About the Authors

Stephen J. Flanagan is director of the Institute for National Strategic Studies and vice president for research at the National Defense University (NDU). Prior to joining NDU in January 2000, he served as special assistant to the President and senior director for Central and Eastern Europe at the National Security Council. Dr. Flanagan's earlier Government service includes senior positions with the Department of State, the National Intelligence Council, and the U.S. Senate. Dr. Flanagan also has held academic and research appointments at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, the International Institute for Strategic Studies, the Council on Foreign Relations, and the Center for Strategic and International Studies. He has published widely on international security affairs and is co-author of Challenges of the Global Century, the report of the NDU Project on Globalization and National Security.

Michael E. Marti was a senior research fellow at the Center for the Study of Chinese Military Affairs in the Institute for National Strategic Studies from November 2000 to July 2002. Presently a senior analyst with the Department of Defense, he has over 27 years of military and civilian experience. He is a historian specializing in Chinese national security and foreign policy. He served a one-year tour in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs as the assistant country director for China, Taiwan, and Mongolia. His most recent book is China and the Legacy of Deng Xiaoping (Brassey's, 2002).

Richard A. Bitzinger has been a defense industry analyst, specializing in the global defense industry and arms production, international armaments collaboration, and the international trade in weaponry and military technologies. He currently works for the U.S. Government. Mr. Bitzinger is the author or coauthor of over 40 monographs, articles, and book chapters, including "Globalization in the Post-Cold War Defense Industry: Challenges and Opportunities," in Arming the Future (Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1999); "Military Spending and Foreign Military Acquisitions by the PRC and Taiwan," in Crisis in the Taiwan Strait (National Defense University Press, 1997); and Gearing Up for High-Tech Warfare? Chinese and Taiwanese Defense Modernization and Implications for Confrontation Across the Taiwan Strait (Center for Strategic and Budgetary Analysis, 1996).

Bernard D. Cole is professor of military history in the National War College at the National Defense University, where he has served on the faculty since 1993. Dr. Cole's areas of expertise are Sino-American relations and maritime strategy. He has published many books, articles, book reviews, and essays, including The Great Wall at Sea: China's Navy Enters the 21st Century (Naval Institute Press, 2001).

David M. Finkelstein is a member of the Center for Strategic Studies at CNA Corporation. As the deputy director of Project Asia, he specializes in Asian security issues. He is a retired U.S. Army foreign area officer for China with extensive experience in joint political-military assignments at the national level.

Richard D. Fisher, Jr., is a senior fellow with The Jamestown Foundation in Washington, DC, where he monitors and comments on strategic issues pertaining to U.S. interests in Asia. He previously served as a senior analyst with the House Republican Committee. Fisher has published widely on U.S. interests in Asia from North Korea to New Zealand and in recent years has published several studies on the modernization of the People's Liberation Army of the People's Republic of China. He is the editor of China Brief.

Edward Friedman is the Hawkins Chair professor of political science at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, where he specializes in Chinese foreign policy. He has been the China specialist for the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific. His publications include National Identity and Democratic Prospects in Socialist China (M.E. Sharpe, 1995) and What If China Doesn't Democratize? Implications for War and Peace (M.E. Sharpe, 2000).

Bates Gill holds the Freeman Chair in China Studies at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, DC. Previously, he was a senior fellow in foreign policy studies and inaugural director of the Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies at The Brookings Institution. A specialist in East Asian foreign policy and politics, his research focuses on Northeast Asian political, security, and military-technical issues. He is the author of Contrasting Visions: U.S., China, and World Order (The Brookings Institution Press, forthcoming); Chinese Arms Transfers (Praeger, 1992); and coauthor (with Taeho Kim) of China's Arms Acquisitions from Abroad: A Quest for "Superb and Secret Weapons" (Oxford University Press, 1995).

Paul H.B. Godwin is a consultant specializing in Chinese defense and security policies and serves as a nonresident scholar in the Atlantic Council's Asia-Pacific Program. He retired as professor of international affairs in the National War College at the National Defense University in 1998. Dr. Godwin's most recent publications are "China's Nuclear Forces: An Assessment," in Current History (September 1999); "China's Defense Modernization: Aspirations and Capabilities," in Washington Journal of Modern China (Spring 2000); and "China, America, and Missile Defense: Conflicting National Interests" (with Evan S. Medeiros), in Current History (September 2000).

Howard M. Krawitz has been a visiting fellow in the Institute of National Strategic Studies at the National Defense University since September 2001. He is a career Foreign Service officer with extensive East Asian experience. From 1999-2001, he was senior advisor on China and East Asia to Senator Dianne Feinstein. Mr. Krawitz has also been director for Chinese and Mongolian Affairs in the United States Trade Representative's Office and a Strategic Trade Controls negotiator for the Department of State.

David Lai joined the Department of Strategy and International Security at the Air War College in April 1999. His teaching and research interests are in international relations theory, war and peace studies, comparative foreign policy, and Asian and China politics. Prior to his graduate study at the University of Colorado, Dr. Lai was a diplomat in the Chinese Foreign Service. Dr. Lai has published articles in prominent international studies journals. He has also published a book on international relations and U.S. foreign policy and is currently writing on issues relating to the Taiwan-China question, U.S.-Asia relations, and Chinese strategic thinking.

Nan Li is senior fellow in the Institute for Defence and Strategic Studies at Nanyang Technological Institute in Singapore. He has also taught at the University of Cincinnati, Dartmouth College, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and Eastern Kentucky University. He has published on Chinese civil-military relations and military doctrine and organization in Security Studies, China Quarterly, and Armed Forces & Society, and has edited volumes for the RAND Corporation and Oxford University Press. His most recent publication is From Revolutionary Internationalism to Conservative Nationalism: The Chinese Military's Discourse on National Security and Identity in the Post-Mao Era.

James C. Mulvenon is an associate political scientist at the RAND Corporation in Washington, DC, and deputy director of the RAND Center for Asia-Pacific Policy. A specialist on the Chinese military, his current research focuses on Chinese strategic weapons doctrines (information warfare and nuclear warfare), theater ballistic missile defenses in Asia, Chinese military commercial divestiture, and the military and civilian implications of the information revolution in China. He recently completed a book on the Chinese military's business empire, entitled Soldiers of Fortune (M.E. Sharpe, 2001).

Kevin G. Nealer is a principal and partner in The Scowcroft Group, where he provides risk analysis and direct investment support to the group's multinational clients, specializing in financial services and trade policy issues. Before joining The Scowcroft Group, Mr. Nealer advised multinational clients on investment issues, project finance, and trade law/policy as a principal in the consulting affiliate of Washington's largest law firm and as vice president for corporate affairs with a leading government strategies practice. He is the author of numerous articles on political economy appearing in The Asia Wall Street Journal, Journal of Commerce, and other periodicals, books, and professional journals.

Eugene B. Rumer is a senior fellow in the Institute for National Strategic Studies at the National Defense University. He is a specialist on Russia and other states of the former Soviet Union. Dr. Rumer previously served as a visiting scholar at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy; a member of the Secretary's Policy Planning Staff at the Department of State; and director for Russian, Ukrainian, and Eurasian affairs at the National Security Council. Prior to government service, he worked for the RAND Corporation first as an analyst based in Santa Monica, California, and later as a senior staff member and resident representative in Moscow.

David Shambaugh is professor of Political Science and International Affairs and director of the China Policy Program in the Elliott School of International Affairs at The George Washington University. He is also a nonresident senior fellow in the Foreign Policy Studies Program at The Brookings Institution and a 2002-2003 residential fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C. He is the author of numerous works on contemporary China and East Asian international relations, a consultant to various agencies of the U.S. Government, private sector foundations, corporations, and he is a frequent commentator in national and international media. He has recently published Modernizing China's Military: Progress, Problems & Prospects (University of California Press, 2002).

John Tkacik is a research fellow at the Asian Studies Center of The Heritage Foundation, where he studies policies and events concerning China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao. Previously, he was head of China Business Intelligence, a consulting firm, and publisher of the newsletter, Taiwan Weekly Business Bulletin. He also was a Foreign Service officer in the Department of State from 1971 to 1994, stationed in China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan.

Richard C. Thornton is professor of history and international affairs at the Elliot School of International Affairs at The George Washington University. His major works include Odd Man Out: Truman, Stalin, Mao and the Origins of the Korean War (Brassey's, 2000); The Nixon-Kissinger Years: The Reshaping of American Foreign Policy (Washington Institute Press, 1989); The Carter Years: Toward a New Global Order (Washington Institute Press, 1992); and China: A Political History, 1917-1980 (Westview Press, 1982).

Cynthia A. Watson has been a faculty member in the National War College at the National Defense University since 1992, serving as associate dean from 1997-2000. She has also worked for the House of Representatives Subcommittee on Government Information Staff and the U.S. General Accounting Office. Dr. Watson's research has concentrated on nuclear and small arms proliferation, civil-military relations, and transnational issues across Third World states. She has recently published U.S. National Security (ABC-CLIO, 2002) and is completing a volume on the disintegration of Colombia.

Alfred D. Wilhelm, Jr., is managing director of Wilhelm and Associates, where he works to advance relations between the people of the United States, China, and Taiwan through education, finance, health care, and national security projects. From 1989 to 2001, as executive vice president and chief operating officer of The Atlantic Council of the United States, he developed programs to advance U.S. relations and academic exchanges throughout Asia. Earlier he served as the U.S. Army Attache in Beijing on the faculty of the National Defense University and in Vietnam. His publications include China Policy for the Next Decade (Oelgeschlager, Gunn, and Hain, 1984); The Chinese at the Negotiating Table (National Defense University Press, 1994); and China and Security in the Asian Pacific Region through 2010 (Center for Naval Analyses, 1997).