FINDING
THE ENEMY BEFORE HE FINDS YOU
Low-Cost
Movement, Reconnaissance and Stealth Training
for
Rifle Squads and Platoons
by CPT Fred Johnson, Lessons Learned Division, CALL
During any given rotation, the Joint Readiness Training Center battlefield is littered with simulated casualties from squads and platoons who were compromised by the Opposing Force (OPFOR). It is not uncommon for the OPFOR to initiate contact against the Blue Force (BLUFOR) at a ratio of 7 to 1. Many excuses are given for this failure. The bottom line is that rifle squads and platoons do not move tactically very well, reconnaissance is not executed to standard, and soldiers and units do not move with stealth.
Squad and platoon leaders rarely vary movement techniques and formations based on METT-T conditions. Soldiers are not situationally aware and frequently are not given specific information on target selection. As a result, they do not move as a member of a fire team. They simply move. Operational security is not adhered to during movement and at halts. Most units are noisy--weapons ring with metal-to-metal contact, soldiers cough, leaders talk out loud, and radios blare. Sometimes soldiers and leaders apply camouflage to their faces, but rarely does one see the outline of helmets and equipment broken up with fresh natural foliage. These procedures are all in the Soldier's Manuals and Mission Training Plans--most of it is common sense!
These are harsh words and they are meant to be. I made the same mistakes as a platoon leader and company commander. I look back on some of my company "movements to daylight" and am embarrassed. But the fact is, I did not plan good training for tactical movement. I was too concerned with "sexy" air assault raids, or I convinced myself that there was not time or resources. In an attempt to prevent platoon leaders and company commanders from making the same mistake, the following situational training exercises are offered.
The exercises are meant to be executed at local training areas with minimum resources. The OPFOR can be soldiers who are injured and are on profile--all they have to do is listen and watch. If you have blanks and MILEs, you can conduct react-to-contact battle-drill training in concert with the "movement training." However, if the unit has to "react to contact," they failed. In reality, all the unit needs is about a kilometer of woods, about a half-dozen OPFOR, and some training aids which simulate enemy equipment and combat debris (communication wire, mines, cache sites).
One may ask, "What do PCIs have to do with movement?" PCIs are a critical task in the troop-leading procedure--supervise. Poor PCIs result in metal-to-metal contact, improperly applied camouflage, and canteens that are not full; all of which can contribute to becoming compromised. Soldiers and equipment must be soundproofed. This training is oriented toward every squad member, not just squad leaders. The endstate of the training is that every member of the squad knows the standard and how to identify soundproofing and camouflage deficiencies.
TASK: Perform Pre-Combat Inspection Prior to Movement.
CONDITIONS: The squad is preparing to conduct a tactical movement. A soldier with several soundproofing and camouflage deficiencies must be inspected.
TASK STANDARD: In five minutes, the inspector must identify all soundproofing and camouflage deficiencies.
SUBTASKS AND STANDARDS:
1. The inspector must identify all camouflage deficiencies to include:
a. Proper application of camouflage paint to all exposed areas (face, hands, neck).
b. Ensuring outline of helmet, weapon, and equipment is broken up using available materials.
c. All glossy or bright equipment is camouflaged or removed.
2. The inspector must identify all soundproofing deficiencies to include:
a. Metal-to-metal contact on load-bearing equipment (LBE), weapon, and magazines.
b. Canteens are full.
TRAINING NOTES AND PROCEDURES:
1. This training can be conducted either as a platoon or squad competition.
2. The unit should have a soundproofing and camouflage SOP (as per the Soldier's Manuals) which is understood by all soldiers.
3. The soldier that identifies all the deficiencies wins. A tie-breaker can be a "soundproofing" competition. In this competition, the soldiers who tie will have an LBE, a weapon, magazines, and other equipment (NODs, Binoculars, etc.) layed out along with soundproofing material (550 cord, tape, cardboard). The soldiers will have 10 minutes to soundproof the equipment and don it. The soldiers would then be required to jump up and down, jog in place and execute combat rolls. The soldier whose equipment is best soundproofed, wins.
4. The key to this training is that soldiers understand the proper procedures for camouflage and soundproofing. The competition is a reinforcing tool that can be conducted in garrision, requiring few resources.
Normally, platoons and squads are tasked, as part of the search and attack, to "locate" the OPFOR to facilitate a hasty or deliberate attack. Typical OPFOR targets include mortars, logistics or cache sites, and command, control, and communication (C3) sites. Units go through great pains to develop courses of action (COAs) which include zone or area reconnaissance. However, when the soldier, who is the "looker," is asked by an observer/controller what he is "looking for," the usual answer is, simply, a supply point or mortar position. He cannot provide any more detail such as the characteristics, the number of personnel at the locations, or where the nodes are usually located.
The "Intel Indicator Lane" will train soldiers to identify characteristics of enemy targets. The lane requires some resources and preparation, but it is still very "low maintenance" with tremendous training benefits.
TASK: Identify Characteristics of Enemy Targets.
CONDITIONS: The soldier is provided priority information requirements and characteristics of enemy targets. The soldier must negotiate a 300-meter lane during daylight conditions which contains indicators and characteristics of enemy targets. The lane is clearly marked.
TASK STANDARD: The soldier identifies all characteristics of enemy targets within 30 minutes.
SUBTASKS AND STANDARDS:
1. The soldier identifies characteristics of an enemy mortar.
a. Mortar cache is identified.
b. A previously occupied mortar position is identified (e.g., a location that has mask and overhead, a baseplate has been emplaced/settled, etc.).
c. The sound of a mortar firing is identified.
d. When the evaluator informs the soldier that his unit has been engaged by a two- to four-man team at a distance greater than 200 meters, the soldier must explain the folowing:
(1) The enemy force may be the mortar security element.
(2) If it is an enemy security element, the enemy is probably trying to draw the friendly unit into a fight to allow the mortar to displace.
2. The soldier identifies the characteristics of an enemy cache/logistics site.
a. Grass, dirt, foliage that looks unusually out of place. Once identified, the soldier must conduct a search to determine the type of cache by probing with a stick or e-tool.
b. Fat, knobby, tire tracks, headed into a draw.
c. The sound or sighting of a vehicle (civilain truck, all terrain vehicle, or any mode of transportation that is caple of moving supplies).
d. If an obvious cache is identified, the soldier must check for booby traps. He must inform the evaluator that the position may be a deception cache/logistic site.
e. When the evaluator informs the soldier that a camouflaged UH1H can be identified, the soldier must explain the following:
(1) The helicopter is probably conducting resupply operations.
(2) An azimuth and distance to the suspected LZ would be obtained, noting key terrain features.
3. The soldier identifies the characteristics of an enemy command and control site.
a. The soldier identifies 292 antenna wire in the trees.
b. The soldier identifies the sound of a radio breaking squelch.
c. When the evaluator asks for the other characteristics of a C2site, the soldier explains:
(1) Any enemy soldier with the rank of platoon sergeant or above.
(2) An enemy soldier carrying a 9-mm pistol.
(3) An enemy soldier carrying a radio.
4. When the evaluator informs the soldier that he has just observed a "smokey sam" or green star cluster (as per JRTC EXROE), the soldier must explain that it is probably an ADA launch. The soldier would also explain that he would determine an azimuth and distance to the sighting and then inform his team leader.
5. The soldier obtains all information from an enemy prisoner of war (EPW). The soldier conducts a thorough search of the EPW including behind the soldier's nametag, the boony cap, boots.
TRAINING NOTES AND PROCEDURES:
1. This training lane can be potentially time and resource intensive, especially if local training areas are not available. Good preparation is key to success. The sites, particularly the caches and mortar positions, must be prepared to JRTC standards (or any potential enemy).
2. To expedite time, soldiers can be sent through at intervals, which requires several evaluators, or an entire squad can move through the lane (moving tactically, of course) with the platoon leader or company commander as the evaluator.
3. If conducted as a squad, additional tasks may include searching an enemy battalion supply point (BSP). The contents of a BSP are usually buried and camouflaged, which requires the unit to probe and cover an extensive distance.
4. For further information, refer to the Jan-Feb 96 CALL Publication News From the Front!, "Intelligence Indicators."
Most soldiers do not understand the discipline and patience required to move with stealth. As any soldier who has graduated from sniper school will tell you, it is difficult work which requires training. This is a very simple lane which requires minimum resources and is structured after the Army Sniper School. Having not graduated from the school, the best source for training information would be unit school-trained snipers.
TASK: Perform Stealthful and Unobserved Individual Movement.
CONDITIONS: All combat equipment less rucksack is carried. The soldier is provided 10 minutes to ensure he is soundproofed. He is given a clearly marked lane in which to move (no more than 200 meters). Two to three "listening posts" are positioned along the first 100 meters of the lane. For the listening posts, the OPFOR have their backs to the lane, no less than 50 meters and not to exceed 100 meters, and cannot observe the moving soldier. However, the soldier may be able to observe the OPFOR. A marker will be emplaced to designate the last 100 meters, at which time the soldier must move unobserved by an observation post to the endpoint which is clearly visible to the evaluated soldier. The final 100 meters will not be significantly restricted nor will it be marked. The evaluator notifies the OPFOR to occupy the observation post and begin observation of the lane via FM radio. The observation post is not occupied until the evaluated soldier identifies a route and begins movement. The soldier may or may not be able to see the observation post. This exercise is conducted during daylight conditions.
TASK STANDARD: The soldier completes the first 100 meters of the lane without being compromised by the listening posts and the final 100 meters without being observed by the observation post.
TRAINING NOTES AND PROCEDURES:
1. This training puts a lot of pressure on the evaluator because he has to be as stealthful as the evaluated soldier. A technique is to provide the listening posts (LPs) with PRC 126/7s and when the LP hears the evaluated soldier, he reports the compromise to the lane OIC. The OIC could be located at the endpoint of the first 100 meters. The LP can describe over the radio exactly what he heard. The evaluated soldier links up with the lane OIC at the endpoint of the first 100 meters and begins the second phase of the lane. The observation post can call the lane OIC when he observes the evaluated soldier.
2. Both lanes need to be fairly wide to allow the soldier to determine his route, rather than having the route provided for him. Also, as soldiers move through the lane, paths may be made. As a result, the lane may have to be "re-furbished" with dry limbs and other natural obstacles for stealthful movement.
3. Clearly, this is time-consuming training and should be included in a round-robin. The same type of lane can be used for squads and even platoons.
This training requires varying terrain and at least a one kilometer-by-500-meter lane. The competition trains squads and platoons on several tasks to include: (1) employment of movement techniques and formations, (2) use of hand-and-arm signals, (3) movement as a member of a fire team, (4) individual movement techniques.
TASK: Move Tactically.
CONDITIONS: The squad or platoon is tasked to initiate movement using a traveling movement technique. As the unit continues movement, the leader receives information via FM from the lane OIC/evaluator which will require changes in movement techniques and formations. For example, the squad leader will be told that "contact" is possible, resulting in the movement technique changing from traveling to traveling overwatch. The cue to change movement formations would be derived from FM 7-8, p. 2-31 for a squad, and p. 2-37 for a platoon. To cue a change in a platoon formation, the OIC/evaluator would inform the platoon leader, "The enemy situation is vague, but contact is expected from the front." The proper response by the platoon would be to employ a "Vee" formation. The squad or platoon leader is not allowed to issue verbal commands, requiring all information to be disseminated using hand-and-arm signals.
TASK STANDARD: The squad or platoon negotiates the entire lane employing the correct movement technique and formation as directed by the lane OIC/evaluator.
TRAINING NOTES AND PROCEDURES:
1. This training requires extensive trainup, especially by the squad and platoon leaders who have to memorize (and internalize) the standards for the movement techniques and formations outlined in FM 7-8 and ARTEP 7-8 MTP. Hand-and-arm signals have to be practiced and soldiers must know distances to keep the proper intervals when movement techniques change (e.g., 20 meters to 50 meters when changing from traveling to traveling overwatch).
2. The training requires at least two evaluators (the platoon leader and platoon sergeant or company commander and first sergeant). A scoring sheet is required. Scoring should be based on the number of AGOs for each formation and technique. Additional points can be awarded if the leader, through terrain analysis, changes a movement formation correctly without being prompted by the OIC/evaluator.
This training pits squads or platoons against one another in a battle of patience, discipline, tactical knowledge, and some cunning. It requires about a square kilometer of varying terrain which is constrained by clearly identifiable control measures. Ideally, the terrain is enclosed by roads and trails which are out of bounds. The concept is simple: The squad or platoon which identifies the opposing unit first, without being compromised or violating any of the rules of engagement--wins.
TASK: Locate Squad/Platoon-sized Element.
CONDITIONS: The units are given the area of operation, objectives on the far end of the lane and respective start points. The leader is provided 30 minutes to develop a plan to identify the other unit, and, at the same time, move to a designated objective on the far end of the lane. Notification that the opposing unit is identified must be made via FM communication to the OIC. Each unit has one observer/controller. All combat equipment, less rucksacks and NODs, are required. The training is conducted during daylight conditions.
TASK STANDARD: Within two hours, the squad/platoon must reach their assigned objective and identify the opposing unit without compromise or violation of good tactical judgement or the rules of engagement.
TRAINING NOTES AND PROCEDURES:
1. This exercise has the potential to be a "free for all" or just bad training, unless precise rules of engagement are established and sound tactical judgement is enforced. Otherwise, it is an opportunity for squad or platoon leaders to analyze terrain and command and control their units while engaging in honest competition.
2. The time limit established in the task standards was a "best guess." It may be too much or not enough. However, the important aspect is to get the unit moving (tactically) while giving the leader the latitude to position observation/LPs or any other technique which is tactically feasible (the litmus test is: Would you do this in combat? The correct answer to the question would preclude leaders from sending all their soldiers out individually to find the opposing force). Given this, it should be a requirement for a leader (either team, squad, or platoon leader and or platoon sergeant) to observe and call in identification of the opposing force.
Area and/or zone reconnaissance STXs are probably the least resource intensive training that platoons can conduct. The only resources needed are personnel for OPFOR and land for a training area. The intent of the exercise is that it can be conducted internally by a platoon with minimal resourcing. ARTEP 7-8 MTP does not provide an example of a reconnaissance STX. However, Chapters 4 and 6 of the MTP offer an excellent overview of how to prepare and conduct STXs. To augment the information in the MTP, the following STX plan is provided for zone reconnaissance.
1. Objective: The purpose of the zone reconnaissance STX is to train collective, leader, and individual tasks associated with a zone reconnaissance mission.
2. Individual Tasks:
- Camouflage
Self and Equipment
- Camouflage
Equipment
- Move
Over, Through, or Around Obstacles
- React
to Flares
- Report
Enemy Information
- Practice
Noise, Light, Litter Discipline
- Locate
Mines by Visual Means
- Move
as a Member of a Fire Team
- Identify Threat Weapons
3. Leader Tasks:
- Use
Visual-Signaling Techniques While Dismounted
- Navigate
from one Point on the Ground to Another while Dismounted
- Use
a Map Overlay
- Analyze
Terrain
- Issue
a Fragmentary Order
- Issue
a Warning Order
- Select
an Overwatch Position
- Conduct
Troop-Leading Procedures for an Operation
- Conduct
a Leader's Reconnaissance
- Plan
for the Use of Supporting Fires
- Implement Platoon Movement Techniques
4. Collective Tasks Associated with Zone Reconnaissance:
- Prepare
for Combat
- Move
Tactically
- Occupy
Assembly Area
- Maintain Operational Security
5. Train-up Methodology:
a. Prior to the train-up, leaders should be validated on their knowledge of the individual tasks. The individual train-up should begin with classroom instruction and hands-on testing of the associated individual tasks. This training can be conducted during "Sergeant's Time" or as "hip-pocket." However, the training should conclude with testing on the individual tasks, retraining if required, and retesting.
b. Concurrently, classes should be given by the platoon leadership on the associated leader and collective tasks. This training should conclude with a written or oral test administered by the platoon leader and platoon sergeant. This is an ideal time to begin development of platoon standing operating procedures.
c. As much available time as possible should be dedicated to reinforcing reconnaissance associated tasks:
- After physical training, instead of practicing drill and ceremony as a cool-down, practice moving tactically as a squad and platoon. Also emphasize low and high crawls.
- Have all reports in garrison rendered in the SALUTE format.
- Weekly inspections should include sound proofing of LBE and other equipment.
- At least weekly, conduct terrain board rehearsals with the platoon leadership on the conduct of zone reconnaissance. Rotate the primary instructor or give a scenario to squad leadership and have them backbrief the platoon leader and platoon sergeant on a concept of the operation.
- Conduct after-action reviews after all training.
- After physical training, instead of practicing drill and ceremony as a cool-down, practice moving tactically as a squad and platoon. Also emphasize low and high crawls.
6. Plan and Resource the STX:
Training Areas: Ideally, a training area which supports reconnaissance training can be obtained. Conduct a map reconnaissance of the available training areas looking for the following characteristics:
a. An area that has a stream bed and trails that lead into the low area. This is the best location for caches and supply points.
b. Hilltops where ADA weapons or enemy OPs would be positioned.
c. Reverse slopes with mask and overhead for mortar firing postions.
d. The training area should be at least two square kilometers. It should have clear terrain features, ideally roads and trails, that would depict a viable boundary for a platoon.
After the map reconnaissance, the platoon leader and platoon leader should physically reconnoiter the area to ensure it meets training requirements.
OPFOR: Because this exercise is being conducted internally by the platoon, there are constraints on the availability of OPFOR. However, it should not detract from the quality of training if the platoon leadership is innovative. Some recommendations are:
a. Rotate squads as OPFOR and conduct the zone reconnaissance with two squads. Each squad will have the opportunity to conduct two reconnaissance missions and one OPFOR mission. The OPFOR squad is issued strict guidance which outlines specific tasks that must be performed, but the squad leader has the flexibility to develop his own plan within the guidelines established. It is important that the platoon leader does not know the plan of the OPFOR squad. The platoon leader can issue the OPFOR squad leader an order, but the order should not include specific grids.
For Example: The OPFOR squad leader is tasked to establish a company supply point. Within his assigned sector, he identifies the terrain that best supports an insurgent model for a supply point. He is given 12 hours to establish the supply point and develop a security plan. During that time, the platoon minus is conducting troop-leading procedures and movement into the objective area. The reconnaissance cannot begin until the allotted 12 hours has expired. Because the reconnaissance has to be conducted during daylight conditions, the OPFOR squad is required to establish the supply point during limited visibility. The OPFOR squad is also required to conduct security patrols. If possible, a civilian truck should be used to periodically move along the trail near the supply point.
Once the reconnaissance begins, the platoon has an allotted time to locate the supply point. This is an artificial constraint, but it is necessary to ensure that time is available for an after-action review, issuance of the OPFOR order, rest, and issuance of the next reconnaissance order. In this concept for training, three sectors are necessary so the platoon does not work the same area three consectutive times.
Clearly, this training concept has several disadvantages. It places a great deal of physical strain on the platoon. By the end of the exercise, the soldiers are exhausted. However, with good time management, this does not have to be the case. An example timeline follows:
Training Day (T) - 1:
(0900
- 1300) The OPFOR squad leader is issued the order and conducts troop-leading
procedures.
(1000
- 1600) The reconnaissance OPORD is issued, and the platoon minus conducts
troop-leading procedures.
(1300
- 2100) The OPFOR squad moves to the training area, establishes the supply
point, implements rest plan.
(1600
- UTC) The platoon minus moves to the training area, establishes a patrol base,
and implements rest plan.
T-Day:
(0600
- 1200) Conduct reconnaissance
(1300
- 1430) Conduct AAR.
(1500
- 1530) Issue OPFOR order and move OPFOR to the next sector.
(1530
- 2100) OPFOR establishes supply point.
(1600
- 1900) Issue reconnaissance order and conduct troop-leading procedures.
(1900
- 2100) Move to sector
(2100
- 0500) All implement rest plan
T
+ 1 and 2: The sequence of events is repeated.
This training concept requires thorough logistical planning and execution. If the training areas are separated by an extensive distance, then transportation must be coordinated. Ideally, the training areas are contiguous, and the platoon can move (tactically) on foot. The training aids for the supply point must also be transported.
b. Using generally the same training concept proposed above, the OPFOR squad can replicate a mortar, C2element or ADA section. That way, all that is required is a mortar tube, or a Stinger, and expended rounds to replicate caches. Additionally, preparation time is significantly decreased. The squads will have to conduct threat training prior to the exercise (which is not a bad idea regardless). Rather than having to build a supply point, the squad would only be required to establish a couple cache sites, occupy a mortar or ADA site, and conduct security patrols (using the tactics discussed in the Intelligence Indicator Lane). If blank ammunition and star clusters are available, the OPFOR can fire blanks into the mortar tube to replicate the sound of a mortar firing and use star clusters to replicate ADA launches.
c. To lessen the strain on the platoon, the platoon leader can request that the company mortar section or anti-tank section participate in the training. Both of these company assets could receive excellent training as the OPFOR. For airborne and air assault units, the platoon's weapon squads can perform the role of OPFOR.
Material Resources: The material resources required depend mostly on the type of enemy target you want to replicate.
a. Supply Point: To replicate a battalion supply point (BSP) to JRTC standards requires significant resources:
- 100 cases of MREs
- 20 cans of water
- 10 cans of fuel
- 1,000 sandbags
- 400 mortar rounds
- 30 SA 14 rounds
- 30 AP mines
- 100 AT mines
- Four boxes of medical supplies
- Two all-terrain vehicles
- Two HMMWVs
- 100 cases of MREs
Additionally, the BSP is usually secured by a platoon minus. The supplies are usually buried underground and well camouflaged (refer to Figure 1).
A company supply point (CSP) and supply transfer point (STP) would be significantly scaled down but would be configured similar to the BSP. A BSP may be more suited for company training. Nonetheless, the OPFOR requirement of a platoon minus security force impacts resourcing.
b.
Mortar, C2 and ADA sites: These sites are the most easily replicated (refer
to Intelligence Indicator Lane for characteristics of these sites) and are
the least resource intensive. All that is required is a mortar tube and equipment,
expended mortar rounds to replicate caches, and six OPFOR personnel. The C2site
requires four to six personnel and a radio. The ADA site requires SA-14 simulation
rounds for caches, two to four personnel, and possibly green-star clusters
to replicate a SA-14 launch. For platoon training, these sites are recommended.
Sometimes the enemy is going to find you first. Although not the ideal situation, good drills can make the chance contact work in your favor. This is particularly true when the intent of the operation (as in a search and attack) is to utlitmately kill the enemy. As defined in FM 7-8, a drill is "a collective action rapidly executed without applying a deliberate planning process." Drills are a trained response to enemy actions or leaders orders. The "response" must be continually reinforced and trained. It is unreasonable to believe that rapidly executed responses can be inculcated in our soldiers with training every two or three months. The following "low-cost" drills can be trained at anytime with or without resources, weapons, or equipment.
These drills can be initiated anytime with either individual soldiers or as a squad or platoon. The standards for react to contact are clearly outlined in ARTEP 7-8 Drill. However, the purpose of the "BANG DRILL" is to execute the individual and collective intricacies of the drill in a non-tactical environment. The associated standards that the leader expects must be clear to the soldier and unit and outlined in an SOP. The SUBTASKS AND STANDARDS will focus on those intricacies.
TASK: React to Contact.
CONDITIONS: The individual soldier, squad or platoon is in a garrison or field environment. The team, squad or platoon leader initiates the drill by announcing "BANG." The soldiers may or may not have individual equipment and weapons.
TASK STANDARD: The soldier executes his role in the battle drill and/or the unit collectively executes the drill.
SUBTASKS AND STANDARDS:
1. Immediately upon hearing "BANG," soldiers assume the prone and simulate returning fire in the cardinal direction provided by the leader.
2. The leader announces the desired rate of fire for the suppression and the soldier does the following:
a. For a sustained rate of fire, M249 and M60 gunners count four seconds between six- to nine-round bursts. For example, the soldier will announce the following: "BURST, one thousand one, one thousand two, one thousand three, one thousand four, BURST." The M16 rifleman counts four seconds between each round fired.
b. For a rapid rate of fire, M249 and M60 gunners count two seconds between burst, and the M16 rifleman counts one second between rounds fired.
c. The M203 gunner announces, "One round 40-mm center sector."
3. The leader instructs an individual soldier, "Your magazine is empty." The soldier announces "changing magazines," and the soldier's buddy announces "picking up the rate of fire."
4. The leader announces to the unit, "The M60 is down." The M249 gunners announce "picking up the rate of fire."
5. The leader announces to the unit, "The M60 gunner is dead." The assistant gunner announces, "Taking the gun." The leader announces to the unit, "The AG is down." The nearest rifleman announces, "Taking the gun." Everytime the leader announces, "The M60 is down, or the gunner is dead," the other soldiers automatically pick up the rate of fire. The same actions should take place for the M249 and M203.
Table
of Contents
Think
Tank No. 2 - Time Management
Techniques
for the CSM While in the Defense
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