FMFM-1
And Marine Aviation
AUTHOR
Major Paul R. Hill, USMC
CSC
1991
SUBJECT
AREA - Aviation
Executive Summary
TITTLE: FMFM-1 AND MARINE AVIATON
I.
Purpose: To present a reorganization of the Marine Air Wing and the Marine
Air
Command and Control System that will support our philosophy of warfighting
as
stated in FMFM-1 and our command and control concept.
II.
Problem: The organization and structure of the Marine Air Wing and the
Marine
Air Command and Control System are based on a centralized commander
tasking
aircraft to do specific missions with faceless agencies controlling the resour-
ces
of the entire wing. This structure and organization is the antithesis of our
war-
fighting
philosophy.
III.
Data: The Marine Corps' warfightlng philosophy is centered around Marines
gaining
an advantage over the enemy by learning to think and act more quickly
than
the enemy in the chaotic and uncertain atmosphere of war. To accomplish
this,
requires that Marines at all levels have the situational awareness, com-
manders
intent, authority and resources to recognize and exploit opportunities on
the
battlefield. To support our warfighting philosophy, we have also developed a
command
and control concept called the C4I2 concept. Although it is not well
documented,
it does exist, and it can be compared to our current aviation com-
mand
and control system.
IV.
Conclusions: The structure of the Marine Air Command and Control System
is,
in many instances, contradictory to our C4I2 concept.
V.
Recommendations. We must change the structure of the Marine Air Wing and
the
Marine Air Command and Control System to support our warfighting
philosophy.
FMFM-1 AND MARINE
AVIATION
OUTLINE
Thesis:
The current organization and command and control system for Marine
Aviation
is not structured in accordance with our philosophy of warfighting. To
implement
our warfighting philosophy and maximize the effectiveness of Marine
Aviation,
the Marine Air Wing and the Marine Air Command and Control System's
organization
must be changed.
I. The Marine Corps' warfighting philosophy
A.
Maneuver warfare
B.
The employment of resources
C.
The organization of resources
II. Aviation C2 versus our warfighting philosophy
A.
Why we have Marine Aviation
B.
How we employ aviation
III. The Marine Corps' command and control
concept
A.
Relationship to our warfighting philosophy
B.
How we employ command and control systems
C.
Mission of our command and control systems
D.
Functions of our command and control systems
E.
Attributes of command and control systems
IV. Aviation C2 versus the Marine Corps' C2 concept
A.
Current aviation organization
B.
Current aviation C2 philosophy
C.
Deficiencies of the current system
V. Organizing to fit our warfighting
philosophy
A. The Marine Air Support Group
B. The Marine Air Defense Group
C. The Marine Air Warfare Group
D. The Marine Wing Support Group
E. The Tactical Air Command Center
F. The approach to reorganization
FMFM-1 AND MARINE
AVIATION
FMFM-1
states the Marine Corps' warfighting philosophy. This philosophy is
called
"maneuver warfare," but it entails a far greater scope than the
accepted
milItary
definition of the term. Our philosophy states that maneuver warfare is a
way
of thinking about and functioning in war. The way of thinking centers around
focusing
on the enemy and applying our combat power in such a way that destroys
his
cohesion This is done by constantly presenting the enemy with rapid and unex-
pected
actions that create dilemmas with which he cannot cope. (13:60) The way of
functioning
in combat centers around learning to operate more effectively and more
quickly
than the enemy in dealing with the two prominent characteristics of war,
chaos
and uncertainty. This is accompiished by giving commanders at all levels
considerable
latitude to accomplish the aims of their senior commanders when op-
portunities
arise. (13:62) Because opportunities on the battlefield are fleeting, com-
manders
must be able to exploit them immediately rather than having to request
permission
or to wait for further orders from higher headquarters. A key word in
our
philosophy is speed. To defeat the enemy, commanders must observe, orient,
decide
and act faster than the enemy. (8:26)
To
fight a war, a commander must have resources and ways of employing them.
The
resources are his people and equipment. The "way? are the tactics techni-
ques,
training and procedures used to employ the resources.
To
implement our warfighting philosophy, our resources must be organized in a
way
that best facilitates their use. The "ways" must be focused on the
most effective
use
of the resources in accordance with our philosophy. Our command and control
(C2)
systems should provide us the ability to recognize and exploit opportunities on
the
battlefield. Accordingly, they must be structured to support our philosophy of
warfighting
and, thus, complement the way we organize and employ of our resour-
ces.
(5:9)
The
current organization and C2 system for Marine Aviation is not structured in
accordance
with our philosophy of warfighting. To implement our warfighting
philosophy
and maximize the effectiveness of Marine Aviation, the Marine Aircraft
Wing
(MAW) and the Marine Air Command and Control System's (MACCS) or-
ganization
must be changed.
To
accomplish this, we must first examine why we have Marine Aviation and how we
intend
to employ it. We must also examine our concept of C2 and determine how
best
to apply it to aviation. Additionally, we must examine our current aviation or-
ganizational
concept and how it relates to our warfighting philosophy. Finally, we
must
create a new organization and C2 system that supports our warfighting
philosophy.
No
discussion of why we have Marine Aviation and how we intend to employ it
would
be complete without a discussion of the employment of sea power and naval
aviation.
The Navy uses air power to enhance sea power. Sea power theory entails
control
of the sea lines of communication and the maintenance of advanced bases.
(9:453-455)
To project sea power, ships position themselves on the ocean to control
strategic
point. Air power gives our Navy the range to strike enemy forces at great
distances.
(4:(2-1O))
Like
aviation, Marines enhance sea power. They are the means by which naval
power
is projected ashore for the seizure of advanced naval bases and control of
enemy
land forces overlooking or endangering strategic points. (2:34) (4:(2-8))
The
capability to come from the sea by force makes the Marines the service of
choice
in many diverse situations. Often, they are used independently to achieve
political
and strategic goals. (23:8)
Air
power, with its inherent capability to move almost any place quickly, gives the
Marines
strategic and tactical mobility. Unlike heavily armored, mechanized or
artillery
forces of the Army, the Marines use their air to provide heavy firepower in
conjunction
with the land battle. (2:58-59) Because of their air power employment
philosophy,
Marines can travel to the theater by sea or air with relatively small
numbers
ofships or aircraft compared to an Army force. (6:37-38) This strategic
mobility
provides them the ability to respond rapidly. Marines use helicopters to
achieve
tactical mobility on the battlefield, thus, allowing them to be considerably
less
mechanized than Army forces.
The
Marine Corps philosophy of aviation requires a great deal of CAS be con-
ducted
and integrated with supporting arms to allow tactical maneuver of the
Ground
Combat Element (GCE). (12:100-103) While CAS may not always be the
focus
of effort for Marine Aviation, it is a routine vice an alternative method of
providing
fire support for the GCE. (6:29-42) The Marines mission and warfight-
ing
philosophy requires that ground and aviation operations occur simultaneously
and
be mutually supporting (17:(2-1)-(2-2)) It is a closely integrated combat arm
that
is used in a philosophically different way from the Army and Air Force to sup-
port
the needs of the Corps. Knowing this, we must determine how we can best cre-
ate
a C2 system that supports how we intend to employ our aviation. However,
before
we can create a C2 system, we must first determine our C2 concept.
Near
the same time we adopted our warfighting philosophy, we adopted a C2 con-
cept.
It is unofficially called the C4I2 concept and is not documented in a single
publication
as our warfighting philosophy is. While our warfighting philosophy
was
evolving over a period of years, so was our C4I2 concept that supports the
philosophy.
Originally, there was only the term Command and Control (C2), then
Command,
Control and Communications (C3) and then the addition of a function
or
a piece of hardware until we ended up with Command, Control, Communica-
tions,
Computers, Intelligence and Interoperability (C4I2), thus the "C4I2
Concept."
Over
time, we have been molding the concept into something that can increase our
effectiveness
in war.
Throughout
history, much has been said about C2 and, more recently, the integra-
tion
of intelligence, communications, computers, and interoperabillty as means to
achieve
more effective control. Sun Tzu and Clausewitz both said that knowing
your
enemy and having an accurate understanding of the battiefleld situation are
of
the utmost importance. (1:117-118) (7:96-101) They also acknowledged that the
battlefield
will always be governed by chaos and uncertainty more commonly known
as
"the fog of war". Many others, equally famous, have collectively
stated that supe-
rior
situational awareness, the ability to control forces and operate more rapidly
than
the enemy in the chaos of battle is the key to success. Their collective state-
ments
are the basis for our C4I2 concept which supports our warfighting
philosophy
and is the foundation for how we build our C2 systems.
So,
our C4I2 concept is much more that just pieces of equipment or operational
facilities.
A key element of our C4I2 concept is that no matter how much equip-
ment
and personnel we dedicate to the task, we will never overcome chaos and un-
certainty.
(15:(1-2)-(1-3)) This should not preclude us from focusing on how the
commander
can best use the C2 equipment and personnel he does have to influence
the
outcome of battle.
To
make our aviation system effective, we need to adopt a mission statement for
our
C2
systems. Additionally, we need to define the system, identify its functions and
adopt
common terms that describe its attributes.
A
brief discussion, along with an explanation of why we will never overcome
uncer-
tainty
and how we can best employ our C2 systems, is germane. In earliest history,
C2
was accomplished by the commander viewing the entire battlefield. Once the
battle
started, there was little he could do to influence the battle from the perspec-
tive
of maneuvering forces. H coulld, however, go to the most critical point of the
battle
and inspire those who could see him by his personal example. (22:55-57)
The
first major advances in C2 came with the addition of signaling and subordinate
commanders.
Next, came staffs, who collect, analyze, distribute information,
prepare
and issue orders in accordance with commander's guidance. This allowed
the
commander to observe and command by exception as moments of opportunity
arose.
Additionally, the staff also freed him to go to the point of friction while his
intentions
for the conduct of the battle continued to be carried out. Since the inven-
tion
of the radio and the computer, we have experienced a quantum increase in the
volume
and speed at which information is gathered and processed. The same effect
applies
to the speed at which commands and orders are delivered. (22:1-4)
Despite
these advances, the commander's influence on the battlefield continues to
be
governed by uncertainty regardless of the quantity and quality of C2 systems.
This
is caused in part by the decision and reaction process. A single decision by a
commander
can result in a significant number of mutations in the way the decision
is
implemented by subordinate commanders throughout the chain of command.
The
enemy's response to the opposing commander's actions are subject to the same
process.
To further complicate the process, commanders are continuously making
decisions
that are interrelated and dependent. The net effect on the battle is an in-
finite
set of responses, counter responses, and unintended consequences resulting
in
a random and chaotic battlefield. (8:36-38)
Adding
to the chaotic atmosphere, the battlefield is affected by an uncontrollable
and
often intangible set of factors. Some notable ones are: weather, morale, train-
ing,
equipment, time of day, psychological and political factors, therefore, in
battle,
commanders
are continuously faced with simultaneous and related problems. The
chaotic
atmosphere will cause some actions to succeed while others, based on equal-
ly
good logic, will not. Once forces are committed or engaged, the probabilistic
and
chaotic
atmosphere will cause the commander to have a reduced influence over the
outcome
of the battle. (8:50-51)
Opportunities
to win battles, campaigns and wars arise in a random manner.
When
they occur, the commander must be able to recognize the opportunity and
have
the ability to control his forces to exploit the situation. The conclusion is
that
the
commander can exert the most influence over winning the battle by employing
his
C2 to increase situational awareness and control of the disposition of his
forces
prior
to the beginning of a particular engagement. Control of forces during engage-
ments
can and will occur, but the influence over the direct combat results will be
diminished
because of the chaotic nature of the battlefield. (8:47-51)
Thus
we arrive at the mission statement for C2 systems. It is to provide the com-
mander
the means to recognize and exploit opportunities on the battlefield."
Thus,
if
a C2 system does what it is supposed to do, It should act as a force multiplier.
This
means the system operates with the effectiveness that makes the combat forces
the
equivalent of a superior forrce. With a
mission statement we can now move to
define
a C2 system. The literal definitions of the words that comprise the abbrevia-
tion
"C4I2" do not readily lead to an accurate understanding of what
comprises a
system.
The definitions are as follows: (3:77-83)
Command.
This is an absolute state. It is the authority vested in a person to ex-
ercise
authority over others by virtue of rank or assignment.
Control. Control implies taking action. It
is something less than full command
exercised
over subordinates or other organizations. C2 is the exercise of authority
and
direction by a properly designated commander over assigned forces in the ac-
complishment
of the mission.
Communications, Computers and Intelligence.
These are disciplines within the
military
that were created for the purpose of enhancing the commander's ability to
control.
Since communications and computers imply pieces of equipment, they are
also
facilitators.
Interoperability. This is an-imperfect state
that contains degrees and levels. It's
the
ability of units, systems and agencies to function effectively with each other.
We
need a more concise definition for a C2 system if we are to use it in practical
ap-
plication.
It is as follows: "The combined use of tactics, techniques, training,
proce-
dures,
personnel and equipment to form a system which gathers and distributes
Information
necessary for the commander to pre-empt enemy initiatives and con-
trol
his forces with the speed, accuracy and efficiency necessary to gain and main-
tain
the initiative." (15:(1-2))
With
a definition, we can isolate certain functions that the system should perform.
The
functions of C2 systems are to Monitor, Assess, Plan, Control and Crosstell.
(5:4)
Monitor.
Every system must collect the enemy and friendly situation. If there
are
subsystems, such as groups and squadrons which are a subsystems of a wing,
then
each subsystem must collect the situaton and report it to other systems. This
is
done because each system sees the environment from a different perspective and
each
has information at a different level of detail.
Assess.
In the assessment phase, the system must analyze and focus enemy in-
formation
into probable intentions, targets of strategic and tactical value, and
potential
vulnerabilities. Additionally, the
system must analyze and focus friendly
information
into probable disposition of forces that would best thwart enemy inten-
tions.
Plan. The system must continuously plan for
future operations. This includes
planning
for potential contingencies as well as actions to be taken in the near and
distant
future.
Control. The system must be capable of
controlling forces in accordance with
the
current battle plan and implementing real-time changes in the plan based on
changing
situations.
Crosstell.
Systems must be continuously moving information among subsystems
and
other systems. It is under this function
that filtering of information occurs.
Filtering
is used when there is information available that is not required by the sys-
tem.
This prevents inundation of operators or the system's communications with
unnecessary
data.
Having
identified the functions, we can identify the attributes of our C2 system.
All
C2 systems possess certain attributes. Their degree of importance is deter-
mined
by the situation and mission. They are as follows:
Unity. The commander must have control of
his system. In effect, the com-
mander
and his system must act as an entity with the commander as the head and
the
system as the body. (15:(1-2))
Speed. They key to our warfighting
philosophy is speed. Our C2 systems must
operate
at a tempo greater than the enemy's capacity to react. (13:31-32)
Operability. The system must lend itself to
easy operation requiring a mini-
mum
of training operate. (15:(1-2))
Resilience. The system must degrade
gracefully. Specifically, there must be
enough
redundancy and compartmentalization that, if one or several parts sustain
battle
damage or catastrophic failure, other parts of the system will continue to
function.
(16:13) A system's resilience can be enhanced by determining a succes-
sion
of control for other systems to backup a particular system. Probably, the most
significant
contribution to resilience would be the use of SOPs and training people
to
use implicit communications based on mutual understanding and familiarity.
Continuity. The system must be able to
operate continuously without breaks in
operation.
Breaks in operations give the enemy opportunities to seize the initia-
tive.
The culminating point of a campaign or battle must be driven by the limita-
tions
of the warfighters, not their C2 systems. (15:(4-1))
Security. When working properly, high level
systems will have an enormous
amount
of valuable information. The system must provide for security of informa-
tion.
This can range from the control of access to facilities to the use of secure
com-
munications
on the battiefield. (15:(5-1))
Sustainability. The system must not require
personnel or logistics support that
can
not be tolerated on a continuous basis.
Also, the system must not make opera-
tional
demands for input that cannot be reasonably met by all the source systems/
subsystems.
(16:13)
Reliability. The system must function with
the regularity that breeds confidence
in
the system and acceptance by those who use and support it. (5:64)
Mobility. Dependent upon the threat and
mission, the requirement for mobility
will
vary. In war, mobility is a key attribute and, on many occasions, will be the
hardest
attribute to balance with the other in communications based systems
such
as those for aviation, stability enhances reliability, sustainability, and
main-
tainability
but may seriously degrade survivability. In most cases, increased
capability
is inversely proportional to mobility. (16:12-13)
Maintainability. The system must be
maintainable under adverse conditions
with
reasonable effort. The maintenance plan must accommodate the attributes of
continuity,
mobility and resilience. (16:13)
Suvivability. All reasonable actions must be
taken to make the system surviv-
able.
(16:13)
Flexibility. Systems must sacrifice some
internal stability in order to be respon-
sive
in the chaos of battle. In the long term, effectiveness will be achieved by
con-
tinually
trading off internal consistency and mechanization for the flexibility
necessary
to adapt to the environment and exploit opportunities. (8:53)
Having
determined our C2 systems' attributes, we have completed the statement of
our
C2 concept. Having done this, It is obvious that Marine Aviation is not in con-
sonance
with either our warfighting philosophy or our concept of C2. As previously
stated,
the problems are rooted in the organizational structure of the MAW and the
Marine
Air Command and Control system (MACCS). The two are inextricably
linked
and the deficiencies of each cannot be discussed in isolation.
To
address the problem we should first examine the current organizational and
aviation
C2 structure. Figure 1 depicts the organization of the MAW. (12:15)
Click
here to view image
For
air C2, traditionally, the primary agencies are thought to be the Tactical Air
Command
Center (TACC), the Tactical Air Operations Center (TAOC) and the
Direct
Air Support Center (DASC). (14:(1-2)) Although these agencies are the
primary
ones, there are agencies and elements scattered throughout the MAGTF
that
have a role in air C2. Figure 2 depicts these elements and their parent units.
(14:(1-1)-(1-8)).
When the Aviation Combat Element (ACE) of the MAGTF is
Click
here to view image
employed
in combat, the command structure for aviation is changed from the struc-
ture
depicted in figure 1 to that depicted in Figure 2. The organizational concept
depicted
in figure 2 is called centralized command and decentralized control.
(14:(1-3))
The
centralized command aspect of the concept, in effect, causes the commanders of
the
Marine Aircraft Groups (MAGs) to become resource providers for the Tactical
Air
Commander (TAC) who sits at the head of the MACCS as the single com-
mander.
(17:(3-15)-(3-16)) The TAC and his staff, which are derived from the
MAW
and Marine Air Control Group (MACG) staff, now execute tactical control
through
agencies which were formed from the squadrons of the MACG. Like the
commanders
of the MAGs, the MACG commander becomes a provider of personnel
and
facilities for the various tactical agencies of the MACCS. Thus, the focus of
ef-
fort
for MAG commanders and their staffs is on providing operationally ready
aircraft
and flight crews. Similarly, the MACG commander and his staff are
focused
on providing operationally ready C2 systems and crews to man them.
Neither
the MAG nor MACG commander and their staffs are focused on the
employment
of aviation to win the battle. This is the function of the TAC and his
staff.
Decentralized
control means that, in theory, the TAC grants his authority to the
agencies
of the MACCS to conduct air operations and make the real-time tactical
decisions
necessary to best employ aviation in a rapidly moving situation. These
agencies
are manned by personnel who generically can be called "air
controllers."
The
concept of decentralized control certainly implies that the air controllers'
mis-
sion
is to employ aviation to win the battle. The mission statements of the various
agencies,
depicted in Figure 3, are focused on specific tasks vice the prosecution of
Click
here to view image
the
battle based on the functions of Marine Aviation which are depicted in figure
4.
(12:5-8)
(14:(1-3))
Click
here to view image
From
this, we can see that the C2 agencies are not tasked with employing resources
to
accomplish the aim of the air-war. This is also true of the TAC's staff which
is
focused
on the production of an Air Tasking Order that responds to requirements
coming
from other elements of the MAGTF. (14:(2-5)-(2-8))
Neither
aviators nor air controllers are trained in the employment of air power.
Air
controllers, by virtue of their duties and the implied mission of their
respective
agencies,
frequently are well educated in the principles and procedures involved
with
the employment of air power. Aviators,
generally, are more focused on employ-
ment
of a specific type of aircraft and the application of that aircraft to specific
types
of missions. Regardless, neither are
trained as air power employment of-
ficers.
The employment of air power is generally considered to be the domain of
aviators. Few, however, have the training and
experience in MAGTF operations
and
too few are in the billets to have an effect.
These
problems are further exacerbated by an additional one rooted in the
decentralized
control concept. Under ideal circumstances, the primary air control
agencies
may be given limited authority to direct ongoing air operations. There is,
however,
little accountability for the actions of either the agencies or the aircrews in
regard
to the effectiveness of aviation. Accountability is vested in the chain of com-
mand;
however, with the exception of the TAC, the chain of command for the MAW
is
not involved with the tactical employment of aviation. The groups and
squadrons
are not accountable for the success of air power, even though they are
responsible
for providing all the resources to effect it.
Figure
1 depicts the organizations of the MAW. From it we can surmise that it is or-
ganized
on a compromise between the functional aspects of aviation (Figure 4) and
the
grouping of specific types of aircraft and units for logistics and training
pur-
poses.
In combat, this organization does not go away but coexists with the MACCS.
The
two organizational structures increase the overhead for staffs, communications
resources
and adds to the complexity of aviation. It would seem logical that a
single
organization to provide administration, intelligence, operations, and logistics
would
be the most effective.
If
we examine our warfighting philosophy, we see that our current C2 system vio-
lates,
at a minimum, the principle of simplicity. Additionally, it negates the ability
of
commanders at all levels to use initiative to exploit opportunities; the idea
that
the
focus of combat units must be on fighting battles that exploit the enemy vul-
nerabilities
vice the execution of specific missions and that implicit communica-
tions
built through training can replace explicit communications used to relay
detailed
instructions. (13:62)
If
we examine our C2 concept, we can see that the current MACCS organization is
not
in consonance with the attributes of speed, operability, and resilience. These
deficiencies
occur because the centralized command concept slows the decision and
reaction
process. Additionally, the MACCS agencies are not redundant and are
critical
nodes. The mission vice battle orientation of the MACCS leads to the re-
quirement
for explicit communications thus resulting in long and critical lines of
communications.
Lastly, a lack of unity of command among aircrews and air con-
trollers
leads to a complex organization and degrades the focus of effort from the
employment
of aviation to win battles. (19) (20)
As
previously stated, it would seem prudent to have a simpler more redundant or-
ganization
designed for commanders at all levels to operate on mission orders that
are
focused on the intent senior commanders. To accomplish this, we can take a
lesson
from the structure of the Marine Division. Figure 5 depicts the chain of
command,
organization for combat, C2 structure and the needlines of communica-
tion
for the Marine Division. (11: (4-2))
Click
here to view image
This
is in stark contrast to the MAW which has a chain of command and a C2 struc-
ture
which are different. (See figures 1 and 2)
This results in the combination of
the
two being the organization for combat which dictates unique needlines of com-
munications
(Figure 6). (14:(10-1)-(1O-14))
Click
here to view image
If
we organize the MAW to fit our warfighting philosophy, we must build an or-
ganization
that conforms to the ways we intend to employ air power in our MAGTF.
We
can employ air power in several ways. We can employ air power is by itself to
fight
against a land or naval opponent. We can also employ it in support of land or
naval
forces combat operations, in an anti-air mode against an air opponent or in
support
of logistics operations Figure 7
depicts an organization for the MAW that
combines
the chain of command, the C2 structure, the organization for combat and
needlines
of communications. As an entity it would function much like the Navy's
Composite
Warfare Model where subordinate commanders will be given mission or-
ders
to perform combat functions for the task force. (21:(1-1)) This model will be
far
more effective in supporting a vertical battlefield concept, where all combat
arms
are used in parallel. Our current modified air force model is designed to sup-
port
a linear battlefield where aviation events occur in series. (10:3) Figure 7
depicts
four groups consisting of various aircraft and air control facilities neces-
sary
to accomplish the things we intend to use our aviation for.
Looking
at Figure 7, we can see the Marine Air Support Group (MASG). The
Click
here to view image
MASG
contains both fixed wing and helicopters and the Marine Air Support
Squadron,
which provides the personnel and facilities for the DASC. The VMO
Squadron
would also be resident here. The mission of the group would be to pro-
vide
Close Air Support (CAS), Assault Support and air C2 facilities in direct sup-
port
of the Ground Combat Element (GCE).
The
responsiveness of CAS and Assault Support to the needs of the GCE have long
been
cited as deficiencies in the current system. The problems are caused by the
centralized
mission tasking philosophy of the current system, the concept that all
aviation
is in general support and, the lack of authority for the DASC to respond to
the
GCE and control events in a changing situations. (20) (3:223-230)
Under
the system proposed in Figure 7, a single air group commander will be given
the
resources and mission to support the GCE.
Using this concept, the forward ele-
ment
of the group headquarters would consist of the personnel and facilities that
normally
comprise the DASC and the operations section of the group. This ap-
proach
would siginificantly increase responsiveness and allow for effective aviation
planning
by ground commanders. The effectiveness of aviation could be
siginificantly
enhanced if the chain for requesting, tasking and changing aircraft
missions
could be approved, coordinated and implemented at the highest GCE
headquarters.
It would also offer the opportunity for the GCE to decide whether to
use
aviation as a maneuver element and weight the aviation effort in support of
par-
ticular
units or battles. Additionally, it would provide habitual training relation-
ships
among ground and aviation units.
Under
the current system, responsibility for air defense of the MAGTF is frag-
mented
among the TACC, the MAG, which provides the interceptors, and the
TAOC
which controls the integration of fighters and missiles. (18(5-9)-(5-14))
Unlike
the Army, which has a significant complement of air defense missiles and
anti-aircraft
artillery, the Marine Corps has a very light complement of short range
low
altitude surface-to-air-missiles (SAMs) for air defense. This results in a
reliance
on continuous airborne interceptor aircraft to provide the long range high
altitude
air defense and add depth and density to our limited SAM assets. It also
dictates
the close integration of these weapons with the air defenses of other forces
which
may provide collateral coverage for portions of the MAGTF. 18(5-17)-(5-23))
The
fragmentation of responsibilities frequently causes critical delays in making
key
employment decisions and sometimes even effects decisions to commit air
defense
weapons to battle. (19)
The
air defense of the MAGTF should be the sole mission of a single commander.
Figure
7 depicts the Marine Air Defense Group (MADG) with the aircraft, missiles
and
C2 necessary to focus on this vital function. It is envisioned that the TAOC
would
become the forward headquarters of this group and be its operations center.
Reconnaissance,
anti-air warfare, electronic warfare and deep air support are offen-
sive
in nature and should be placed in a group that concentrates on "air
warfare."
The
Marine Air Ware Group (MAWG), depicted in Figure 7, would provide spe-
cialized
aviation support to the other aviation groups as required. The group's
primary
focus would be on using aviation in the deep battle. It would contain the
necessary
fixed wing aircraft, C2 and intelligence staff to accomplish these func-
tions.
The employment of aviation in this role requires close coordination with in-
telligence,
integration with the efforts of other air forces and close coordination
with
the overall maneuver of the MAGTF. It is envisioned that this air group head-
quarters
would collocate with the TACC and become the air warfare portion of the
TACC
staff.
Logistics
is the center of gravity for the MAW. The MAW is the most technology
oriented
and equipment, personnel intensive element of the MAGTF. Under the
current
organization, the logistics that supports intermediate maintenance and
aerial
refueling of aircraft is divorced from all the other logistics such as airfield
operations
and maintenance, aviation medical, ground refueling, ordinance,
weather,
air traffic control, ground supply, ground and air transportation and com-
munications
support. (17:(4-3-1) -(4-3-17)) Logistics in the MAW is such a sig-
nificant
activity that one commander should be charged with all the combat service
support
and the C2 of that support.
Figure
7 depicts a Marine Wing Support Group (MWSG) whose focus of effort is
all
aviation peculiar logistics and combat service support. This group would also
contain
aircraft squadrons necessary to accomplish these tasks along with the C2
capability
provided by the Communications Squadron. It is envisioned that this
group
would support all the other groups who are focused on combat functions. It
is
also envisioned that this group will be the focal point for all non-GCE assault
support
operations. Under thin concept the non-combat assault support, which
generally
takes place in rear areas with little requirement for integration with fire
support
or CAS, would be divorced from the more immediate and difficult assault
support
of the GCE.
The
echelon above the air groups is the MAW, whose battlestaff resides in the
TACC.
The focus of the staff would be outward toward the MAGTF command ele-
ment
and laterally toward other air forces' operations. The staff would focus on
aviation
operational considerations, airspace allocation, intelligence gathering and
fusion,
combined air operations, C2 system integration and allocation of resources
and
cross tasking among the various air groups.
The
concept of operations, as previously stated, is similar to that of the Navy's
com-
posite
warfare concept. The MAW makes operational plans and deals with matters
external
to the MAW while specific group commanders are given responsibility and
resources
to execute particular functions of aviation in support of the MAGTF.
This
reorients the MAW staff from the downward and inward looking focus caused
by
the centralized tasking philosophy. It also reorients the focus of the air
group
commanders
on applying aviation to defeat the enemy vice on administrative and
training
matters. Under this concept, the Marine Air Group's squadrons, which
are
specialized by type of aircraft or missions, will be assigned to one of the
four
functional
groups depicted in Figure 7. This offers the advantage of integrating the
aviators
and air controllers under a single commander who is responsible for their
training,
readiness and tactical employment vice the fragmented system where they
are
under separate commanders for training and come under a dIfferent common
commander
when employed in combat.
When
considering the reorganization of any large enterprise, literally hundreds of
issues
can be raised that could be allowed to prevent the reorganization. To ac-
complish
the reorganization just described will require a macro approach, but it is
necessary
that we do so. In the macro view, the current organization of the MAW is
antithetical
to our warfighting philosophy and C2 concept.
We will not achieve full
implementation
of our warfighting philosophy as long as one half of our MAGTF
combat
power is not organized to support it.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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