A.D. 1123 - First Lateran Council
The ninth ecumenical council, according to the Roman Catholic view, was held in 1123 at the Lateran basilica in Rome under pope Calixtus II. As this was about 70 years after the final separation of the Greek and Latin, churches, this council and the subsequent ones in the list have been composed only of those who acknowledged the pope as their spiritual head. This council, at which 300 bishops were present, solemnly confirmed the concordat of Worms, made the year before between the pope and the German emperor Henry V., and continued in force for centuries afterwards. By this concordat, bishops and abbots may be freely and canonically chosen by those whose right it is to elect (the laity being henceforth excluded) in the presence of the emperor or his representative ; the emperor, in case of disagreement among the electors, may, with the advice or judgment of the metropolitan and bishops of the province, decide who is to be the bishop or abbot; the person elected may be freely consecrated, and may both yield to the emperor the homage due and receive from him an investiture of temporal rights, not by the ring and staff, according to the former custom, but by a scepter.
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