List of Figures and Tables
FIGURES
Figure 2-1. Hydrologic Cycle
Figure 2-2. Water flow from recharge to discharge areas
Figure 2-3. Mississippi River Basin
Figure 2-4. Hydrographic basin
Figure 2-5. Primary and secondary openings
Figure 2-6. Hydraulic conductivity
Figure 2-7. Hydraulic conductivity of rocks and soil
Figure 2-8. Specific retention
Figure 2-9. Difference between hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity
Figure 2-10. Drawdown
Figure 2-11. Hydraulic gradient
Figure 2-12. Unconfined aquifer
Figure 2-13. Flowing artesian well
Figure 2-14. Perched water table
Figure 2-15. Catchment
Figure 2-16. Karst topography carbonate aquifer
Figure 2-17. Water flow through lava
Figure 2-18. Alluvial valley
Figure 2-19. Water in a coastal terrace
Figure 2-20. Alluvial fan
Figure 2-21. Alluvial basin
Figure 2-22. Glaciated region
Figure 2-23. Hydrogeologic strat column of the Great Basin
Figure 2-24. Structure map of western Iran
Figure 2-25. Faults and springs
Figure 2-26. Effects of consolidation on porosity and permeability
Figure 2-27. Stream drainage patterns
Figure 2-28. Hydrographic basin with recharge areas
Figure 2-29. Mounding
Figure 2-30. Hydrographic basin with discharge areas
Figure 2-31. Groundwater flow from recharge to discharge areas
Figure 2-32. Types of springs
Figure 2-33. Playas and salt-encrustation deposits
Figure 2-34. Pivot irrigation patterns
Figure 2-35. Geologic features in an intermontaine valley
Figure 2-36. Desert mount and plain terrain
Figure 2-37. Oasis
Figure 2-38. Qanat system
Figure 2-39. Permeable sands surrounded by salt water
Figure 2-40. Pumping effects in salt water
Figure 2-41. Saltwater encroachment
Figure 2-42. Groundwater pollution
Figure 3-1. 600-foot well-drilling machine
Figure 3-2. Support vehicle
Figure 3-3. 600-foot well-completion kit
Figure 3-4. Hose on well-completion kit
Figure 3-5. Steel mud pit
Figure 3-6. CF-15-S drilling machine
Figure 3-7. Well-completion kit
Figure 3-8. Casing for 600-foot WDS
Figure 3-9. Loading support truck on aircraft
Figure 3-10. Preparing the CF-15-S for loading
Figure 3-11. Raising a drilling-rig mast
Figure 3-12. Draw works and mast loads
Figure 3-13. Mud hopper
Figure 3-14. Drill bits
Figure 3-15. Making up the kelly to the threads
Figure 3-16. Placing the hoisting plug on the drill steel
Figure 3-17. Taking samples
Figure 3-18. Connecting an elevator to casing
Figure 3-19. Setting slips
Figure 3-20. Casing in a spider bowl
Figure 4-1. Pitcher pump
Figure 4-2. Rotary pump
Figure 4-3. Centrifugal pump
Figure 4-4. Self-priming pump
Figure 4-5. Submersible pump
Figure 4-6. Turbine pump
Figure 4-7. Helical-rotor pump
Figure 4-8. Jet pump
Figure 4-9. Air-lift principle
Figure 4-10. Air pipe in an eductor pipe
Figure 4-11. Submergence percentage
Figure 5-1. Mud pump
Figure 5-2. Guide for bit selection
Figure 5-3. Plumbing the kelly
Figure 5-4. Hole diameter
Figure 5-5. Stabilizer
Figure 5-6. Marsh funnel
Figure 5-7. Nomograph for determining hydrostatic head produced by drilling fluids
Figure 5-8. Mud-pit layout with pit capacities and dimensions
Figure 5-9. Mud pit prepared on-site
Figure 5-10. Portable mud pit
Figure 5-11. Rectangular weir with end contractions
Figure 5-12. Triangular notch weir with end contractions
Figure 5-13. Fishing tools
Figure 5-14. Nomogram to calculate up-hole velocity
Figure 5-15. Foam from the well
Figure 5-16. Down-hole bit
Figure 5-17. Reverse circulation rotary drilling
Figure 5-18. Well driller's log
Figure 5-19. Piping and casing log
Figure 6-1. Plastic casing
Figure 6-2. Inside-tremie grouting method
Figure 6-3. Outside-tremie grouting method
Figure 6-4. Continuous-slot screens
Figure 6-5. PVC screens
Figure 6-6. Screen-hook installation method
Figure 6-7. Single-string assembly
Figure 6-8. Closed bail plug
Figure 6-9. Screen fittings for washdown installation
Figure 6-10. Assembled bail-down shoe
Figure 6-11. Shoe with a guide pipe
Figure 6-12. Bail-down placement
Figure 6-13. Double-casing, gravel-pack placement
Figure 7-1. Jetting tool on bottom of drill string
Figure 7-2. Surge block
Figure 7-3. Placing the drop pipe and air line in the well
Figure 7-4. Arranging equipment to build up air pressure
Figure 7-5. Sacrificial anode
Figure 7-6. Concrete platform
Figure 7-7. Sample well-completion summary report
Figure 8-1. Cubic feet of air requirements for various submergences and pumping lifts
Figure 8-2. M-Scope
Figure 8-3. Steel-tape measurement method
Figure 8-4. Air-line measurement method
Figure 8-5. Circular-orifice flow meter
Figure 8-6. Open-pipe-flow measurement method
Figure 9-1. Small-diameter jetting-pipe connection
Figure 9-2. Percussion-type drilling rig
Figure 9-3. Bits
Figure 9-4. Cutting a casing
Figure 9-5. Well points
Figure 9-6. Drive-point well
Figure 9-7. Continuous-slot drive points
Figure 9-8. Butt joint
Figure 9-9. Drive clamps
Figure 9-10. Drive heads
Figure 9-11. Drive shoe
Figure 9-12. Various pieces of well-drilling equipment
Figure 9-13. Pipe clamps
Figure 9-14. Pipe joints
Figure 9-15. Alignment collar
Figure 9-16. Drive point
Figure 9-17. Drive monkey
Figure 10-1. Unfrozen strata
Figure 10-2. Jet-drive point
Figure 10-3. Specific gravity of drilling fluids
Figure 11-1. Core-drilling equipment
Figure B-1. ITWD machine
Figure E-1. Rock drill bit and rock formations
Figure E-2. Bit areas
Figure E-3. Bit shapes
Figure E-4. Carbide shear
Figure E-5. Flats on carbides
Figure E-6. Cracks and shearing on bits
Figure E-7. Bent casing and pinching
Figure E-8. Carbide fatigue
Figure E-9. Popping
Figure E-10. Body metal failure
Figure E-11. Plugged bit
Figure E-12. Wear on bits from slow rotation
Figure E-13. Restoring bits
Figure E-14. Reconditioned button
Figure E-15. Bit reconditioning
TABLES
Table 2-1. Porosity percentage (values in percent by volume)
Table 2-2. Specific yield and retention percentages (values in percent by volume)
Table 2-3. Hydrogeologic indicators for groundwater exploration
Table 2-4. Rocks in groundwater hydrology
Table 2-5. Landforms and hydrogeologic characteristics
Table 2-6. Plant information
Table 2-7. Well-location information
Table 3-1. LP-12 well-drilling-machine specifications
Table 3-2. Support-vehicle specifications
Table 3-3. 1,500-foot well-drilling-machine specifications
Table 3-4. Draw works and mast loads example
Table 4-1. Guide to pump selection
Table 4-2. Pump readings
Table 4-3. Submergence for air-lift pumping
Table 5-1. Relative performance of different drilling methods in various types of geologic formations
Table 5-2. Recommended rotating speeds for bits (in RPM)
Table 5-3. Drill-collar weights (pounds)
Table 5-4. Weight on bit and rotary speed
Table 5-5. Drilling fluids
Table 5-6. Additives for drilling fluids
Table 5-7. Common problems with air-foam systems
Table 5-8. Air consumption
Table 6-1. Well-casing hole diameters
Table 7-1. Well-development methods
Table 7-2. Recommended pipe sizes for air-lift pumping
Table 8-1. Constants
Table 8-2. Circular-orifice flow measurements
Table 8-3. Open-pipe flow measurements
Table 8-4. Correction factors
Table 9-1. Standard drive-pipe dimensions
Table 9-2. Formation indentifications
Table 11-1. Methods of exploration and sampling
Table B-1. ITWD specifications
Table C-1. RED HORSE units
Table C-2. Well-drilling team organization
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