensure
loyalty to the regime. Furthermore, women have played very limited
roles in government leadership positions," Chamberlin said.
Chamberlin said President Bush's $2.45 billion supplemental budget for
Iraq provides sufficient resources to restore Iraq's infrastructure
and systems until Iraq generates enough revenue from its oil industry
to fund its government services.
She said the U.S. government needs cooperation with private sector
companies, aid groups and the international community to succeed in
the effort to rehabilitate Iraq.
Following is the text of Chamberlin's prepared testimony:
(begin text)
Committee on International Relations
U.S. House of Representatives
Washington, D.C. 20515-0128
USAID Assistant Administrator for Asia and Near East
Ambassador Wendy Chamberlin
Testimony before the House International Relations Committee
U.S. Policy Toward Iraq
May 15, 2003
Mr. Chairman, thank you for the opportunity to testify today on U.S.
policy toward Iraq. As has been discussed in the testimonies of
Undersecretaries Feith and Larson, the United States has clear
objectives in Iraq, including the elimination of weapons of mass
destruction, driving out terrorists sheltered in Iraq, and securing
Iraqi's oil fields and natural resources for the Iraqi people. There
are two other critical objectives that shape our policy toward Iraq
that USAID is suited to support: 1) delivering immediate humanitarian
relief and reconstruction assistance and 2) helping the Iraqi people
to create the conditions for a rapid transition to a representative
self-government that does not threaten its neighbors and is committed
to the territorial integrity of Iraq.
With the President's official announcement on May 1 that combat
operations in Iraq had ended, the U.S. Government's reconstruction
phase began. Today, the President, the Congress and U.S. taxpayer can
be proud of the United States' significant contributions to improving
the lives of millions of Iraqis by removing the oppressive regime of
Saddam Hussein.
As you are aware, contingency planning for reconstruction began months
ago. USAID participated in an interagency working group to examine
appropriate responses to different disarmament scenarios in Iraq.
USAID developed contingency plans for a simultaneous reconstruction
and humanitarian relief effort. This is an unprecedented undertaking.
We want to ensure that Iraqis' basic needs are not only met, but that
they see tangible improvements in their lives and communities very
quickly, given the years of oppression and neglect they have suffered.
I would like to share with you actions we have taken to date and
intend to soon implement.
HUMANITARIAN RELIEF
USAID's Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) stockpiled
emergency relief supplies including water tanks, hygiene kits, health
kits, plastic sheeting, and blankets. OFDA funded international
agencies to coordinate their programs and preposition relief supplies.
This included support to the World Food Program (WFP) for food
distribution and UNICEF for water, sanitation, and health. OFDA also
funded six U.S. NGOs (CARE, International Medical Corps (IMC),
International Refugee Committee (IRC), Mercy Corps, Save the Children,
and World Vision) to allow them to work with us on a humanitarian
response. As a result of the preplanning USAID and partners are now
responding rapidly and flexibly to the Iraqi people's humanitarian
needs as they are identified.
The DART, staffed at more than 60 persons, the majority of whom are
now deployed in Iraq, is the largest such team outside of search and
rescue efforts in U.S. history. Teams based in Baghdad, Basrah, and
Arbil are traveling throughout the country as security conditions
permit to identify immediate humanitarian needs and mobilize urgent
aid.
For example, OFDA mobilized CARE in Ar Rutbah; Save the Children in
Basrah; and Mercy Corps in Arbil to address urgent repairs to water
and sanitation facilities caused by war, ethnic conflict and looting.
OFDA supports urgent health care aid deliveries by CARE in Baghdad;
Save the Children in Mosul; IMC in Basrah, Al Nasiriyah, Maysan, and
Wasit; and World Vision in Ar Rutbah. Health and hygiene kits,
blankets, water containers, and plastic sheeting that OFDA
pre-positioned prior to the war have been distributed to vulnerable
populations in Baghdad, Basrah, Nasiriyah, Samawah, Umm Qasr, and
Arbil. Through these timely humanitarian interventions, USAID is
providing clean water and restocking medicines looted from hospitals.
Food
The entire Iraqi population, 25.5 million people, continues to be at
least partially dependent on food rations. Of these, 16 million people
rely entirely on basic food staples provided through the Public
Distribution System (PDS). Before the war, the PDS was managed by the
Ministry of Trade (MOT), using food procured via the U.N. Oil-for-Food
(OFF) program. At the onset of the war, the WFP issued an appeal for
1.6 million metric tons of food for Iraq. Currently they are acting as
the intermediary until the MOT is again able to assume its
distribution and management role. WFP plans to expand its operation to
include six full months of implementing the PDS food distribution with
a 2.4 million metric ton requirement. The U.S. is the largest
contributor to this effort.
USAID's Office of Food for Peace (FFP) is providing the WFP
commodities through the Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust and through
P.L. 480 Title II emergency food assistance, to be distributed to
Iraqis requiring food assistance. The total amount of U.S.-produced
food already in the region or en route amounts to nearly 300,000
metric tons. USAID provided funds to WFP to purchase commodities in
the region, which will put a grand total of over 600,000 metric tons
of food into the pipeline. The local procurement was necessary to
address Iraq's immediate food needs during the first months of
distribution when the OFF pipeline was disrupted. Title II commodities
coming directly from the U.S. could not have reached Iraq in time to
be of immediate assistance.
USAID staff in Iraq and the region are working with WFP and the
Ministry of Trade to re-establish the PDS system, as this is the most
efficient means to ensure that the nutritional needs of the Iraq
people are met.
TRANSITION INITIATIVES
USAID's Office of Transition Initiatives (OTI) has funded small grants
in various communities in permissive areas of Iraq. These quick action
grants are to provide flexible and immediate assistance to meet urgent
community needs; to repair community confidence by encouraging local
cooperation in the distribution of these small grants; to work across
ethnic groups in grass roots projects; to increase citizen
participation in decision-making, and to rapidly respond to small
infrastructure repair. For example, at the request of legitimate local
leaders in the poorest area of Baghdad, OTI funded garbage collection.
OTI is supporting immediate provision of office supplies to government
Ministries that were badly looted and damaged. In the south of Iraq,
OTI awarded grants, based on community priorities, to establish a
functional office for a town council, rehabilitate a secondary school,
and increase sports and recreational activities for youth.
Abuse Prevention Units
Political and ethnic retribution, property confiscation and other
human rights abuses immediately following hostilities aggravate
suffering and retard reconstruction. In anticipation of such abuse,
USAID established Abuse Prevention Units to identify, track, and
report acts of retribution, and help coordinate the U.S. Government
response to prevent or mitigate such acts. Today, USAID Protection
Officers operate throughout Iraq to pass relevant information about
alleged incidents and potential flashpoints to ORHA, other civilian
agencies, and Coalition forces. In the regions where they operate, the
Unit is the point of contact on these matters with the International
Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), United Nations agencies, and NGOs.
In addition, the Abuse Prevention Unit develops public information
campaigns to promote tolerance, justice, and respect for the rule of
law. It trained hundreds of Civil Affairs Officers in protection
principles before their deployment to the Gulf; developed and
distributed a field guide on preventing and mitigating abuses; helped
create a protection information network; and advised ORHA on projects
to address violence in communities. The Unit has investigated mass
graves, looked into property issues, and investigated human rights
issues in Kirkuk, the Basrah region, Karbala and Najaf.
RECONSTRUCTION
USAID is actively delivering reconstruction assistance in four primary
sectors: 1) physical infrastructure; 2) education, health, and other
social services; 3) economy; and 4) local government. In order to
implement this ambitious program, USAID has enlisted the extensive
expertise of the American private sector through the award of eight
contracts to date. We tapped the expertise of United Nation Agencies
already working in Iraq through grants to UNICEF and WHO. Grants to
NGOs should be announced within the next couple of weeks. While USAID
is meeting immediate reconstruction requirements, we are also
conducting on-the-ground determinations of needs in our primary
sectors that will guide future reconstruction activities.
Restoring Economically- Critical Infrastructure
Prior to the war, USAID developed contingency plans to address on an
urgent basis damage to physical infrastructure caused by war related
incidents including looting and years of neglect by the Saddam regime.
Early targets for immediate repair are critical electric power
systems, potable water and wastewater treatment facilities. From day
one of the post war period, USAID's private sector partner Bechtel,
deployed experts to simultaneously develop a prioritized work plan and
begin urgent work. Security remains the single biggest obstacle to
rapid reconstruction. Stability is not possible if schools are not
open and health care is not provided.
Seaport
A major USAID priority is the port of Umm Qasr, which is the country's
primary deep-water port of entry for humanitarian relief and
reconstruction assistance, including food. Our goals for August are to
ensure that three berths are functional, 50,000 ton ships can unload,
and ships can be unloaded in five days rather than the present 14.
USAID is well on its way to meeting that goal. One of Bechtel's first
jobs was to engage the Great Lakes company from Chicago to dredge the
port of Umm Qasr of accumulated silt. The dredge produced mud equal to
three football fields, one story deep, yesterday and is actually
producing this amount everyday. Bechtel divers are also going beneath
the surface to determine how to remove shipwrecks that block berths so
that humanitarian ships can dock unimpeded. In addition, USAID's
private sector experts are currently making immediate repairs to silos
and associated equipment to permit imports of 60,000 MT bulk grain at
a time. In the weeks leading up to the beginning of the reconstruction
period, U.S. and British military personnel removed 200 unexploded
objects from the channel. In collaboration with WFP, approximately
1,500 tons of supplies are being offloaded each day. Our private
sector partner, Stevedoring Services of America (SSA), will assume
full operation of the port from the British coalition forces by May
23. SSA will direct the local work force, manage the offloading of
humanitarian shipments, storage and movement of supplies needed
throughout the country.
Airports
USAID was tasked to manage the rehabilitation of Baghdad, Basrah and
Mosul airports and reestablish management with Iraqi personnel.
Efficient airport functioning is urgently needed to assure flow of
humanitarian and reconstruction supplies and to facilitate economic
prosperity. The Basrah airport, for example, had no scheduled service
since 1991. To bring the country back into the community of nations,
this isolation has to cease. In the past two weeks USAID's private
sector partner, SkyLinkUSA, has completed its evaluation of Basrah
International Airport. Findings indicate that the basic infrastructure
is in good condition and appears to be well-constructed. However,
technology components and the power supply are in quite poor condition
and will require substantial work before the airport can return to
international standards and support significant humanitarian
shipments. Further work is required to develop airport air traffic
control and management needs. An evaluation of Baghdad International
Airport should be completed by May 30.
Infrastructure Reconstruction
USAID anticipated the critical importance of power and electricity to
security needs in Iraq as well as to the proper functioning of
hospitals, wastewater facilities, and other infrastructure. Quite
simply, economic reactivation depends on available electricity.
USAID's goal in its contingency plans was, by August, to establish a
reliable supply of electricity to 40 percent of previously serviced
populations in permissive security areas. This goal is being met. The
power situation is both encouraging and challenging. Two weeks into
the reconstruction effort, our experts report an excess power in the
north and south regions. In fact, residential customers in both the
north and south have more electric service today than they have had
since 1991. In Basrah, Iraq's second largest city, continuous 24-hour
electric service has returned for the first time in 12 years.
The bad news is that Baghdad still experiences shortages for a variety
of reasons. Baghdad is unable to import excess electricity from the
north or south on its trunk line, the 400 KV transmission system.
USAID's private sector partner Bechtel, is developing a solution to
fix this inability. At the same time we are currently funding through
our contracts essential repairs to power plants and substations in the
Baghdad and Basra regions. Although we are very early in the process,
we can already report progress.
Another obstacle to full power generation is the dependence on crude
oil for the production of fuel for the power plants. Most Iraqi power
plants are run on natural gas, diesel, and bunker oil. With UN
Sanctions still in place, Iraq is not able to produce enough refined
oil products, such as diesel and residual oil, to provide the
necessary fuel for power stations. This shortage of refined product,
along with decreased production of natural gas from Iraq's gas fields,
has reduced electric production by approximately 700 MW.
Another critical infrastructure project USAID and Bechtel are
currently working on is the bridge near Mosul that is vital for
humanitarian assistance and fuel transportation.
We recognize that significant work is still required. We continue to
work intensely to restore high-voltage electrical power lines in
southern Iraq that will eventually supply power to Baghdad and
elsewhere; and our engineers are rapidly surveying water and waste
water treatment facilities; roads and bridges; railroad
infrastructure; irrigation systems; and local government buildings for
potential repair.
Support Essential Education, Health, and other Social Services
USAID's second primary objective is to support essential social
services, especially health and education.
Health
Since 1991, almost one-third of all children in the south and center
of Iraq have suffered from malnutrition, and the child mortality rate
doubled from the decade before. Diarrhea and acute respiratory
infections accounted for 70 percent of childhood deaths. This was
aggravated by inadequate potable water supply and sanitary services
and a high incidence of low birth weight infants and low exclusive
breastfeeding rates. In addition, government investment in managerial
and technical expertise of staff and maintenance of health
infrastructure was poor.
Initial evaluations of the health sector today show that health
services have been disrupted and equipment, medicines, and supplies
have been looted from some health facilities and warehouses. No major
outbreaks of communicable diseases have been reported so far, but the
potential exists since the public health system and immunization
programs have been disrupted. While there appear to be adequate
donated and pre-positioned medical supplies in Iraq for urgent health
requirements, medicines for some chronic diseases, e.g., diabetes and
heart disease, are in short supply. The key challenge for assistance
providers is the distribution of these medicines throughout the
country in light of current security concerns.
USAID's objectives are to meet urgent health needs as well as to
normalize health services rapidly. As a complement to the relief
efforts undertaken by OFDA and State/PRM, USAID is also supporting
UNICEF and WHO as well as the American private sector expertise
provided by Abt Associates, in an effort to address health sector
requirements. USAID funded UNICEF to purchase a 100-day supply of
chlorine for treating water in southern Iraq, thus helping to prevent
outbreaks of communicable diseases. UNICEF has also provided medicines
that help prevent visceral leishmaniasis, and its water team is
sending an average of 50 tankers per day of clean water to Iraq from
Kuwait. To treat children with diarrhea, UNICEF has delivered oral
re-hydration salts. An extra 200,000 packets are being rushed to the
region to deal the possibility of cholera.
WHO staff in the field have set up a surveillance system to monitor
cholera outbreaks. They are currently conducting a survey of diarrhea
cases in other hospitals, and have established an outbreak committee
that is implementing control measures using pre-positioned supplies.
We recognize that these interventions need to be maintained to ensure
that a humanitarian crisis continues to be averted.
Education
The quality of education in Iraq has decreased significantly over the
years, with Iraq going from one of the best educational systems in the
Arab world to a much less capable one. Insufficient resources have
gone into maintaining and repairing school buildings, updating and
printing textbooks, purchasing and distributing school equipment and
supplies, training teachers, and maintaining and upgrading the skills
of school administrators. Added to these challenges has been the
looting of educational facilities.
Pre-conflict statistics indicate primary enrollment was only
approximately 76.3 percent and 20-33 percent for secondary school.
Twice as many girls are not attending school as boys. Nearly 2 million
children and adolescents have dropped out of school, and there are
limited opportunities to re-integrate them into formal schooling or
help them acquire life skills. Those who stay through secondary school
often lack sufficient skills for the labor market. Compounding this is
a shortage of buildings and teachers. Approximately 35 percent of all
schools are on double or triple shifts, and many children only receive
three hours of instruction per day.
Our objective is to get as many children as possible in the classroom
by the start of the new school year on October 1 and keep those
children in school by improving the academic quality and services in
the classroom. By August, we hope to have classroom materials for 2.1
million children distributed and a sufficient number of teachers
trained. We have funded UNICEF and our American private sector
partner, Creative Associates, to help us achieve these objectives.
Through a timely "back to school" campaign, many students returned to
school on May 3. UNICEF has already delivered 1,500 kits, benefiting
120,000 students, to Baghdad during the month of May. Additional
school kits are being procured by Creative Associates for one million
students and 28,000 teachers. Renovation of a targeted 700 schools
near Basrah has already begun.
USAID is laying a solid foundation to ensure that schools are open and
classrooms are filled by the start of the new school year; however,
significant additional work is still required in this sector if Iraq
is able to provide education of a quality level required for economic
reintegration into the world community. In addition to ensuring the
necessary rehabilitation of school facilities and the delivery of
appropriate equipment, material, and supplies, USAID is prepared to
support Iraqi experts to help the Ministry of Education undertake
necessary reforms and ensure that there are sufficient numbers of
qualified teachers in the classroom.
Expanding Economic Opportunities
USAID is working closely with the U.S. Treasury, which has the lead on
these issues, to help build Iraqi Ministry of Finance expertise in
macro-economic policy analysis, budget planning, and
inter-governmental fiscal relations. Support will also address tax
policy reform and administration, including customs administration and
the establishment of transparent and accountable fiscal systems. At
ORHA and Treasury request, USAID will provide technical expertise to
the Central Bank so it can issue and manage domestic currency,
undertake bank supervision and licensing, and promote a competitive
financial system through proper regulatory procedures.
To establish a market-friendly legal and regulatory environment, USAID
will help strengthen property rights-related legislation, corporate
and contract law, and the appropriate framework for competition law.
We will work with the Ministries of Finance and Trade to develop
policies that foster robust trade. In promoting private participation
in the economy, USAID activities will extend credit to small and micro
businesses through local lending institutions and a micro-credit
lending facility.
USAID assistance will help farmers, rural enterprises and the
government use modern agricultural technology to attract investment
and enhance profitability and competitiveness. The program will
support the development of policies, laws and regulations needed to
establish a market-based food distribution system. USAID will also
address improved management of soil and water resources.
Improving Efficiency and Accountability of Government
Iraq comprises 18 governorates in a country the size of California,
with 75% of the population living in urban centers. Over the past
decade, Iraq has had two radically different governance structures in
place: the autonomous Kurdish government in the North and a highly
centralized territory comprising the rest of the country. In the
latter, all senior leadership, from governors to mayors to
sub-district officers, were appointed for the purpose of maintaining
security and controlling the population. The central government, in
allocating resources to local governments, favored certain regions
over others, resulting in uneven development across the country. In
addition, corruption is rampant at all levels. Municipal councils have
been in existence in administrative subdivisions but they served more
as a means by which to gain greater support for the Ba'ath Party and
ensure loyalty to the regime. Furthermore, women have played very
limited roles in government leadership positions.
Given the past and the severe constraints on freedom of assembly and
freedom of expression, Iraqi citizens lack the foundation for civic
engagement. There are very few civil society organizations that
effectively represent citizens' interests and are in a position to
advocate or work with government to meet the needs of the populace.
Nonetheless, a fairly functional bureaucracy exists that, if directed
by appropriate technocrats, can contribute significantly to the
reconstruction of the country.
USAID has enlisted the expertise of private sector partner, Research
Triangle Institute, to facilitate and support Iraqi-led efforts to
restore local administrative structures and processes. Already,
USAID's local governance teams have visited 12 of the 18 governorates
-- from cities in the south of Iraq, to Baghdad, and as far north as
Al Hilla -- consulting and coordinating with city officials and
association members on participatory governance structures,
accountability of public officials, and transparency requirements in
official actions. Currently, a team is actively exploring appropriate
models for increasing citizen input into a Baghdad municipal council.
USAID is coordinating its assistance closely with elements of
coalition forces to undertake important local development projects,
such as repairing a school, orphanage, maternity hospital and
government facility in An Nasiriyah.
Implementation Factors
Security
It is important to emphasize that USAID can only deliver assistance
effectively in areas where security is sufficient to permit assistance
workers to operate. The United States is actively working to ensure
that the security environment is such that aid can be delivered
effectively.
 
Resources
The generosity of the U.S. Congress and taxpayer has allowed USAID to
undertake critical assistance to date. The President's $2.45 billion
supplemental budget for Iraq provides sufficient resources to bring
Iraqi infrastructure and systems into working order before Iraqis' own
revenue from its oil industry are available to fund government
services.
Iraqi Participation
In the past two short weeks, Iraqis have been fully involved in our
implementation efforts, and USAID's reconstruction objectives cannot
be achieved without their full participation and leadership. It is
also critical that Iraqis receive compensation for their work. Many
dedicated Iraqi people are returning to their jobs and making a
significant contribution to the reconstruction of their communities.
We are already seeing emerging leadership.
Partnerships
The United States Government could not achieve its objectives without
the efforts of the private sector, NGOs, and international community.
We are actively working with other donors to identify priority needs
for assistance. Other donors have generously provided support for
Iraq, particularly with respect to humanitarian relief efforts. We
will continue to engage other donors to meet the significant
reconstruction requirements in Iraq.
In closing, I would like to join the millions of American people who
are proud of the contributions and sacrifices our dedicated serviceman
have made in the liberation of Iraq. I would like to also note that as
we enter the reconstruction period, America is served by a second set
of heroes. They are the courageous individuals from the private sector
and non-governmental community who are the backbone of our "war for
peace". They risk their lives daily to support USAID efforts in Iraq,
Afghanistan and other insecure areas. The bombings earlier this week
in Riyadh and the death of two Department of Defense contractors in
Kuwait prior to the war demonstrate the inherent risks of this work
and the vital importance of continuing it.
(end text)
(Distributed by the Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S.
Department of State. Web site: http://usinfo.state.gov)



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