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??ngolia and Asia

Diplomatic relations between Mongolia and Japan were established in 1972, with the beginning of 1990 seeing the commencement of a new era of cooperation between the two countries. Political negotiations between Mongolia and Japan have been consistent, mutual understanding has intensified and high-level official visits have increased. For instance, the Mongolian President paid an official visit to Japan in 2007 during which the ‘Ten-year basic collaborative program between Mongolia and Japan’ was signed. This important document defines long term directions and frameworks for cooperation between Mongolia and Japan. Annual Policy Consultative Meetings have been organized between the Ministries of Foreign Affairs since 1996. In 2006 the ‘Year of Mongolia in Japan’ and in 2007 the ‘Year of Japan in Mongolia’ resulted in a favorable impact on all-round partnership relations between the two countries.

Activities in Mongolian-Japanese economic relations aim to increase trade and investment and enhance cooperation. During 2007 the two countries’ trade rose slightly, with imports/exports reaching US$ 84 million, including Mongolian exports amounting to US$ 10 million. The Japanese Government granted loans and aid of US$1.3 billion between 1991 and 2004 and, as at 2005, seven projects to the value of US$ 24.5 billion have been implemented. A negotiation to provide Yen 2,290,500,000 in loans and grants was signed in 2007.

Japan is the fourth biggest partner country for investment and the fifth biggest partner country in foreign trade. Each year around 12,000 tourists come from Japan and approximately 800 Mongolians have studied in Japan.

Diplomatic relations between ??ngolia and the Republic of Korea were established in 1990 and the two countries have cooperated in the political, trade, economic, cultural, scientific, and educational sectors. The Government of Republic of Korea provided US$54 million in grants from 1990-2005, and grants reached US$3.6 million in 2007. Trade turnover between the parties amounted the US$61.2 million in 2004, US$63.7 million in 2005, US$82.5 million in 2006, and US$119.6 million in 200631. As at 2005, 916 Korean companies were registered in Mongolia with investments totaling to US$106.4 million.

Diplomatic relations between ??ngolia and India were established during December 1955 and Mongolia strives to maintain in-depth relations with India as one of the biggest nations in Asia. Joint agreements on cultural cooperation, the establishment of an Agro-park in Darkhan, telecommunications training in Ulaanbaatar, and a telecommunications operational centre, were signed between 2006 and 2008. The overall trade turnover between the countries amounted to US$1.3 million in 2004, US$1.6 million in 2005, US$3.9 million in 2006, and US$10.6 million in 200032. Cultural, educational and humanitarian collaboration has actively been maintained. Over 40 public servants attended various training opportunities and some 84 Mongolian students have studied in India.

Mongolia has traditionally maintained close traditional friendly relations with the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the People’s Democratic Republic of Laos, and since 1990 has initiated collaborative relations with Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia. Mongolia became a member of the ASEAN Regional Summit in 1998 and has made considerable progress in setting up bilateral relations with various ASEAN countries. Although trade with and investment from ASEAN countries has not risen much, some increase had been noted. Trade with Vietnam was US$ 2.2 million in 2004, US$ 2.6 million in 2005, US$ 3 million in 2006, and US$ 6.3 million in 2007. Trade with Indonesia amounted to US$ 5.5 million in 2004, US$ 7.5 million in 2005, and US$ 3.9 million in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Trade with Malaysia amounted to US$ 5.5 m in 2004, US$7 million in 2005, US$ 9.8 million in 2006, and US$ 19.8 million in 2007. Trade with Singapore amounted to US$ 15 million in 2004, US$16.3 million in 2005, US$ 20.7 million in 2006, and US$ 29.3 million in 2007.

Mongolia has maintained and enhanced traditional collaboration with Central Asian countries, as well as expanding its cooperation with some of these countries, sharing its concerns and interest to cooperate with the Shanghai and other collaborative organizations, and activating political and economic collaboration with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzistan, Tajikistan and Azerbaijan within the framework of consultation to strengthen inter-Asian cooperation and trust. Collaboration is being developing in all sectors.

The total amount of trade between Mongolia and Kazakhstan was US$ 26.5 million in 2004, US$41.1 million in 2005, US$ 51.5 million in 2006, and US$ 31 million in 200734. 17 Kazakh companies have invested some US$ 663,000 in Mongolia. The issue of Mongolian-Kazakh citizens’ relation has always been prioritized by the two countries as more than 70,000 Kazakh people have moved to Kazakhstan from Mongolia with 60,000 becoming Kazakhstan citizens, including approximately 33,000 with dual citizenships, and the coordination of this is progressing.