References
US Military Operations

Wars Since 1945

Current Operations

• 115,118 SERVICEMEMBERS DEPLOYED OVERSEAS December 22, 1998 -- Some 115,118 soldiers, sailors, airmen and Marines are deployed overseas on operations around the world. In addition, there are about 100,000 service members permanently stationed in Europe and about 100,000 service members permanently stationed in the Pacific.
• Most deployment locations now have Web site addresses Released: Feb 17, 1998

Historical Operations and Wars

• Use of U.S. Forces Abroad - 1798 - 1993 by Ellen C. Collier, Congressional Research Service - October 7, 1993
• U.S. NAVY CRISIS RESPONSES, 1946-89 (Senator McCAIN - November 09, 1989)
• Making Peace While Staying Ready for War: The Challenges of U.S. Military Participation in Peace Operations Congressional Budget Office, December 1999
• American Neutrality in the 20th Century - The Impossible Dream John N. Petrie NATIONAL DEFENSE UNIVERSITY McNair Paper 33 January 1995

• Analysis of Casualty Rates & Patterns Likely to Result from Military Operations in Urban Environments U.S. Marine Corps Commandant's Warfighting Laboratory [670kb PDF]

• 1998 in Review -- 1999 Department of the Navy Posture Statement
• 1997 in Review -- 1998 Department of the Navy Posture Statement
• 1996 in Review -- 1997 Department of the Navy Posture Statement
• Cold War Incidents Involving U.S. Navy Aircraft APPENDIX 34 United States Naval Aviation 1910-1995.
• USAFE Contingency Operations 1986-1997
• USAFE Humanitarian Operations 1945-1997

• The Art of Naming Operations GREGORY C. SIEMINSKI Parameters, Autumn 1995, pp. 81-98.

• DOD ACTIVITIES AWARDED THE JOINT MERITORIOUS UNIT AWARD DoD 1348.33-M - 12 Sep 1996
• U.S. SERVICE MEDALS, CAMPAIGN MEDALS, AND SERVICE RIBBONS DoD 1348.33-M - 12 Sep 1996
• OPERATIONS APPROVED FOR AWARD OF THE AFEM DoD 1348.33-M - 12 Sep 1996
• APPROVED OPERATIONS FOR AWARD OF THE HUMANITARIAN SERVICE MEDAL DoD 1348.33-M - 12 Sep 1996

Peacekeeping

• NANCY SODERBERG ON UN PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS 22 April 1998 U.S. Foreign Policy Agenda
• REPORT OF THE SENIOR WORKING GROUP ON MILITARY OPERATIONS OTHER THAN WAR (OOTW) May 1994 General Carl Stiner, U.S. Army (Retired) (Chairman) Sponsored by: Advanced Research Projects Agency

War Powers

• War Powers Resolution - Public Law 93-148 93rd Congress, H. J. Res. 542 -- November 7, 1973
• War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance. Updated November 25, 1996. Richard F. Grimmett. CRS Foreign Affairs and National Defense Division

Perspectives

• The Uses of Military Power Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger - November 1984
• Use of Military Force Under Secretary of State Thomas Pickering, West Point, February 10, 1999 -- To be effective, a threat of force only should be use when very significant U.S. interests require and when there is the political will to carry out the threat.

• Background Briefing Subject: Military Readiness Tuesday, May 5, 1998 Attributable To: Senior Military or Civilian Officials
• U-S / MILITARY VOA 3/31/98 THE SECOND-RANKING OFFICIAL AT THE U-S DEFENSE DEPARTMENT HAS EXPRESSED DOUBT ABOUT FUTURE U-S ABILITY TO PROJECT POWER -- IF THE MILITARY BUDGET CONTINUES TO SHRINK.
• ACC reconstitution efforts underway (AFPN) 23 September 1999 -- Air Combat Command is on track toward reconstituting its forces that experienced higher-than-normal operations tempo during Operation Allied Force and other recent deployments. ACC's reconstitution plan gives 10 fighter and bomber squadrons and 16 low-density, high-demand units needed time to work off the backlog in training and deferred maintenance.
• Army Readiness Background Briefing November 10, 1999 - The issue is not resource inadequacies -- that is, training, manning, or equipment shortfalls. Instead, it reflects the fact that the Army's current readiness reporting system requires commanders to assess and report their unit's level of readiness based upon their ability to deploy ready forces to a major theater war within time lines established in the war plans.
• Cohen's Top Feat May Be Monetary, Not Military By Elizabeth Becker New York Times November 14, 1999 -- "We're closer to the old cold war Pentagon than we were three years ago," said John Pike, director of programs at the Federation of American Scientists, a private group here.
• 10th Mountain, 1st Infantry are combat ready, officials say (Army News Service, Nov. 16, 1999) - Defense officials say although two Army divisions now deployed to the Balkans reported lower personnel readiness levels last month, that doesn't mean they aren't combat ready.
• Cohen Addresses Readiness News By Linda D. Kozaryn American Forces Press Service 23 November 1999 -- Is the military ready to fight or not? According to the news, two Army divisions aren't ready for war and half the Army's Apache attack helicopters are grounded for repairs.

• UNIFIED COMMAND PLAN October 7, 1999 -- Secretary of Defense William Cohen today announced changes to the Unified Command Plan (UCP) that allocates responsibility among the nation's nine combatant commands.
• Unified Command Plan Changes Announced American Forces Press Service 07 October 1999 -- Changes in the Unified Command Plan replace the U.S. Atlantic Command, increase emphasis on homeland defense and extend the U.S. European Command's area of responsibility to the water areas around Europe and Africa.
• Joint Forces Command Faces the Military's Future American Forces Press Service 08 October 1999 -- Joint Forces Command inherits Atlantic Command's traditions.

• CONFLICT RESOLUTION: "EXPLOSION" OF ETHNIC VIOLENCE Voice of America 3/12/98 INCIDENTS OF ETHNIC VIOLENCE HAVE INCREASED OVER THE PAST DECADE, ESPECIALLY SINCE THE COLLAPSE OF COMMUNISM IN EAST-CENTRAL EUROPE AND THE FORMER SOVIET UNION.
• HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION: 'NEW RULES FOR THE UN?' USIA Foreign Media Reaction Report 27 September 1999 -- Most opinion pieces focused on UN Secretary General Kofi Annan's "challenging" proposal to institutionalize the principle of "humanitarian security" all over the world and President Clinton's "inspired" remarks on the parameters for humanitarian intervention.