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??ngolia and Europe

Diplomatic relations between ??ngolia and the Federal Republic of Germany were established on 31 January, 1974 and Germany is Mongolia’s main collaborator and key donor country in Europe. The ongoing development of in-depth relations with Germany is a priority goal within Mongolia’s foreign policy. The level and frequency of official visits between the two countries is relatively high and has been an important factor contributing to the development of sustainable cooperation in other sectors. The two countries have set up permanent consultative mechanisms on foreign policy, defense, growth cooperation, education and culture and science.

The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany provided € 224 million in the form of loans and grants to Mongolia between 1991 and 2005, including € 91.5 million granted for projects. In addition, US$ 35 million in development support was granted during 2006-2007 and non-governmental organizations, such as the Conrad Adenauer Foundation, the Hanns Seidel Foundation, the Friedrich Ebert Foundation, Integrated Professionals, and the government organization, GTZ, have provided growth support.

Investments by the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990-2007 amounted to US$ 12 m - 0.6 percent of overall investment in Mongolia – making it the seventeenth biggest investor. Trade turnover was US$ 25.7 million in 1990 and increased to US$ 94.3 million28. As at 1999, some 719 Mongolians were studying at universities and colleges in Germany but this increased to 1,400 in 2003.

Diplomatic relations between ??ngolia and France were established on 24 April, 1965 and the ongoing development of cooperation with France at all levels, as an influential European country, is one of the most important directions within Mongolia’s multi-based foreign policy. Due to specific measures being taken, fruitful cooperation has been achieved in the cultural and educational sectors, while archaeological cooperation has been prolonged under the auspices of the Presidents of France and Mongolia, with an exhibition of findings organized in France. The French Government has supported young Mongolians to study at universities and colleges in France and the two countries have collaborated on tourism. Mongolian-French trade turnover totaled US$ 30.5 million during 2004, US$ 30.0 million during 2005, and US$ 29.4 million during 2007.

Diplomatic relations between ??ngolia and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland were established on 23 January, 1963 and Britain was the first Western country to officially recognize Mongolia’s independence. The two countries currently collaborate in all sectors and pay reciprocal high-level official visits. Inter-governmental relations have been enhanced and a series of nine round-table meetings has been organized. Trade turnover amounted to US$141.4 million during 2004, US$95.8 million during 2005, US$47.3 million during 2006, and US$58.7 million during 2007.

Mongolia has successfully developed cooperative relations with Belgium, Finland, The Netherlands, Luxembourg, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Austria, Italy, Spain, Portugal, the Vatican, Ireland, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Cyprus and Greece. The Government of Belgium has granted a soft loan of € 4.5 million to implement a project to ‘Strengthen the Eastern Region’s diagnostic and treatment centre’. The Government of Luxembourg, together with UNDP in Mongolia, has agreed to provide US$ 1.3 million to cover the third phase of a tri-partite project to ‘Mitigate disaster threats and refine management structures’ to be implemented between 2008 and 2010, as well as a € 56 million soft loan for the Chargait hydro-energy project. It also provided a € 2.4 million soft loan for the establishment of a coronary disease diagnostic and treatment centre. The Government of Italy has signed a € 5.16 million soft loan agreement to refurbish the Maternity and Child Care Centre and, in addition, has provided a € 396,000 grant to Mongolia. Mongolia has cooperated with these countries in the cultural, educational and technological sectors.

Various new steps have been undertaken to restore cooperative relations with Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Hertsegovinia, Lithuania, Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, Latvia, Estonia and Albania. The Czech Republic has launched five environmental and humanitarian projects and has cooperated on social security issues for Mongolians employed there. The Bulgarian president paid an official visit to Mongolia and the two sides signed intergovernmental programs on education, culture and science for implementation from 2007 to 2011. Bulgaria also agreed to provide military equipment as grant aid. Educational sector cooperation with Poland has continued and ten Mongolian students have studied there with scholarships from the Polish Government. Agreements to cooperate with Hungary in the educational, scientific and cultural sectors during 2007-2011 are being implemented successfully and the Hungarian Government has provided a US$ 175,000 grant to Mongolia.

Cooperation between Mongolia and Turkey has been developed in many sectors, and high-level visits and measures have been undertaken. TIKA provided US$1 million to cover the costs of rehabilitation and research at historic monuments in the Orkhon Valley. The Turkish Government has also extended its support for education, science, military/defense needs, and the capital cities of the two countries cooperate closely, with equipment worth US$ 300 million having been granted to the General Staff of The Armed Forces.