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Military

CHAPTER 11

Logistics


FORCE SUSTAINMENT

Logistics is the science of planning and executing the movement and maintenance of forces. A force-projection Army depends on the right logistics decisions before the onset of operations. There is normally little time for last-minute logistics fixes when the decision to employ forces is made.

Engineer-force sustainment is critical to maintaining and multiplying combat power. Logistics operations must accurately anticipate engineer CSS needs. Many engineer needs are unique, one-of-a-kind requirements that demand the logistician to improvise and the logistics system, often times, to become strained. Special engineer equipment is of low density, requiring intensive management to ensure that it is available for mission use. Engineer-mission materials are normally bulky, heavy, and hard to transport. They must be requisitioned, transported, stockpiled, and issued in a streamlined manner. Engineers play a key role in supporting theater logistics operations by constructing and upgrading logistics bases, troop bed-down facilities, airfields, ports, and MSRs. This chapter focuses on sustaining engineer units and engineer support to logistics operations. For more information in this area, see FMs 100-7, 100-10, and 100-16.

THE UNDERPINNINGS OF LOGISTICS

The objective of logistics is to ensure that operations succeed and facilitate the commander's ability to generate and mass combat power at the decisive time and place. Logistics is a major BOS at each level of military operations. Strategic logistics supports wars, campaigns, and major operations. Operational-logistics support encompasses those activities required to sustain campaigns and major operations and to enable success at the tactical level of operations. Engineers closely support operational-logistics operations in areas such as¯

LOGISTICS CHARACTERISTICS

Successful logistics support is balanced between being effective and efficient. Logistics operations are characterized by being able to anticipate requirements, integrate joint and multinational CSS, improvise solutions, and be responsive and continuous. These characteristics facilitate effective, efficient CSS and enable operational success. They apply in both war and contingency operations. These imperatives act as a guide for planners and operators to synchronize logistics on the battlefield. The engineer unit commander and his staff understand and use these while planning engineer operations. The following paragraphs describe these characteristics along with the engineer considerations for each:

ANTICIPATION

The planner who anticipates is proactive, not reactive, before, during, and after operations. The ability of the force to seize and maintain the initiative, synchronize activities along the entire depth of the battlefield, and exploit success depends on the commanders', logisticians', and engineers' abilities to anticipate requirements.

Engineers consider joint, multinational, contract civilian, and interagency assets when planning support for engineer operations. They¯

Predeployment and Deployment Phases

As soon as the commander begins operational planning and development of COAs, the engineer planners should assess the potential support infrastructure and develop a civil-engineering support plan. The engineer should then apprise the logistics and operations planners of the capabilities of infrastructures and options for engineer support. Since all military operations depend on a robust theater infrastructure system, base development should be placed high on the force-projection theater commander's priority list. A foreign country's infrastructure cannot be developed overnight to support force-projection operations. Normally the country's infrastructure is built only to sustain indigenous population and industry, with minimal additional capacity being available to support US and coalition forces.

The theater needs to have the capacity to flow large numbers of units through its air and seaports. The theater also needs facilities to manage such functions as C2, storing and transferring ammunition, maintaining equipment, storing and moving bulk petroleum, generating and distributing power, and staging and billeting rear-area troops, which are necessary for a synchronized flow of support to occur.

Moving follow-on forces and supplies is critical to success. Engineer planners work closely with the logistics staff to develop a suitable transportation infrastructure (roads, bridges, and airfields). Anticipating engineer requirements is crucial to ensure that adequate time is available to complete a robust infrastructure. Much of this work can be done by HN or civilian contractor personnel. These facilities can also be improved with the foresight of using engineer assets before the operation and during contingency operations.

Base development does not end once the operation begins. Base-development needs will increase depending on the size of the force involved in the operation. Each time the force expands or contracts, planners review facilities and LOC requirements to ensure that they are adequate to accomplish the mission.

Entry and Operations Phases

The nature of engineer entry and operations phases places an extraordinary burden on the logistics structure. Rates of fuel consumption, repair parts, construction and obstacle materials, mines, and explosives dictate the commitment of a large amount of maintenance and transportation assets in support of engineers. Engineer operations, by their nature, are dangerous. Engineer planners, therefore, anticipate and provide for replacing engineer losses.

War Termination, Postconflict Operations, and Redeployment Phases

After completing operations, engineers may be asked to restore the area and construct redeployment facilities. This phase of force-projection operations is critical to ensuring victory. Depending on the political and social factors of an operation, devastation may require our forces to do some restoration. This will require attention to detail in logistics anticipation planning and, most likely, in rotating follow-on engineer units working in concert with HN and civilian construction contractors.

INTEGRATION

Operational and tactical plans integrate all logistics support so that it creates a synergism with the concept of operation. Engineer planners participate in and evaluate the logistics significance of each phase of the operation during the entire command estimate process. They create a clear and concise concept of support that integrates the commander's intent and concept of operation. This includes analyzing the mission; developing, analyzing, war gaming, and recommending a COA; and executing the plan.

Engineers will most likely support joint and multinational operations. The theater commander integrates operations in his area of responsibility, which often includes engineers from other services or countries and possibly civilian-engineering contractors.

RESPONSIVENESS

Versatile CSS systems¯

CONTINUITY

The engineer commander needs continuous logistics capability to gain and maintain the initiative. Pauses for rebuilding power impede momentum and rob the command of the initiative. Engineer planners synchronize all CSS assets to ensure that the support operation is transparent to the engineer commander. Continuity of operations is critical to success.

Engineers are either committed to the current operation or preparing for the next one. The tempo of the battlefield requires a constant vigilance by the logistician and engineer commander to ensure a constant flow of support. Supplies are pushed (unit distribution method) forward whenever logistically feasible. This is especially crucial to engineer units because they do not usually have lulls in their operations that would allow them to use the supply-point method of supply.

IMPROVISATION

Extraordinary methods may be necessary to ensure success on the battlefield. Logistics planners attempt to push support to engineer units forward to ensure smooth combat operations. Sometimes this is not feasible or supportable. In such cases, engineers improvise by making, inventing, devising, or fabricating what is needed out of what is on hand. Two such examples are¯

ENGINEER LOGISTICS PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS

Planning for engineer logistics support involves several critical decisions of interfacing combat, CS, and CSS in the theater. A theater engineer-support concept is developed that complements operations and enhances the ability of units to accomplish their missions. The concept includes support to engineers along with how they support the theater logistics system. Several engineer and logistics planning considerations are critical to this concept development.

ENGINEER PREPARATION OF THE THEATER

Engineer preparation of the theater is those actions taken before a crisis that enhance future logistics support during future force-projection operations. Engineers can¯

LOGISTICS FORCE COMPOSITION

Deployment speed and the expected threat level will dictate how the logistics force is structured in theater to support engineers. The majority of initial logistics forces in an objective area may be the active component working with joint, HN, and coalition logistics-support agencies, especially in the early stages of force-projection operations. As the operation becomes longer, reserve-component logistics forces will be phased in.

Government civilians and contractors can provide many specialized logistics functions for engineers, possibly requiring their integration into operations and requiring detailed advanced planning. Some engineer construction units, such as combat heavy engineer battalions and port-construction companies, may be task-organized and phased into the theater as logistics forces deploy and arrive.

ENGINEER LOGISTICS PRIORITIES

Limited resources will always be a planning consideration for the theater commander when establishing priorities for engineer units. Establishing logistics priorities considers a variety of factors such as the¯

JOINT LOGISTICS SUPPORT FOR ENGINEERS

The nature of joint logistics support for engineers at the strategic level ensures its integration with national systems. Integrating joint logistics at the operational level requires detailed planning and synchronization between all service engineer organizations. The logistics force structure for a joint operation usually requires multiple task-organization changes as the theater matures.

The CINC or JTF staff will ensure that logistics for engineers are integrated by delegating responsibility for various supply classes. For example, the Air Force may be responsible for all aviation fuel and Class XIII (medical) supplies and the Army for Class I (food and water) and Class III (bulk and diesel) supplies, while each service would handle its own Class V (ammunition) supplies. Army engineers could receive Class IV materials from joint-service supply points, such as the ones the NCBs established.

MULTINATIONAL LOGISTICS SUPPORT FOR ENGINEERS

Logistics support for engineers in a multinational operation is much the same as in a joint environment, but much more complicated. Logistics support is normally a national responsibility, but arrangements may be made for US logistics agencies to supply coalition engineer partners with such things as¯

HN SUPPORT FOR ENGINEERS

Using HN assets allows greater flexibility to assign US logistics units other missions that are more critical to success on the battlefield. It also reduces the initial requirements for strategic sea- and airlift, which allows critical transportation assets to be dedicated to deploying more required forces. However, HNS should not be relied on for a sole source of logistics support to engineers.

Preestablished HNS agreements, such as status of forces agreements (SOFAs), can significantly improve logistics-support systems to engineers. These agreements must be made before hostilities break out and cannot be relied on for critical engineer requirements. Regardless of the presence of a preestablished agreement, the theater commander must ensure that the force has contracting capability deployed early enough to acquire the necessary HN assets. Some of the typical logistics support that HN assets can provide to engineers are¯

CAPTURED ENGINEER RESOURCES

Captured engineer resources may become available during operations. The engineer's use of captured obstacle and construction materials, mines and demolitions, and engineer equipment can significantly reduce logistics requirements in the AOR. Food, water, and medical supplies can be used to support EPW camps or holding facilities. Captured facilities can be used in a variety of ways to support logistics operations.

CONTINGENCY OPERATIONS SUPPORT

Contingency operations may require the same or greater level of logistics support to engineers as wartime operations. Combatant commanders tailor logistics support to engineers based on theater needs. In some cases, logistics-support units and engineers may be the only forces involved in the theater. The logistics operation may be the main effort in certain situations, such as in humanitarian-assistance operations. Logistics efforts are integrated with HN or local resources and activities. The wide variety of potential support requirements demands a flexible logistics structure tailored to theater missions. Engineers invariably get involved with a wide variety of missions that may need flexible logistics support. Critical engineer logistics considerations during contingency operations include availability of construction equipment, DS maintenance capability, repair-parts supply, and Class IV construction materials.

LOGISTICS SUPPORT FOR ENGINEER UNITS

Logistics elements at each echelon are organized to provide engineers with supply, maintenance, transportation, and field services. How the theater's logistics system supports a particular engineer unit depends on¯

ARMY SERVICE COMPONENT COMMANDER

Operational-level engineer units are supported by the ASCC's TAACOM subordinate ASGs. Other modular commands that may support engineers include personnel, transportation, finance, and medical commands. The ENCOM monitors logistics support to operational-level engineer forces.

JTF, JOINT FORCE LOGISTICS SUPPORT COMMAND (JFLSC), AND ARFOR

Engineer units assigned to a JTF, JFLSC, or ARFOR normally will be supported by an austere logistics-support structure. A JFLSC may be established to support all forces in theater until an ASCC TAACOM structure is required. The senior JTF, JFLSC, or ARFOR engineer HQ monitors logistics support to deployed engineer forces.

CORPS

The COSCOM supports corps engineer units. The COSCOM provides corps-level logistics support and health-services support to corps engineer units and operational-level engineer units attached to the corps. The division support command (DISCOM) supports corps units attached to the divisions. All other corps units operating in division areas receive logistics support from COSCOM units operating in nearby areas. The division's medical-support structure provides health-services support for corps units operating in division areas on an area basis. Operational-level engineer units working in the corps's area generally receive support for common classes of supply and common maintenance from the COSCOM. The corps engineer coordinates required logistics support for all engineer units working in the corps's area.

DIVISION

The DISCOM supports division engineer units. The DISCOM usually needs augmentation from the COSCOM to support corps engineer units attached to the division. In the heavy division, the forward support battalion (FSB) normally supports engineer equipment maintenance and Class IV and engineer Class V requirements. In light divisions, the main support battalion (MSB) supports engineer requirements. Nondivisional engineer units working in the division area generally receive support for common classes of supply and common maintenance from the DISCOM. The division engineer coordinates required logistics support for all engineer units working in the division area.

BRIGADE

The DISCOM forward support elements located in the BSA support the division engineers operating in the brigade's area. Nondivisional engineer units working in the brigade's area generally receive support for common classes of supply and common maintenance. The brigade engineer coordinates required logistics support for all engineer units working in the brigade's area.

COMMAND AND SUPPORT RELATIONSHIPS

Command and support relationships determine how engineer units will be sustained. This must be clearly stated during the planning phase of an operation and understood by all. Normally, maneuver units do not have the capability to logistically sustain nonorganic engineer units. These logistics considerations cause most engineers to be placed in an OPCON or DS role to maneuver forces. An engineer unit in OPCON, DS, or GS of another unit depends on its parent organization for sustainment. Parent engineer organizations track subordinate unit mission and status to allocate and provide sustainment resources properly.

Attaching engineer units to maneuver units or other units is rarely done because it requires the supported unit to provide logistics support except for personnel and administration activities. Command and support relationships can alter this to fit various situations. For example, the COSCOM could support operational-level engineers on a task in the corps's area. Corps engineers operating in a division's area could possibly receive support of common classes of supply and limited vehicle maintenance support from the DISCOM.

ENGINEER LOGISTICS CONCEPT

Engineer sustainment planners and executors focus on several essential tasks to accomplish the logistics support mission. They¯

ENGINEER LOGISTICS LAYDOWN

Logistics support for engineer units depends on their location on the battlefield and their command or support relationship to the supported unit. In terms of logistics planning and integration, engineer units fall into the following types:

FLOW OF SUPPORT

Logistics support for engineer units is divided into two basic categories, unit sustainment and mission sustainment. The flow of supplies and services in these categories differs, requiring engineer logistics planners and executors to understand the differences. The requisition and delivery processes vary, based on the class of supply or type of service.

Unit Sustainment

Unit sustainment encompasses all of a unit's logistics-support requirements needed to remain a viable fighting force. Engineer unit sustainment is generally accomplished through the logistics-support battalions, personnel and medical units.

Mission Sustainment

Mission sustainment consists of the supplies and services needed to accomplish specific engineer missions. It requires supplies such as Class V demolitions and mines for combat operations and Class IV construction materials for general-engineering missions. These supplies are requested through the direct-support supply unit (DSSU), which in turn passes it to the MMC. These mission supplies are normally moved from corps and theater general-support supply units (GSSUs) by corps or theater transportation units as close to the combat or general-engineering mission location as possible. This minimizes multiple materiel-handling requirements, reduces transportation requirements, and facilitates faster mission accomplishment.

If mission-related supplies cannot be delivered directly to the combat or general-engineering location or engineer unit by corps or theater transportation assets, a plan using engineer or other assets is required. Most engineer units are equipped to augment this operation with limited organic transportation capabilities, but they are not responsible for planning, controlling, and executing the delivery of mission-required supplies. Engineers can influence both unit and mission sustainment requirements through early integration into the sustainment planning process at various HQ CPs. Sound sustainment estimates, accurate tracking of engineer unit sustainment posture, and continuous coordination with the logistics planners ensure that engineer unit requirements are properly forecasted, prioritized, and delivered.

ENGINEER SUPPORT TO LOGISTICS OPERATIONS

The operational commander may task engineers to perform critical missions in support of logistics operations. The following paragraphs describe some of the common missions that engineers perform in support of logistics operations:

PERSPECTIVE:

In the Southwest Pacific, the 117th Engineer Battalion, 37th Infantry Division, consistently deployed its companies and platoons to build jeep trails and crude roads behind the advancing infantry. In the jungles and heavily vegetated hills of New Georgia, the infantry's front lines could only advance as fast as the engineers blazed the trails. This facilitated not only resupply but also evacuation of the wooded area as well. This became such a dominant mission for the battalion that the commander stopped deploying his companies in direct support of the infantry regimental combat teams. He retained control over all line companies and applied their efforts to the priority of tasks given to him by the division commander.

LOC CONSTRUCTION

LOC are often equated to MSRs, but they are much more. According to FM 100-5, LOC are all the routes (land, water, and air) that connect an operating military force with a base of operations and along which supplies and military forces move. Lines of support are intratheater extensions of LOC. If the theater's infrastructure is underdeveloped, engineer forces will need to arrive early in the force flow to establish the minimum required infrastructure to support the force. Establishing priorities of engineer effort will be crucial in the initial stages of force flow. Potential LOC engineering missions are¯

LOGISTICS-FACILITY CONSTRUCTION

Logistics operations require using facilities such as ASPs, POL bladder farms, supply points, and maintenance bays. Engineers may have to acquire these facilities or provide limited construction and prime-power electrical support to logistics facilities.

WATER-SUPPLY SUPPORT

Engineers may have to support in water detection and in developing water sources and water storage-and-distribution systems in the theater. Topographic-engineering support and water-detection teams from USACE assist in finding water sources. Well-drilling teams or contracted well-drilling support with organic logistics support develop water sources. Engineer tasks associated with water storage and distribution include preparing sites for storage tanks and bladders and constructing storage tanks and water-distribution lines, possibly by contract.

MEDICAL-FACILITY CONSTRUCTION

Constructing medical facilities may place one of the largest demands on engineers. Using existing HN facilities is preferred, but constructing adequate medical facilities may be needed to support the force.

Site-preparation requirements vary with the type of hospital and the nature of the terrain. Site selection may be restricted based on METT-T or political and social considerations. Whenever possible, the site selected should minimize the engineering construction effort. Theater real estate acquisition teams may be needed to lease the large amount of land required to support a health-services site. Follow-on medical-facility construction requirements include¯

RECONSTITUTION SUPPORT

Reconstitution is an action that commanders plan and implement to restore units to a desired level of combat effectiveness commensurate with mission requirements and available resources. An operational pause may be necessary to implement reconstitution procedures. Often, engineers cannot take full advantage of reconstitution because many engineer missions continue to support the reconstitution effort, including MSR maintenance and airfield upgrades. Therefore, the engineer commanders emphasize the need for continuous internal reconstitution activities throughout the battle.

LOGISTICS FORCE-PROTECTION SUPPORT

Logistics forces are primarily located in rear areas and are vulnerable to rear-area threats. Rear-area operations are to secure the force, neutralize or defeat threat operations in the rear area, and ensure freedom of action in close and deep operations. Three levels of response to threat activities are used in planning rear operations. Rather than focusing on the size or type of threat, the following levels focus on the nature of friendly actions needed to defeat the threat:

KEY ENGINEER LOGISTICS LEADERS

Crucial to task accomplishment are the responsibilities of the engineer unit's key logistics leaders and their functions within the engineer CP systems. All engineer commanders and staffs must be familiar with and support these roles and functions to ensure appropriate engineer unit and mission sustainment.

Staff Engineer

The staff engineer, at all levels, is responsible for integrating engineer-specific information in orders and plans, including logistics support. He ensures that essential engineer logistics-support requirements are identified, coordinated, and published.

Executive Officer

Besides his second-in-command duties, the XO, from the engineer brigade through the engineer company¯

Adjutant (US Army) (S1)

The S1¯

Supply Officer (US Army)

The S4¯

HHC Commander

ENCOM, engineer brigade, group, and battalion HHC commanders¯

Company 1SG

Engineer company 1SGs are the principal logistics executors at the company level. The company 1SG¯

ENGINEER LOGISTICS C2

Each engineer CP has specific responsibilities in identifying unit and mission logistics requirements, estimating resources, integrating into the operational planning cycle, and monitoring the execution of engineer missions supporting logistics operations.

Rear CP Engineer Section

The rear CP engineer section¯

Main CP Engineer Section

The main CP engineer section¯

Tactical or Assault CP
Engineer Section

The tactical or assault CP engineer section has limited capability to impact engineer logistics support from this location. Its primary logistics duties are receiving and forwarding reports and influencing the redirection of sustainment priorities for forward operating engineer units.

Engineer Brigade and Group
CSS Cells

The engineer brigade and group CSS cells¯

Engineer Brigade and Group HHC CPs

The engineer brigade and group HHC establish CPs at or near the brigade's or group's TOC. The HHC's CP is responsible for sustaining the brigade's and group's CP. This includes establishing accounts with designated logistics-support units, setting up life-support areas for CP personnel, and locating vehicle-maintenance areas. The HHC's CP may also be designated as a base-defense operations center (BDOC) or base-cluster operations center (BCOC).

Engineer Company Trains Element

Engineer companies may form a company trains element to control engineer logistics support or to establish an engineer equipment park or construction supply point. The company trains element¯

ENGINEER'S ROLE IN PLANNING AND COORDINATING

The engineer's efforts to plan and coordinate engineer logistics efforts are essential to full integration of engineer units into the theater sustainment structure. All engineers and logisticians work closely to synchronize the logistics planning and coordination processes. They facilitate sound and timely plans or orders and necessary sustainment for engineer units.

After receiving a WO for a mission, the staff engineer immediately initiates an engineer logistics estimate. This estimate is specifically focused on sustaining all subordinate engineer units. Class I, III, IV, and V supplies and personnel losses are the essential elements in the logistics estimate process. Close integration with the logistics staff can simplify and speed the estimate process by using their automatic data processing (ADP) systems. During continuous operations, the estimate process may need to be abbreviated due to time constraints. The staff engineer aggressively maintains an accurate logistics and combat status of all engineer units, which is critical to shortening the engineer logistics estimate process.

After conducting the estimate process to determine unit sustainment and mission supplies requirements, the staff engineer compares the requirements with the reported status of subordinate units to determine the specific amounts of supplies needed to support the operation. These requirements are then coordinated with thelogistics staff to ensure that necessary supplies are identified and resourced. At the same time, the staff engineer section develops a required supply rate (RSR) to support engineer mission requirements. Based on how much of the required items are on hand and how much will be needed, the staff engineer, in coordination with the logistics staff, assesses the availability of these supplies in stocks. They also analyze the capability to transport mission supplies to engineer units.

After identifying the requirements for unit sustainment and mission supplies and their availability, the staff engineer develops a projected engineer status, based on the current engineer sustainment status. The staff engineer then analyzes the requirements to support the plan and translates them into specific plans that are used to determine the supportability of COAs. After determining a COA, the specific engineer logistics input into the basic OPORD and paragraph 4 of the engineer annex are developed and incorporated into each. Current engineer sustainment operations may require redirection, based on the new plan. If so, the OPORD and engineer annex will be sent to subordinate engineer units for coordination and execution.

Engineer units provide unit and mission logistics status to the staff engineer so that he can do a similar logistics staff planning process. Accurate and timely status reporting assists the staff engineer in providing accurate engineer unit status to the commander. It also energizes the staff engineer support to intercede in critical sustainment problems when necessary. The staff engineer ensures that mission-required supplies needed by engineer units to execute missions are integrated into logistics plans.




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