Weapons Acquisition: Precision Guided Munitions in Inventory, Production, and Development (Letter Report, 06/23/95, GAO/NSIAD-95-95)
Pursuant to a legislative requirement, GAO reviewed the military
services' acquisition of precision guided munitions (PGM), focusing on:
(1) the planned costs and quantities of PGM; (2) the services' rationale
for initiating PGM development programs; (3) available options to attack
surface targets with PGM; and (4) the extent of the services' joint
development and procurement of PGM.
GAO found that: (1) the services have bought or are developing over 33
types of PGM at a cost of about $58.6 billion; (2) the 19 PGM types in
inventory and production provide about 130,422 individual munitions at a
cost of about $30.4 billion and are used by the Air Force and Navy; (3)
the 14 PGM types in development have a combined estimated acquisition
cost of about $28.2 billion; (4) the services' rationale for the PGM
development programs include increasing the number of PGM, gaining
additional capability through technical improvements, and providing
interim capabilities until certain munitions are available; (5) some PGM
will use global positioning satellite technology to locate their
targets; (6) the 33 PGM types provide multiple options for countering
surface targets and some PGM can function against more than one target
class; and (7) the Navy and Air Force have participated in joint PGM
development programs, but they do not plan to buy some PGM currently
under development.
--------------------------- Indexing Terms -----------------------------
REPORTNUM: NSIAD-95-95
TITLE: Weapons Acquisition: Precision Guided Munitions in
Inventory, Production, and Development
DATE: 06/23/95
SUBJECT: Advanced weapons systems
Weapons research
Research and development
Military procurement
Military inventories
Missiles
Munitions
Warfare
Defense capabilities
IDENTIFIER: High-Speed Anti-Radiation Missile
Joint Direct Attack Weapon
Multiple Launch Rocket System
MLRS
Army Tactical Missile System
Brilliant Anti-Armor Submunition
AGM-142 Missile
HAVE NAP Missile
Standoff Land Attack Missile
SLAM-Expanded Response Missile
Tri-Service Standoff Attack Missile
Harpoon Missile
B-52 Aircraft
Maverick Missile
GBU-10 Munition
GBU-12 Munition
GBU-24 Munition
Joint Standoff Weapon
JSOW/Unitary Munition
NAVSTAR Global Positioning System
GPS
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Cover
================================================================ COVER
Report to Congressional Committees
June 1995
WEAPONS ACQUISITION - PRECISION
GUIDED MUNITIONS IN INVENTORY,
PRODUCTION, AND DEVELOPMENT
GAO/NSIAD-95-95
Precision Guided Munitions
Abbreviations
=============================================================== ABBREV
AGM - Air-to-ground Guided Missile
APAM - Anti-personnel, anti-materiel
ATACMS - Army Tactical Missile System
BAT - Brilliant Anti-Armor Submunition
CALCM - Conventional Air-Launched Cruise Missile
EFOG-M - Enhanced Fiber Optic Guided Missile
GAM - Global Positioning System Aided Munition
GBU - Guided Bomb Unit
GPS - Global Positioning System
HARM - High-Speed Anti-Radiation Missile
INS - Inertial Navigation System
JDAM - Joint Direct Attack Missile
JSOW - Joint Standoff Weapon
MLRS - Multiple Launch Rocket System
OSD - Office of the Secretary of Defense
P\3 I - Preplanned product improvement
PGM - precision guided munition
SADARM - Sense and Destroy Armor Munition
SFW - Sensor Fuzed Weapon
SLAM - Standoff Land Attack Missile
SLAM-ER - SLAM-Expanded Response
TASM - Tomahawk Anti-Ship Missile
TBIP - Tomahawk Baseline Improvement Program
TLAM - Tomahawk Land Attack Missile
TSSAM - Tri-Service Standoff Attack Missile
Letter
=============================================================== LETTER
B-260458
June 23, 1995
Congressional Committees
The military services are spending billions of dollars to acquire new
and improved munitions whose technical sophistication allows guidance
corrections during their flight to the target. These weapons are
referred to as precision guided munitions (PGM). We reviewed Air
Force, Navy, and Army munitions programs in inventory, production,
and development that could be defined as using precision guidance to
attack surface targets.\1 Our objectives were to determine (1) the
costs and quantities planned for the PGMs, (2) the services rationale
for initiating PGM development programs, (3) options available to the
services to attack surface targets with PGMs, and (4) the extent to
which the services are jointly developing and procuring PGMs. We
conducted this work under our basic legislative responsibilities and
plan to use this baseline report in planning future work on
Defense-wide issues affecting the acquisition and effectiveness of
PGMs. We are addressing the report to you because we believe it will
be of interest to your committees.
--------------------
\1 Surface PGM targets can be classified as either mobile, fixed, or
on the surface of the sea. Targets may be further classified
according to whether or not they are specially protected with armor
or concrete or emit heat, light, or radar signatures.
BACKGROUND
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :1
PGMs employ various guidance methods to enhance the probability of
hitting the target. These include target location information from a
human designator, global positioning system (GPS) satellites, an
inertial navigation system, a terminal seeker on the munition, or a
combination of these sources. Since PGMs can correct errors in
flight, the services expect to need fewer rounds to achieve the same
or higher probabilities of kill as unguided weapons. Additionally,
the services expect PGM accuracy and lethality to reduce the number
of launch platforms and soldiers required to counter specific
targets. PGMs that can be launched outside the targets' defenses
(i.e., with a standoff capability) could enhance the survivability of
the launch platforms and personnel. Some PGMs, such as the
High-Speed Anti-Radiation Missile (HARM), are optimized for a
particular target (radar emitters); others, such as the Joint Direct
Attack Munition (JDAM), can be used against a wider variety of
targets, such as buildings and tanks.
In selecting munitions for review, we considered only munitions that
(1) are surface-to-surface, indirect fire weapons or are
air-to-surface weapons and (2) have a nominal standoff from their
launching platform of about 5 nautical miles or more. The munitions
selected are not the total universe of precision guided munitions but
are those that, in our judgment, represented the substantial majority
of the services' PGM investment and capability.
RESULTS IN BRIEF
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :2
The military services have bought or are developing for future
procurement 33 PGM types with over 300,000 individual precision
munitions to attack surface targets. The services estimate that when
planned development and procurement are complete, the United States
will have invested about $58.6 billion (then-year dollars) in the 33
PGM types. The 19 munition types in inventory and production provide
about 130,422 individual munitions at a cost of about $30.4 billion.
They are carried on Air Force bombers and fighters and on Navy
fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, and ships. The 14 munition types
in development have a combined estimated acquisition cost of about
$28.2 billion and quantities of about 174,446. In addition to the
Air Force and Navy platforms cited above, some of these munitions are
to be launched from Army platforms, such as the Multiple Launch
Rocket System launcher. The developmental munitions are expected to
reach first capability (i.e., when the services plan to begin
fielding them) between 1996 and 2004. Figure 1 shows the allocation
of quantities by service in inventory, production, and development.
Figure 1: Munitions Quantities
by Service
(See figure in printed
edition.)
The services have initiated PGM development programs both to increase
the number of PGMs and to gain additional capability through
technical improvements, such as the addition of guidance information
from GPS satellites, autonomous target acquisition, and standoff
range. For example, the JDAM, a joint development by the Air Force
and the Navy, is expected to provide the services with an additional
74,000 PGMs. JDAM will incorporate GPS technology with existing
1,000 and 2,000 pound dumb bombs to allow the munitions to guide
themselves to the target area. Similarly, the Army Tactical Missile
System (ATACMS) with the Brilliant Antiarmor Submunition (BAT) is
expected to provide Army forces with 1,806 missiles for attacking
targets in the deep battle arena. The missile will use GPS
technology to locate the target area while the submunitions will use
acoustic, infrared and millimeter wave technology to locate specific
targets.
The services have also acquired PGMs to provide an interim
capability. As an illustration, Navy and Air Force officials stated
they originally planned only small procurements of AGM-142 (Have
Nap), the Standoff Land Attack Missile (SLAM), and the SLAM-Expanded
Response (SLAM-ER) because they were interim systems to the
Tri-Service Standoff Attack Missile (TSSAM). When procurement and
development are complete, the Air Force and the Navy estimate they
will have spent about $1.9 billion and will have 897 munitions--130
AGM-142s, 700 SLAM-ERs, and 67 SLAMs.\2 According to a Navy official,
the SLAM and SLAM-ER could also be deployed on Air Force aircraft
that use the Harpoon missile. The Air Force currently uses the
Harpoon on its B-52 bombers; therefore, it may be possible to
integrate SLAM and SLAM-ER on Air Force bombers. However, the Air
Force did not buy any of the SLAM missiles nor according to Navy and
Air Force officials does it plan to purchase the SLAM-ER.
The 33 PGM types provide the services with multiple options for
countering targets in the five air-to-surface and surface-to-surface
target classes, as shown in table 1. The total for all target
classes exceeds 33 because 26 of the 33 PGM types have capabilities
in more than one target class.
Table 1
Number of PGM Options by Target Class
for Munitions in Inventory, Production,
and Development
Examples of Developmen
Target class targets Inventory Production t Total
----------------- ----------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ======
Mobile hard Tanks, artillery, 6 1 8 15
armored
personnel
carriers
Mobile soft Trucks, vans, 2 3 8 13
mobile missile
launchers,
unprotected
personnel,
motorized
transport
vehicles
Fixed hard Bridges, port 7 5 6 18
facilities,
hardened
aircraft
shelters,
underground
command posts,
bunkers
Fixed soft Factories and 9 4 9 22
manufacturing
sites, general
purpose
buildings,
roads, rail
yards
Maritime surface Ships at sea 5 2 5 12
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Navy and the Air Force have jointly procured PGMs and are
currently participating in joint development programs. For example,
the Navy and the Air Force have bought variants of the Air
Force-developed Maverick and the Guided Bomb Units (GBU) 10, 12, and
24. The Air Force bought both the Navy-developed HARM and Harpoon
missile. We note that the Air Force and the Navy are participating
in two congressionally directed joint developments--JDAM and the
Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW). We also observe, however, that even
though JDAM and JSOW are joint programs, the Navy does not plan to
buy the JDAM product improvement nor does the Air Force plan to buy
the JSOW/Unitary variant. Office of the Secretary of Defense and
military service officials informed us that current budgetary
constraints have encouraged them to more fully consider joint
development and procurement.
Appendix I provides details of acquisition cost, production unit
cost, and quantities for the 33 PGM types; the PGM types planned for
various platforms; and the specific munition options for countering
targets in the five surface target classes. Appendix II provides a
brief description of the 33 munitions and program data.
--------------------
\2 The quantities for these or other PGMs may increase because the
TSSAM program is being terminated due to significant development
difficulties and growth in its expected unit cost.
AGENCY COMMENTS AND OUR
EVALUATION
------------------------------------------------------------ Letter :3
In commenting on a draft of this report, the Department of Defense
stated that because the report does not contain findings,
conclusions, or recommendations, it was not taking a position on the
report but did note the report's contribution to the overall
database. The Department commented that the scope of the report was
broad, it addresses weapons programs from the Vietnam War into the
21st century, and during this period budgets, priorities, missions,
and threats all have seen change. Therefore, any conclusions drawn
by comparison of various programs, to be valid, would have to be done
carefully to reflect changing conditions.
We agree that the development and production of the 33 PGM types
extend over a long period of time and changes have occurred since
some of the munitions in inventory were initially acquired. However,
all of the PGM types in inventory that we reviewed are still in the
active inventory. The first capability dates are included in the
program data in appendix II. The Department's comments are included
in appendix IV.
---------------------------------------------------------- Letter :3.1
Appendix III sets forth the scope and methodology of our work. We
are sending copies of this report to the Secretaries of Defense, the
Army, the Navy, and the Air Force; and the Director, Office of
Management and Budget. We will also make copies available to others
upon request.
Please contact me at (202) 512-4841 if you or your staff have any
questions concerning this report. Major contributors to this report
are listed in appendix V.
Louis J. Rodrigues
Director, Systems Development
and Production Issues
List of Committees
The Honorable Strom Thurmond
Chairman
The Honorable Sam Nunn
Ranking Minority Member
Committee on Armed Services
United States Senate
The Honorable Ted Stevens
Chairman
The Honorable Daniel K. Inouye
Ranking Minority Member
Subcommittee on Defense
Committee on Appropriations
United States Senate
The Honorable Floyd D. Spence
Chairman
The Honorable Ronald V. Dellums
Ranking Minority Member
Committee on National Security
House of Representatives
The Honorable C.W. Bill Young
Chairman
The Honorable John P. Murtha
Ranking Minority Member
Subcommittee on National Security
Committee on Appropriations
House of Representatives
PRECISION GUIDED MUNITIONS
ACQUISITION
=========================================================== Appendix I
The services have bought or plan to develop and buy over 300,000
individual munitions to defeat surface targets. The 33 precision
guided munition (PGM) types we reviewed provide the services with
multiple options for defeating targets in each of five target
classes--mobile hard, mobile soft, fixed hard, fixed soft, and
maritime surface. The services have initiated PGM development
programs, both to increase the number of PGMs and to gain additional
capability through technological improvements.
PGM QUANTITIES AND COST
--------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:1
According to Department of Defense estimates, the 33 PGM types
included in our review represent an investment of about $58.6 billion
in then-year dollars. Table I.1 provides acquisition cost,
production unit cost, and quantities for the munitions programs in
our evaluation and table I.2 provides platform information.
Table I.1
Precision Guided Munitions: Acquisition
Cost, Production Unit Cost, and
Quantities
(Then-year dollars)
Acquisit
ion cost
(dollars
in Producti
millions on unit
Systems Service ) cost Quantity
------------------------------------ ------------ -------- -------- --------
Systems in inventory
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Conventional Air-Launched Cruise Air Force \a \a \a
Missile (CALCM)
Guided Bomb Unit-10 (GBU-10) Air Force $271.34\ $23,700 11,329
and Navy b
Guided Bomb Unit-12 (GBU-12) Air Force 620.23\b 19,000 32,636
and Navy
Guided Bomb Unit-15 (GBU-15) Air Force 774.50 207,651 2,823
Guided Bomb Unit-24 (GBU-24) Air Force 729.14\b 55,600 13,114
and Navy
Guided Bomb Unit-27 (GBU-27) Air Force 176.72\b 55,000 3,213
Harpoon Navy and Air 3,203.00 474,609 6,073
Force
High-Speed Anti-Radiation Missile Navy and Air 6,212.60 283,985 19,607
(HARM) Force
Maverick D/G Air Force 3,063.50 122,230 23,689
Maverick E/F Navy 653.00 152,491 4,115
Penguin Navy 241.70 1,566,00 101
0
Tomahawk Anti-Ship Missile (TASM) Navy 1,860.80 2,553,00 593
0
Walleye Navy 372.00 92,188 3,200
================================================================================
Subtotal 18,178.5 120,493
3
Systems in production
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Air-to-Ground Guided Missile-130 Air Force 635.96 884,279 502
(AGM-130)
Air-to Ground Guided Missile-142 Air Force 200.70 1,020,00 130
(AGM-142, Have Nap) 0
Guided Bomb Unit-28 (GBU-28) Air Force 18.20 145,600 125
Sensor Fuzed Weapon (SFW) Air Force 1,827.10 319,880 5,000
Standoff Land Attack Missile (SLAM) Navy 1,138.80 1,378,00 767
0
Tomahawk Land Attack Missile C/D Navy 8,426.80 2,115,00 3,405
(TLAM) 0
================================================================================
Subtotal 1 2,247.56 9 ,929
Systems in development
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Air-to-Ground Guided Missile-130C Air Force 11.50\c \c \c
(AGM-130C)
Army Tactical Missile System Block Army 828.30 915,000 800
IA (ATACMS Block IA)
Army Tactical Missile System Block Army 3,979.30 2,200,00 1,206
II/Brilliant Anti-armor Submunition 0
(ATACMS Block II/BAT/BAT P\3I)
Army Tactical Missile System Block Army 1,312.36 1,478,96 600
IIA/Brilliant Anti-armor 7
Submunition Preplanned Product
Improvement (ATACMS
Block IIA/BAT P\3I)
Enhanced Fiber Optic Guided-Missile Army 289.70\c \c 300\c
(EFOG-M)
Global Positioning System Aided Air Force 29.60 231,250 128
Munition (GAM)
Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) Air Force 4,650.60 56,141 74,000
and Navy
Joint Direct Attack Munition Product Air Force 76.50\d \d 5,000\d
Improvement Program
(JDAM PIP)
Joint Standoff Weapon/Baseline Navy and Air 3,327.60 246,585 11,800
(JSOW) Force
Joint Standoff Weapon/BLU-108 (JSOW/ Navy and Air 2,033.50 429,929 4,200
BLU-108) Force
Joint Standoff Weapon /Unitary Navy 5,608.30 661,013 7,800
(JSOW/Unitary)
Sense and Destroy Armor Munition Army 2,937.40 35,063 73,612
(SADARM)
Standoff Land Attack Missile- Navy 550.30 511,428 700\e
Expanded Response
(SLAM-ER)
Tomahawk Baseline Improvement Navy 2,578.60 1,552,00 1,181\e
Program (TBIP) 0
================================================================================
Subtotal 28,213.5 174,446
6
================================================================================
Total $58,639. 304,868
65
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a Cost information and quantity are classified.
\b Cost includes only production; development cost was not available.
\c Acquisition cost information for AGM-130C and EFOG-M includes
developmental cost only. The Air Force does not plan to procure the
AGM-130C and the 300 EFOG-Ms the Army plans to acquire are part of an
advanced concept technology demonstration.
\d The Air Force did not provide complete cost for the JDAM product
improvement because the seeker technology has not been decided.
However the Air Force has programmed $76.5 million through fiscal
year 2001 for the program. Also, quantities for the product
improvement are not included in the total because 5,000 of the
baseline JDAMs will be equipped with the terminal seeker.
\e Quantities for SLAM-ER and TBIP are not included in the total
because these munitions are improvements and remanufacture of
existing SLAMs and Tomahawks.
Table I.2
Platforms and Their PGM Types
Platform PGM types
------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------
Air Force aircraft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
B-52 AGM-142, CALCM, GBU-10, GBU-12, Harpoon, JDAM, JDAM-PIP, SFW
B-1 JDAM, JDAM-PIP, JSOW/Baseline, JSOW/BLU-108, SFW
B-2 GAM, JDAM, JDAM-PIP, SFW
F-4 HARM, Maverick
F-15 AGM-130, GBU-10, GBU-12, GBU-15, GBU-24, GBU-28, JDAM, JDAM-
PIP, JSOW/Baseline, JSOW/BLU-108, Maverick, SFW
F-16 GBU-10, GBU-12, GBU-24, HARM, JDAM, JDAM-PIP, JSOW/
Baseline, JSOW/BLU-108, Maverick, SFW
F-22 JDAM
F-111 AGM-130, GBU-10, GBU-12, GBU-15, GBU-28, SFW
F-117 GBU-10, GBU-12, GBU-27, JDAM, JDAM-PIP
A-10 GBU-10, GBU-12, GBU-24, Maverick, SFW
Navy aircraft
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
F/A-18 GBU-10, GBU-12, GBU-24, HARM, Harpoon, JDAM, JSOW/Baseline,
JSOW/BLU-108, JSOW/Unitary, Maverick, SLAM, SLAM-ER, Walleye
F-14 JDAM, GBU-10, GBU-12, GBU-24
AV-8 JDAM, JSOW/Baseline, JSOW/BLU-108, JSOW/Unitary, Maverick
A-6 GBU-10, GBU-12, GBU-24, HARM, Harpoon, Maverick, SLAM, SLAM-
ER, Walleye
A-7 GBU-10, GBU-12, Maverick
P-3 Harpoon, JDAM, JSOW/Baseline, JSOW/BLU-108, JSOW/Unitary,
Maverick
S-3 Harpoon, JDAM, JSOW/Baseline, JSOW/BLU-108, JSOW/Unitary
SH-60 Penguin
Navy ships Harpoon, TASM, TLAM/C/D, TBIP
Navy submarines TASM, TLAM/C/D, TBIP
Army weapons/vehicles
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
155-mm Howitzer SADARM
MLRS ATACMS Block IA, ATACMS Block II/BAT/BAT P\3I, ATACMS Block
IIA/BAT P\3I
HMMWV EFOG-M
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PGM TARGET OPTIONS
--------------------------------------------------------- Appendix I:2
The services have multiple options for countering targets in the five
target classes. In addition to having different munitions to attack
the same target classes, many munitions have capabilities against
more than one target class.
To illustrate the services' options, the Air Force could use either
the Maverick missile or guided bomb units (GBU) 10, 12, 24, or
27--already in inventory--to attack targets in the mobile hard target
class. In addition, the Air Force is now producing the Sensor Fuzed
Weapon, which is also used to attack armored vehicles. The Navy
could use either the Maverick missile or Walleye bomb in its
inventory to attack mobile armor targets. For additional capability
to counter targets in this class, the Air Force is developing the
JDAM and its improvement and an interim munition for the B-2, the
Global Positioning System Aided Munition; the Navy is developing the
JSOW with an antiarmor submunition (BLU-108); the Army is developing
the Army Tactical Missile (ATACMS) with the Brilliant Antiarmor
Submunition (BAT) and improvements to ATACMS and BAT, the Sense and
Destroy Armor Munition (SADARM) and the Enhanced Fiber Optic Guided
Missile (EFOG-M). Table I.3 provides a summary of the services'
options by target class.
Table I.3
Munition Options by Target Classes
Target
class Inventory Production Development
------- -- ------------------ ------------------ ---------------------------
Mobile Maverick SFW ATACMS Block II/BAT/BAT
hard GBU-10 P\3I
GBU-12 ATACMS Block IIA/BAT P\3I
GBU-24 EFOG-M
GBU-27 GAM
Walleye JDAM
JDAM Product Improvement
JSOW/BLU-108
SADARM
Mobile Maverick AGM-142 ATACMS Block IA/APAM
soft GBU-15 SFW ATACMS Block II/BAT/BAT
TLAM P\3I
ATACMS Block IIA/BAT PI
GAM
JDAM
JDAM Product Improvement
JSOW/Baseline
JSOW/BLU-108
Fixed Maverick AGM-130 GAM
hard GBU-10 AGM-142 JDAM
GBU-12 GBU-28 JDAM Product Improvement
GBU-15 TLAM JSOW/Unitary
GBU-24 SLAM SLAM-ER
GBU-27 TBIP
Walleye
Fixed Maverick AGM-130 ATACMS Block IA/APAM
soft CALCM AGM-142 ATACMS Block IIA/BAT P\3I
GBU-10 TLAM GAM
GBU-12 SLAM JDAM
GBU-15 JDAM Product Improvement
GBU-24 JSOW/Baseline
GBU-27 JSOW/Unitary
HARM SLAM-ER
Walleye TBIP
Maritim Maverick AGM-142 GAM
e Harpoon SLAM JDAM
surface Penguin JSOW/Unitary
TASM SLAM-ER
Walleye TBIP
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PRECISION GUIDED MUNITIONS FACT
SHEETS
========================================================== Appendix II
The fact sheets provide information about the munitions we reviewed.
They are arranged in alphabetical order. An introductory paragraph
briefly describes the munition and specific program information is
provided in a summary format. Several munitions have multiple
configurations that we combined under their common name. For
example, the three Tomahawk configurations--the Tomahawk Anti-Ship
Missile, the Tomahawk Land Attack Missile, and the Tomahawk Baseline
Improvement Program--are all found in the section entitled
"Tomahawk."
Rather than listing specific targets for each munition, we have
listed generic targets described in the Conventional Munitions Master
Plan. Mobile hard targets include tanks, artillery, and armored
personnel carriers; mobile soft targets include trucks, vans, mobile
missile launchers, unprotected personnel, and motorized transport
vehicles. Fixed hard targets include bridges, port facilities,
hardened aircraft shelters, underground command posts, and bunkers;
fixed soft targets include factories and manufacturing sites, general
purpose buildings, roads, and rail yards. Maritime surface targets
are ships at sea.
All development, production and total acquisition costs are in
then-year dollars. Acquisition and production unit costs are
averages of the totals reported.
AIR-TO-GROUND GUIDED
MISSILE-130
-------------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:1
The Air-to-Ground Guided Missile-130 (AGM-130) is a powered version
of the Guided Bomb Unit-15 munition. The munition allows the
aircraft to remain at a distance from the target and uses
man-in-the-loop guidance with either a television or infrared seeker
and a 2,000-pound general purpose warhead. A further improvement,
AGM-130C, developed, but not produced by the Air Force, adapts the
munition to a 2,000-pound penetrating warhead.
PROGRAM DATA
------------------------------------------------------ Appendix II:1.1
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Air Force
Program status Production
Mission Offensive counter air, close air
support/interdiction, suppression of
enemy air defenses, naval anti-surface
warfare
Targets Fixed hard, fixed soft
Platforms F-15E, F-111
First capability 1994
Guidance method TV and infrared
Range Greater than 15 nautical miles
Quantity\a 502
Development cost\b $192.048 million
Production cost $443.908 million
Total acquisition $647.47 million
cost
Acquisition unit $1.27 million
cost
Production unit $884,279
cost\a
------------------------------------------------------------
\a The Air Force had planned to buy about 4,048 kits. However, that
number was reduced to about 2,300 units and for fiscal year 1995 was
further reduced to 502. The Air Force never awarded a full-rate
production contract and the production unit cost of the munition rose
from an estimated $261,500 to $884,279.
\b The cost is for the AGM-130 only. Air Force reports development
cost for the AGM-130C at $11.513 million. We did not provide a
separate fact sheet for the improvement because the Air Force did not
indicate plans to extend development or procure hardware.
AIR-TO-GROUND GUIDED
MISSILE-142
-------------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:2
The Air-to-Ground Guided Missile-142 (AGM-142), also known as Have
Nap, provides the Air Force with a precision man-in-the-loop
capability for the B-52H to attack high value, fixed targets from
standoff ranges. The munition's data link provides for single
aircraft operation or the munition's guidance may be turned over to a
second aircraft allowing the first aircraft to leave the area. The
Israeli-developed AGM-142 can be configured with a 750-pound blast
fragmentation or a 770-pound penetration warhead. The munition uses
either a television or imaging infrared seeker.
PROGRAM DATA
------------------------------------------------------ Appendix II:2.1
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Air Force
Program status Production
Missions Offensive counterair, interdiction,
suppression enemy air defense, naval
anti-surface warfare
Targets Mobile soft, fixed hard, fixed soft,
maritime surface
Platforms B-52H
First capability 1992
Guidance method Television and imaging infrared (man-
in-the-loop)
Range Greater than 15 nautical miles
Quantity 130
Development cost $67.6 million
Production cost $133.1 million
Total acquisition $200.7 million
cost
Acquisition unit $1.54 million
cost
Production unit $1.02 million
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
ARMY TACTICAL MISSILE SYSTEM
-------------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:3
The Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) is the Army's deep fire
system to provide a nearly all-weather, day or night, precision
strike capability. The Army is developing three ATACMS variants that
use the Global Positioning System (GPS). Another variant is already
in production but does not have GPS guidance. Each variant in
development will deploy submunitions. ATACMS is launched from the
Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) M270 launcher.
ATACMS BLOCK IA/
ANTI-PERSONNEL,
ANTI-MATERIEL
------------------------------------------------------ Appendix II:3.1
This version of the ATACMS system provides an extended range
capability by reducing the number of anti-personnel/anti-materiel
submunitions from approximately 900 to approximately 275 and
incorporating GPS components to aid the Inertial Navigation System
(INS).
PROGRAM DATA
------------------------------------------------------ Appendix II:3.2
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Air Force
Program status Development
Mission Interdiction
Targets Mobile soft, fixed soft
Platform MLRS M270 launcher
First capability 1998
Guidance method GPS/INS
Range Greater than 15 nautical miles
Quantity 800
Development cost $96.3 million
Production cost $732.0 million
Total acquisition $828.3 million
cost
Acquisition unit $1.04 million
cost
Production unit $915,000
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
ATACMS BLOCK II/BRILLIANT
ANTIARMOR SUBMUNITION
------------------------------------------------------ Appendix II:3.3
This version of the ATACMS provides an anti-armor capability for the
missile by integrating 13 Brilliant Antiarmor submunitions (BAT) into
the missile warhead. BAT is a brilliant, self-guided, anti-armor,
top attack submunition with acoustic and infrared seekers working
together to acquire, track, and home on operating armored vehicles.
BAT submunitions can be carried deep into enemy territory by the
delivery vehicle, then dispersed over numerous targets to attack and
destroy them. About 6,000 BATs are expected to be the basic variant
with acoustic and infrared sensors. The remainder are expected to
have an improved version with acoustic, infrared, and millimeter wave
sensors.
PROGRAM DATA
------------------------------------------------------ Appendix II:3.4
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Air Force
Program status Development
Mission Control and shape the battlefield for
the ground commander through deep anti-
armor fires that delay, disrupt, and
destroy moving targets.
Targets Mobile hard, mobile soft
Platform MLRS M270 launcher
First capability 2001
Guidance method Missile--GPS/INS; submunition--acoustic
and infrared or acoustic, infrared, and
millimeter wave sensors
Range Greater than 15 nautical miles
Quantity Missiles--1,206; submunitions--16,170
Development cost $1,327.5 million
Production cost $2,651.8 million
Total acquisition $3,979.3 million
cost
Acquisition unit $3.3 million
cost
Production unit $2.2 million
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
ATACMS BLOCK IIA/
BRILLIANT ANTIARMOR
SUBMUNITION PRODUCT
IMPROVEMENT
------------------------------------------------------ Appendix II:3.5
This ATACMS Block IIA configuration will deliver a reduced payload of
six improved BAT submunitions to an extended range. The Army plans
to add a millimeter wave capability to the seeker assembly and
improve the submunition warhead for attack of cold, stationary tanks
and targets such as mobile missile launchers. The improvement
program is being conducted concurrently with the engineering and
manufacturing development program for the basic variant.
PROGRAM DATA
------------------------------------------------------ Appendix II:3.6
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Air Force
Program status Development
Mission Interdiction
Targets Fixed soft, mobile hard, mobile soft
Platform MLRS M270 launcher
First capability 2003
Guidance method Missile--GPS/INS; submunition--
acoustic, imaging infrared, millimeter
wave
Range Greater than 60 nautical miles
Quantity Missiles--600; submunitions--3,732
Development cost $425.0 million
Production cost $887.4 million
Total acquisition $1,312.4 million
cost
Acquisition unit $2.19 million
cost
Production unit $1.48 million
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
CONVENTIONAL AIR-LAUNCHED
CRUISE MISSILE
-------------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:4
The Conventional Air-Launched Cruise Missile (CALCM) is deployed on
the B-52H and was used during Operation Desert Storm. It provides
the Air Force with a capability for attack of soft targets while the
aircraft remains outside of threat defenses. The missile uses a
conventional blast fragmentation warhead.
PROGRAM DATA
------------------------------------------------------ Appendix II:4.1
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Air Force
Program status Inventory
Mission Offensive counterair, interdiction,
suppression of enemy air defense
Targets Fixed soft
Platform B-52H
First capability 1987
Guidance method\a
Range Greater than 350 nautical miles
Circular error
probable\a
Quantity\a
Development cost\a
Production cost\a
Total acquisition
cost\a
Acquisition unit
cost\a
Production unit
cost\a
------------------------------------------------------------
\a This information is classified.
ENHANCED FIBER OPTIC GUIDED
MISSILE
-------------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:5
The Enhanced Fiber Optic Guided Missile (EFOG-M) system includes a
gunner's station, launcher, and the tactical missile. The system
uses a fiber optic data link that allows a human to view what the
missile seeker sees and provide guidance commands. The missile
launcher is to be mounted on a heavy high-mobility multi-purpose
wheeled vehicle. EFOG-M is being developed as an advanced concept
technology demonstration. Accordingly, the Army has no plans to
produce the system once development is completed. A contract for the
development and purchase of the demonstration equipment was awarded
in May 1995. Following the demonstration program, the remaining
equipment is to be turned over to an Army unit for a 2-year user
evaluation.
PROGRAM DATA
------------------------------------------------------ Appendix II:5.1
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Air Force
Program status Development
Mission To engage and defeat targets that may be
masked from line-of-sight direct fire
weapons.
Targets Mobile hard
Platform Heavy high-mobility multi-purpose
wheeled vehicle
First capability 1999-2000 (2-year user evaluation)
Guidance method GPS/INS; fiber optic man-in-the-loop
Range 15 kilometers
Circular error 0.5 meters
probable
Quantity 300 missiles; 16 ground units
Development cost $289.7 million
Production cost No production planned
Total acquisition $289.7 million
cost
Acquisition unit Not applicable
cost
Production unit Not applicable
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM AIDED
MUNITION
-------------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:6
The Global Positioning System Aided Munition (GAM) is being developed
by the Air Force and Northrop Grumman Corporation as an interim
precision munition for the B-2. The munition is to be replaced on
the B-2 by the Joint Direct Attack Munition. GAM is a tail kit that
will fit on the 2,000-pound general purpose bomb. GAM uses GPS
guidance to more accurately guide to target locations.
PROGRAM DATA
------------------------------------------------------ Appendix II:6.1
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Air Force
Program status Development
Mission Close air support, air interdiction,
counterair, airborne strike, suppression
of enemy air defense
Targets Mobile hard, mobile soft, fixed hard,
fixed soft, maritime surface
Platforms B-2
First capability 1996
Guidance method GPS/INS
Range Greater than 5 nautical miles
Circular error 12-18 meters
probable
Quantity 128
Development cost Munition development cost is included
with development of the GPS Aided
Targeting System
Production cost $29.6 million
Total acquisition $29.6 million
cost
Acquisition unit $231,250
cost
Production unit $231,250
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
GUIDED BOMB UNIT-10
-------------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:7
The Guided Bomb Unit-10 (GBU-10) utilizes the 2,000-pound general
purpose or penetrating warhead. The operator illuminates a target
with a laser designator and then the munition guides to a spot of
laser energy reflected from the target. The munition was used during
Operation Desert Storm, and, according to the Air Force, hit 78
percent of its targets.
PROGRAM DATA
------------------------------------------------------ Appendix II:7.1
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Air Force, Navy
Program status Inventory
Mission Air interdiction
Targets Mobile hard, fixed soft, fixed hard
Platforms A-7, A-10, B-52, F-111, F-117, F-15E, F-
16 , F/A-18 C/D, A-6, F-14
First capability 1976
Guidance method Laser (man-in-the-loop)
Range 8 nautical miles
Circular error 9 meters
probable
Quantity Air Force: 10,145; Navy: 1,184
Development cost\a
Production cost Air Force: $240.436 million; Navy:
$30.902 million
Total acquisition Not available
cost
Acquisition unit Not available
cost
Production unit Air Force: $23,700 ; Navy: $26,100
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
\a Air Force officials stated that they could not provide development
cost for the munition because they do not have records covering the
development period.
GUIDED BOMB UNIT-12
-------------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:8
The Guided Bomb Unit-12 (GBU-12) utilizes a 500-pound general purpose
warhead. The operator illuminates a target with a laser designator
and then the munition guides to a spot of laser energy reflected from
the target. The munition was used during Operation Desert Storm,
and, according to the Air Force, hit 88 percent of its targets.
PROGRAM DATA
------------------------------------------------------ Appendix II:8.1
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Air Force, Navy
Program status Inventory
Mission Air interdiction
Targets Mobile hard, fixed soft, fixed hard
Platforms A-7, A-10, B-52, F-111, F-117, F-15, F-
16, F/A-18 C/D, F-14, A-6
First capability 1976
Guidance method Laser (man-in-the-loop)
Range 8 nautical miles
Circular error 9 meters
probable
Quantity Air Force: 29,654 ; Navy: 2,982
Development cost\a
Production cost Air Force: $563.426 million;
Navy: $56.807 million
Total acquisition Not available
cost
Acquisition unit Not available
cost
Production unit Air Force: $19,000; Navy: $19,050
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
\a Air Force officials stated that they could not provide development
cost because they do not have records covering the development
period.
GUIDED BOMB UNIT-15
-------------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:9
The Guided Bomb Unit-15 (GBU-15) utilizes either a 2,000-pound
general purpose or 2,000-pound penetrating warhead. The GBU-15
allows the aircraft to launch the munition from outside direct attack
ranges, thus enhancing the survivability of the aircraft. The weapon
has a television or infrared seeker data link with man-in-the-loop
guidance.
PROGRAM DATA
------------------------------------------------------ Appendix II:9.1
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Air Force
Program status Inventory
Mission Offensive counter air, close air
support, interdiction, naval anti-
surface warfare
Targets Mobile soft, fixed hard, fixed soft
Platforms F-15E, F-111
First capability 1985
Guidance method Mid-course guidance-data link
Range Greater than 5 nautical miles
Quantity 2,823
Development cost $188.3 million
Production cost $586.2 million
Total acquisition $774.5 million
cost
Acquisition unit $274,354
cost
Production unit $207,651
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
GUIDED BOMB UNIT-24
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:10
The Guided Bomb Unit-24 (GBU-24) utilizes a 2,000-pound general
purpose or penetrator warhead. The operator illuminates a target
with a laser designator and then the munition guides to a spot of
laser energy reflected from the target. The GBU-24 is similar to the
GBU-10, but it has improved electronics and a larger aerodynamic
flight surface that allows the munition to be launched from a lower
altitude and from a greater distance from the target. The GBU-24 has
low-level, standoff capability of more than 10 nautical miles.
PROGRAM DATA
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:10.1
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Air Force, Navy
Program status Inventory
Mission Close air support, interdiction,
offensive counter air, naval anti-
surface warfare
Targets Mobile hard, fixed soft, fixed hard
Platforms A-10, F-111, F-15, F-16, F/A-18, F-14,
A-6
First capability 1983
Guidance method Laser (man-in-the-loop)
Range Greater than 10 nautical miles
Quantity 13,114
Development cost\a Not available
Production cost $729.138 million
Total acquisition Not available
cost
Acquisition unit Not available
cost
Production unit $55,600
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
\a Air Force officials stated that development cost was not available
because they do not have records covering the development period.
GUIDED BOMB UNIT-27
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:11
The Guided Bomb Unit-27 (GBU-27) is a GBU-24 modified for delivery by
the F-117 stealth fighter. The operator illuminates a target with a
laser designator and then the munition guides to a spot of laser
energy reflected from the target. It uses a 2,000-pound penetrating
warhead against hard targets. The GBU-27 was used in Operation
Desert Storm. According to the Air Force, the GBU-27 hit 70 percent
of its targets.
PROGRAM DATA
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:11.1
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Air Force
Program status Inventory
Mission Close air support, interdiction,
offensive counter air, naval anti-
surface warfare
Targets Mobile hard, fixed hard, fixed soft
Platform F-117
First capability 1987
Guidance method Laser (man-in-the-loop)
Range Greater than 10 nautical miles
Quantity 3,213
Development cost\a Not available
Production cost $176.715 million
Total acquisition Not available
cost
Acquisition unit Not available
cost
Production unit $55,000
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
\a Air Force officials stated that development cost was not available
because they do not have records covering the development period.
GUIDED BOMB UNIT-28
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:12
The Guided Bomb Unit-28 (GBU-28) is a 5,000-pound laser-guided
conventional munition that uses a 4,400-pound penetrating warhead.
The operator illuminates a target with a laser designator and then
the munition guides to a spot of laser energy reflected from the
target. The Air Force produced a limited quantity of the GBU-28
during Operation Desert Storm to attack multi-layered, hardened
underground targets. After Operation Desert Storm, the Air Force
incorporated some modifications, and further tested the munition.
PROGRAM DATA
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:12.1
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Air Force
Program status Production
Mission Offensive counter air, close air
support, interdiction
Targets Fixed hard
Platforms F-15E, F-111F
First capability 1991
Guidance method Laser (man-in-the-loop)
Range Greater than 5 nautical miles
Quantity 125
Development cost\a
Production cost $18.2 million
Total cost $18.2 million
Acquisition unit $145,600
cost
Production unit $145,600
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
\a Development cost is not applicable to this munition.
HIGH-SPEED ANTI-RADIATION
MISSILE
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:13
The High-Speed Anti-Radiation Missile (HARM) suppresses or destroys
land or sea-based radar emitters that direct enemy air defense
systems. The Navy developed HARM; the Air Force also uses the
missile.
PROGRAM DATA
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:13.1
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Navy and Air Force
Program status Inventory
Mission Defense suppression
Targets Fixed soft
Platforms F/A-18, A-6E, F-4G, F-16
First capability 1983
Guidance method Homes on electronic emissions
Range Greater than 15 nautical miles
Quantity 19,607 (Navy and Air Force)
Development cost $644.5 million
Production cost $5,568.1 million
Total acquisition $6,212.6 million
cost
Acquisition unit $316,856
cost
Production unit $283,985
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
HARPOON
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:14
The Harpoon missile provides the Navy and the Air Force with a common
missile for air, ship, and submarine launches. The weapon system
uses mid-course guidance with a radar seeker to attack surface ships.
PROGRAM DATA
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:14.1
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Navy and Air Force
Program status Inventory
Mission Maritime ship attack
Targets Maritime surface
Platforms A-6, F/A-18, S-3, P-3, B-52H, ships
First capability 1977
Guidance method Radar seeker with mid-course guidance
Range Greater than 60 nautical miles
Quantity Navy: 5,983; Air Force: 90
Development cost $320.7 million
Production cost $2,882.3 million
Total acquisition $3,203.0 million
cost
Acquisition unit $527,416
cost
Production unit $474,609
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
JOINT DIRECT ATTACK MUNITION
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:15
The Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) is a joint Air Force and Navy
program with the Air Force as the lead service. The JDAM will
upgrade the existing inventory of general purpose and penetrator
unitary bombs and a product improvement may add a terminal seeker to
improve accuracy.
JOINT DIRECT ATTACK MUNITION
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:15.1
The JDAM will upgrade the existing inventory of 1,000- and
2,000-pound general purpose unitary bombs and the 2,000-pound hard
target penetrator bomb by integrating a guidance kit consisting of a
GPS aided INS. JDAM is not intended to replace any existing weapon
system; rather, it is to provide accurate delivery of general purpose
bombs in adverse weather conditions.
PROGRAM DATA
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:15.2
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Air Force and Navy
Program status Development
Mission Close air support, interdiction,
offensive counterair, suppression of
enemy air defense, naval anti-surface
warfare, amphibious strike
Targets Mobile hard, mobile soft, fixed hard,
fixed soft, maritime surface
Platforms B-52, B-1, B-2, F-22, F-16, F-15E, F-
117, F-14 A/B/D, F/A-18C/D, F/A-18E/F,
AV-8B, P-3, S-3
First capability 1997
Guidance method GPS/INS (autonomous)
Range Greater than 5 nautical miles
Circular error 13 meters
probable
Quantity Navy: 12,000; Air Force: 62,000
Development cost $496.2 million
Production cost $4,154.4 million
Total cost $4,650.6 million
Acquisition unit $62,846
cost
Production unit $56,141
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
JOINT DIRECT ATTACK MUNITION
PRODUCT IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:15.3
The JDAM product improvement program may add a terminal seeker for
precision guidance and other system improvements to existing JDAMs to
provide the Air Force with 3-meter precision and improved
anti-jamming capability. The Air Force is evaluating several
alternatives and estimates that the seeker could be available for
operations by 2004. The seeker kit could be used by both the
2,000-pound blast fragmentation and penetrator JDAMs.
PROGRAM DATA
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:15.4
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Air Force
Program status Development
Mission Close air support, interdiction,
offensive counterair, suppression of
enemy air defense, naval anti-surface
warfare, amphibious strike
Targets Fixed hard, fixed soft, mobile hard,
mobile soft
First capability 2004
Platforms B-52, B-1, B-2, F-16, F-15E, F-117
Guidance method GPS/INS mid-course with a terminal
seeker yet to be selected
Range Greater than 5 nautical miles
Circular error 3 meters
probable
Quantity 5,000--kits to be added to basic JDAM
Development cost\a
Production cost\a
Total cost\a
Acquisition unit
cost\a
Production unit
cost\a
------------------------------------------------------------
\a Air Force officials stated that the Air Force has not completed
evaluation of the seeker technologies and therefore cannot determine
the total cost of the product improvement. However, the Air Force
has programmed about $76.5 million for development through 2001.
JOINT STANDOFF WEAPON
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:16
The Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW), formerly the Advanced Interdiction
Weapon System, is a joint Navy and Air Force program with the Navy as
the lead service. JSOW, a family of unpowered air-to-ground weapons,
utilizes a global position system targeting capability and an
efficient aerodynamic airframe to allow aircraft to standoff outside
defenses. The Navy and Air Force are developing three JSOW
configurations: (1) JSOW Baseline with combined effects submunitions
for soft and area targets, (2) JSOW/BLU-108 with the submunitions
used in the Sensor Fuzed Weapon (SFW) for massed land combat
vehicles, and (3) JSOW/Unitary, a pre-planned product improvement
with a unitary warhead and an autonomous or man-in-the-loop terminal
seeker for use against fixed hard and soft and maritime surface
targets.
The JSOW Baseline and Unitary are intended to replace a number of
missile and guided bomb munitions included in this review. These
include the Walleye, laser guided bombs (GBU-10, GBU-12, and GBU-24),
and the Maverick. The JSOW/BLU-108 does not replace any existing
PGMs.
JOINT STANDOFF WEAPON
BASELINE
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:16.1
The JSOW Baseline consists of the JSOW airframe and 145 combined
effects submunitions. The JSOW airframe provides standoff and
accurate delivery for targets dispersed over a wide area and other
targets sensitive to blast and damage from fragments.
PROGRAM DATA
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:16.2
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Navy and Air Force
Program status Development
Mission Close air support, interdiction,
amphibious strike and anti-surface
warfare
Targets Mobile soft, fixed soft
Platforms B-1, F-16, F-15E, F/A-18C/D, F/A-18E/F,
AV-8B, P-3, S-3
First capability 1998
Guidance method GPS/INS
Range Greater than 15 nautical miles at low
altitude; greater than 40 nautical miles
at high altitude
Quantity Navy: 8,800; Air Force: 3,000
Development cost $417.9 million
Production cost $2,909.7 million
Total acquisition $3,327.6 million
cost
Acquisition unit $282,000
cost
Production unit $246,585
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
JOINT STANDOFF
WEAPON/BLU-108
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:16.3
The JSOW/BLU-108 consists of the JSOW carrier and six BLU-108
submunitions. The airframe provides standoff launch and accurate
delivery for low altitude release of the submunitions. The
submunitions are the same as those used in the Sensor Fuzed Weapon.
Each submunition houses four projectiles; each projectile contains an
explosively-formed penetrator warhead and a two-color infrared
sensor.
PROGRAM DATA
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:16.4
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Navy and Air Force
Program status Development
Mission Close air support, interdiction,
amphibious strike and anti-surface
warfare
Targets Mobile hard, mobile soft
Platforms B-1, F-16 C/D, F-15E, F/A-18C/D, F/A-
18E/F, AV-8B, P-3, S-3
First capability 2001
Guidance method JSOW airframe--GPS/INS
BLU-108 submunitions--two-color infrared
sensors
Range Greater than 15 nautical miles at low
altitude; greater than 40 nautical miles
at high altitude
Quantity Navy: 1,200; Air Force: 3,000
Development cost $227.8 million
Production cost $1,805.7 million
Total acquisition $2,033.5 million
cost
Acquisition unit $484,167
cost
Production unit $429,929
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
JOINT STANDOFF
WEAPON/UNITARY
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:16.5
The JSOW/Unitary builds on the JSOW Baseline by incorporating an
autonomous terminal seeker, a man-in-the-loop data link, and a
unitary warhead. These improvements are expected to provide
increased accuracy and lethality, and the capability for aimpoint
selection, target discrimination, and bomb impact assessment.
PROGRAM DATA
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:16.6
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Navy
Program status Development
Mission Close air support, interdiction,
amphibious strike and anti-surface
warfare
Targets Fixed hard, maritime surface
Platforms F/A-18C/D, F/A-18E/F, AV-8B, P-3, S-3
First capability 2002
Guidance method GPS/INS with a terminal seeker and man-
in-the-loop data link
Range Greater than 15 nautical miles at low
altitude; greater than 40 nautical miles
at high altitude
Quantity 7,800
Development cost $452.4 million
Production cost $5,155.9 million
Total acquisition $5,608.3 million
cost
Acquisition unit $719,012
cost
Production unit $661,013
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
MAVERICK
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:17
The Maverick utilizes either a 125-pound shaped-charge or 300-pound
blast fragmentation warhead; its primary targets include armored
vehicles, especially tanks. The Maverick variants include
electro-optical/television (A and B), imaging infrared (D, F, and G),
or laser guidance (E). The Air Force developed the Maverick, and the
Navy procured the imaging infrared and the laser guided versions.
Maverick was used during Operation Desert Storm and, according to the
Air Force, hit 85 percent of its targets.
MAVERICK, AIR FORCE
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:17.1
The Air Force uses two variants of the infrared Maverick. The D
variant has a shaped charge warhead for attack of armored targets,
while the G variant has a blast fragmentation warhead for attacking
land targets.
PROGRAM DATA
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:17.2
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Air Force
Program status Inventory
Mission Close air support, air interdiction,
offensive counterair, strike
Targets Mobile hard, mobile soft, fixed hard,
fixed soft, and maritime surface
Platforms A-7, A-10, F-4, F-16, F-15E
First capability 1986
Guidance method Imaging infrared (D/G)
Range 12 nautical miles
Quantity 23,689
Development cost\a $168 million
Production cost $2,895.5 million
Total acquisition $3,063.5 million
Acquisition unit $129,322
Production unit $122,230
------------------------------------------------------------
\a The Air Force reported quantities of 12,559 of the Maverick
electro-optical/ television variant. Cost information for this
variant was not available.
MAVERICK, NAVY
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:17.3
The Navy uses a laser and an imaging infrared variant of the
Maverick. The laser variant homes on reflected laser energy from
either a ground or airborne designator and carries a
blast/penetration warhead. The imaging infrared variant carries a
blast fragmentation warhead for attacking ships.
PROGRAM DATA
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:17.4
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Navy
Program status Inventory
Mission Close air support, air interdiction,
offensive counterair, strike, anti-
surface warfare
Targets Mobile hard, mobile soft, fixed hard,
fixed soft, and maritime surface
Platforms A-6, F-18, AV-8B, P-3
First capability 1986
Guidance method Imaging infrared; laser
Range 12 nautical miles
Quantity 4,115
Development cost $25.5 million
Production cost $627.5 million
Total acquisition $653 million
cost
Acquisition unit $158,688
cost
Production unit $152,491
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
PENGUIN
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:18
Penguin was initially developed by the Norwegians as an anti-ship
weapon for patrol boats. However, the missile has been modified for
aircraft launch. The missile uses a programmed inertial navigation
and an infrared terminal seeker. The target coordinates are
delivered to the weapon using the launch aircraft radar. The weapon
is autonomous, allowing the aircraft to break off immediately after
launch. Penguin provides the Navy's SH-60B helicopters with an
anti-ship capability.
PROGRAM DATA
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:18.1
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Navy
Program status Inventory
Mission Anti-surface warfare
Targets Maritime surface
Platforms SH-60B helicopter
First capability 1994
Guidance method Infrared seeker with mid-course guidance
Range 17 nautical miles
Quantity 101
Development cost $83.5 million
Production cost $158.2 million
Total acquisition $241.7 million
cost
Acquisition unit $2.4 million
cost
Production unit $1.57 million
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
SENSE AND DESTROY ARMOR
MUNITION
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:19
The Sense and Destroy Armor Munition (SADARM) is expected to provide
capability against stationary, armored vehicles beyond the forward
line of troops and enable rapid engagement, day or night despite
degraded battlefield conditions. Two 5.8-inch diameter SADARMs are
carried in a 155-millimeter projectile launched from a howitzer. The
submunition has both millimeter wave and infrared sensing devices,
electronics for information processing, and an explosively formed
penetrator warhead.
PROGRAM DATA
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:19.1
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Army
Program status Development
Mission Counterfire
Targets Mobile hard
Platform 155-millimeter howitzer
First capability 1999
Guidance method Active and passive millimeter wave and
infrared
Range 22.5 kilometers
Quantity Projectiles: 73,612; SADARM
submunitions: 147,224
Development cost $356.3 million
Production cost $2,581.1 million
Total acquisition $2,937.4 million
cost
Acquisition unit $39,904
cost
Production unit $35,063
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
SENSOR FUZED WEAPON
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:20
The Air Force's Sensor Fuzed Weapon (SFW) is a 1,000-pound,
unpowered, multiple kill per pass munition. The SFW's tactical
munitions dispenser houses 10 BLU-108 submunitions. Each submunition
contains four projectiles, an orientation and stabilization system, a
radar altimeter, and a rocket motor. Each projectile contains an
explosively formed penetrator warhead and a two-color infrared
sensor. If the projectile does not detect a target, it detonates
after a fixed elapsed time, causing damage to material and personnel.
Neither the munition dispenser nor the BLU-108 submunitions are
guided. However, the projectiles scan a wide area with their
infrared sensors searching for targets. The Air Force is also
developing a tail kit, termed the Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser,
for the SFW and similar munitions that will provide inertial
navigation and allow aircraft to deliver them from high altitudes.
PROGRAM DATA
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:20.1
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Air Force
Program status Production
Mission Interdiction
Targets Mobile hard, mobile soft
Platform F-16, F-15E, F-111, A-10, B-52H, B-52
First capability 1995
Guidance method Two color infrared sensor
Range Direct attack
Quantity 5,000
Development cost $227.7 million
Production cost $1,599.4 million
Total acquisition $1,827.1 million
cost
Acquisition unit $365,420
cost
Production unit $319,880
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
STANDOFF LAND ATTACK MISSILE
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:21
The Standoff Land Attack Missile (SLAM) is derived from the Harpoon
missile and is designed to provide an intermediate range
day/night/adverse weather air-to-surface weapon for use against land
targets and surface ships in port. The Navy plans to improve
performance by retrofitting SLAMs with a suite of improvements.
BASELINE STANDOFF LAND
ATTACK MISSILE
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:21.1
SLAM combines an imaging infrared seeker, inertial GPS-aided
guidance, and data link control to provide standoff precision strike
against land targets and selective ship attack. The pilot can fine
tune the aim point while the missile is in flight, providing
targeting accuracy, real time bomb damage assessment, and minimum
collateral damage.
PROGRAM DATA
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:21.2
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Navy
Program status Production
Mission Anti-surface warfare, strike
Targets Fixed hard, fixed soft, maritime surface
Platforms F/A-18C/D, F/A-18E/F, A-6E
First capability 1991
Guidance method Imaging infrared seeker, inertial GPS-
aided guidance, and data link control
Range Greater than 60 nautical miles
Quantity 767
Development cost $81.9 million
Production cost $1,056.9 million
Total acquisition $1,138.8 million
cost
Acquisition unit $1.49 million
cost
Production unit $1.38 million
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
STANDOFF LAND ATTACK MISSILE
EXPANDED RESPONSE
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:21.3
The SLAM-Expanded Response (SLAM-ER) is an upgrade and retrofit to
the baseline SLAM. It will maintain baseline SLAM capability while
improving performance in the areas of launch and control, aircraft
survivability, immunity to countermeasures and probability of kill
against hardened targets. SLAM-ER is also expected to provide
improved range, hard target penetration and user interfaces for both
mission planning and aircraft integration.
PROGRAM DATA
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:21.4
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Navy
Program status Development
Mission Anti-surface warfare, strike
Targets Fixed hard, fixed soft, maritime surface
Platforms F/A-18C/D/E/F, A-6 and potentially: B-
52, B-1, B-2, F-16, F-15E, F-117, F-14,
AV-8B, P-3, S-3, V-22
First capability 1997
Guidance method Imaging infrared seeker, inertial GPS-
aided guidance, and man-in-the-loop data
link control
Range Greater than 60 nautical miles
Quantity 700
Development cost $192.3 million
Production cost $358.0 million
Total acquisition $550.3 million
cost
Acquisition unit $786,143
cost
Production unit $511,428
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
TOMAHAWK
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:22
The Navy has three conventional versions of the Tomahawk missile:
Tomahawk Anti-Ship Missile (TASM), Tomahawk Land-Attack Missile
(TLAM), and the developmental Tomahawk Baseline Improvement Program
(TBIP).
TOMAHAWK ANTI-SHIP MISSILE
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:22.1
TASM attacks over-the-horizon, open ocean ships in a battle group.
The TASM mission has receded because this variant is not particularly
suited to warfare in waters that may be crowded with both combatant
and noncombatant ships. The Navy plans to remanufacture the existing
TASMs into TBIPs.
PROGRAM DATA
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:22.2
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Navy
Program status Inventory
Mission Maritime ship attack
Targets Ships
Platforms Ships, submarines
First capability 1984
Guidance method Mid-course guidance
Range Greater than 60 nautical miles
Quantity 593
Development cost $346.9 million
Production cost $1,513.9 million
Total acquisition $1,860.8 million
cost
Acquisition unit $3.14 million
cost
Production unit $2.553 million
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
TOMAHAWK LAND ATTACK MISSILE
C/D
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:22.3
Tomahawk Land Attack Missile-C (TLAM-C) uses a unitary warhead and
the Tomahawk Land Attack Missile-D (TLAM-D) uses a submunition
warhead. TLAM-C generally attacks single, fixed targets such as a
specific point on a building; TLAM-D attacks area-type targets such
as aircraft parked on a ramp. The Tomahawk missile follows a
pre-programmed route over specific terrain features using a
combination of terrain contour matching and digital scene matching
area correlation guidance.
PROGRAM DATA
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:22.4
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Navy
Program status Production
Mission Close air support/interdiction,
offensive counter air, suppression of
enemy air defense, naval anti-surface
warfare
Targets Fixed soft, fixed hard, mobile soft
Platforms Ships, submarines
First capability TLAM-C/D Block II: 1986; Block III: 1993
Guidance method Terrain Correlation Mapping, Digital
Scene Matching Area Correlator
Range Greater than 350 nautical miles
Quantity TLAM-C: 2,729; TLAM-D: 676
Development cost $1,224.9 million
Production cost $7,201.9 million
Total acquisition $8,426.8 million
cost
Acquisition unit $2.475 million
cost
Production unit $2.115 million
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
TOMAHAWK BASELINE
IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:22.5
TBIP represents a major upgrade to the Tomahawk. TBIP uses (1) a
jam-resistant GPS receiver and an INS to guide the missile throughout
the mission and (2) a forward-looking terminal sensor to autonomously
attack the target. The Navy plans to upgrade or remanufacture the
existing TASM and the TLAM-C inventory to TBIP.
PROGRAM DATA
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:22.6
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Navy
Program status Development
Mission Amphibious strike and anti-surface
warfare, naval warfare support, naval
warfare
Targets Fixed hard, fixed soft, maritime surface
Platforms Ships, submarines
First capability 2000
Guidance method GPS/INS
Range Greater than 350 nautical miles
Quantity 1,181
Development cost $745.7 million
Production cost $1,832.9 million
Total cost $2,578.6 million
Acquisition unit $2.18 million
cost
Production unit $1.55 million
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
WALLEYE
------------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:23
Walleye is a television-guided munition that can be either
autonomous, homing on a high contrast target; or the pilot can send
guidance commands in-flight with a data link to update the aimpoint.
Walleye has two warhead sizes, 415 pounds and 1,000 pounds, that can
be used during daylight operations against a variety of fixed,
mobile, or maritime targets. Walleye was used during Operation
Desert Storm and, according to the Navy, achieved a success rate of
60 percent.
PROGRAM DATA
----------------------------------------------------- Appendix II:23.1
------------------ ----------------------------------------
Service Navy
Program status Inventory
Mission Close air support, interdiction,
offensive counter air, naval anti-
surface warfare
Targets Mobile hard, fixed hard, fixed soft,
maritime surface
Platforms A-6, F/A-18
First capability 1967; data link configuration--mid 1970s
Guidance method TV data link and man-in-the-loop
Range Greater than 15 nautical miles
Circular error 15 feet
probable
Quantity 1,300 non-data link configuration; 1,900
data link configuration
Development cost $77 million
Production cost $295 million
Total acquisition $372 million
cost
Acquisition unit $116,250
cost
Production unit $92,188
cost
------------------------------------------------------------
SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY
========================================================= Appendix III
We identified 33 precision guided munitions that have some capability
to alter their in-flight course to improve the chances of hitting a
target. In selecting these munitions for review, we considered only
munitions that are surface-to-surface, indirect fire weapons or are
air-to-surface weapons. In addition, munitions included have a
nominal standoff from their launching platform of about 5 nautical
miles or more.
The 33 PGM types we reviewed included Army, Navy, and Air Force
munitions in inventory that are no longer in production; munitions
that have an open production line; and developmental munitions that
have not yet begun production. Developmental munitions also include
munition product improvements that are not yet being produced. The
munitions selected are not the total universe of precision guided
munitions but are those that, in our judgement, represented the
substantial majority of the services' PGM investment and capability.
We reviewed the services' mission need and cost and operational
effectiveness analyses for the developmental systems to determine the
tradeoffs that the services had examined before approving munition
development. We obtained program cost, schedule, and employment
information for all 33 munitions in order to compare munitions
capabilities with each other. We did not compare PGM capabilities
with non-precision munitions. We interviewed Air Force, Navy, and
Army personnel concerning requirements, acquisition, and platform
integration and visited the following locations:
Office of the Undersecretary of Defense, Acquisition and
Technology, Office of Munitions, Washington, D.C.;
Office of the Undersecretary of Defense, Program Analysis and
Evaluation, Washington, D. C.;
Naval Air Systems Command, Arlington, Virginia;
Program Executive Office, Cruise Missiles and Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles Joint Program Office, Arlington, Virginia;
Air Force's Aeronautical Systems Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force
Base, Ohio, and Eglin Air Force Base, Florida;
Air Force's Air Combat Command, Langley Air Force Base, Virginia;
Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research,
Development and Acquisition, Washington, D.C.;
Program Executive Office, Tactical Missiles, Redstone Arsenal,
Alabama;
Fire Support Armaments Center, Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey; and
U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command, Ft. Monroe, Virginia.
We also obtained documents on Air Force munitions in inventory from
the Air Force Logistics Command, Hill Air Force Base, Utah, and
Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma.
We performed our work from January 1994 to May 1995 in accordance
with generally accepted government auditing standards.
(See figure in printed edition.)Appendix IV
COMMENTS FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF
DEFENSE
========================================================= Appendix III
The following is GAO's comment on the Department of Defense's letter
dated May 15, 1995.
GAO COMMENT
1. The technical corrections provided in the enclosure to the
Department of Defense's comments consisted primarily of changes to
cost and quantities since the completion of our fieldwork. We have
revised the report to include these changes, where appropriate.
MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS REPORT
========================================================== Appendix II
NATIONAL SECURITY AND
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS DIVISION,
WASHINGTON, D.C.
Thomas J. Schulz, Associate Director
Raymond Dunham, Assistant Director
ATLANTA FIELD OFFICE
Carol T. Mebane, Evaluator-in-Charge
Wayne Gilliam, Advisor
Graham D. Rawsthorn, Evaluator
Angel D. Sharma, Evaluator
Dana S. Solomon, Evaluator
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