GLOSSARY
AA - assembly area
AAR - after action report
abn - airborne
ACR - armored cavalry regiment
ACRV - artillery command and reconnaissance vehicle
- aerosol
- fine particles of solids or liquid suspended in air
AD - air defense
AG - advanced guard
AICV - armored infantry combat vehicle
AMC - Army Materiel Command
APC - armored personnel carrier
arty - artillery
ASG - area support group
ASP - ammunition supply point
ATGM - antitank guided missile
- attenuate
- reduce the effectiveness amount or force of
- bispectral obscurant
- an obscurant that blocks or attenuates two portions of the electromagnetic spectrum (such as visual and infrared)
- blanket
- See smoke blanket
BMNT - beginning morning nautical twilight
Bn - battalion
BSA - brigade support area
- build-up phase
- the second stage of smoke cloud production; occurs when the individual smoke streamers start to merge
CAS - close air support
CEV - combat engineer vehicle
CFL - coordinated fire line
CFV - cavalry fighting vehicle
CLOS - command line of sight
CMO - civil military operations
COSCOM - corps support command
CP - command post
CRP - combat reconnaissance patrol
CRSTA - counterreconnaissance surveillance and target acquisition
CSS - combat service support
- curtain
- See smoke curtain
DAG - division artillery group
decon - decontamination
det - detachment
DEW - directed-energy weapon (such as high-energy microwaves lasers)
DISCOM - division support command
DPICM - dual-purpose improved conventional munition
DS - direct support
DSA - division support area
EA - engagement area
EENT - ending evening nautical twilight
eff - effective
- electro-optical system
- a device that detects targets by con verting the electromagnetic radiation (visible infrared microwave) given off by the target into electric current; this current is amplified then used to power a viewer or targeting system; this devise can detect targets not visible to the naked eye
EMP - electromagnetic pulse
EO - electro-optical
EW - early warning
FA - field artillery
- far infrared
- electromagnetic energy with wavelengths of 8 to 14 micrometers
FASCAM - family of scatterable mines
FDC - fire direction center
FEBA - forward edge of the battle area
FFL - free fire line
- flank wind
- a wind that blows directly across a line between the smoke objective and the smoke source
FLIR - forward looking infrared
FLOT - forward line of own troops
- fog oil
- petroleum compounds of selected molecular weight and composition to facilitate formation of smoke by atomization or combustion; the resultant smoke is white
FS Cell - fire support cell
FSCOORD - fire support coordinator
FSE - forward security element
FSO - fire support officer
g - gram
gen - generator
GS - general support
GSR - ground surveillance radar
G/VLLD - ground/vehicle laser locator designator
- haze
- a light concentration of obscuration that restricts accurate enemy observation from the air and ground. This prevents accurate enemy target acquisition but does not disrupt friendly operations that require limited visibility such as river crossings. A smoke haze allows limited visibility that reduces the recognition of personnel and equipment from 50 to 150 meters.
- HC
- a pyrotechnic smoke-producing composition of hexachloroethane zinc oxide and aluminum powder employed in certain smoke munitions; has a sharp acid odor; toxic if released in sufficient quantities in enclosed places; the smoke is cool burning when contrasted to white phosphorus
HE - high explosive
HMMWV - high-mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle
- head wind
- wind blowing away from the smoke objective and directly toward the smoke source
HUMINT - human intelligence
ICM - improved conventional munition
IFV - infantry fighting vehicle
IMINT - imagery intelligence
- individual streamer
- the initial phase of a smoke cloud before the streamers from the point sources merge
- inversion
- an increase of air temperature with increase in height (the ground being colder than the surrounding air); this condition usually occurs on clear or partially clear nights and early mornings until about one hour after sunrise but sometimes persists longer. When table conditions exist there are no convection currents and with wind speeds below 5 knots little mechanical turbulence. Therefore stable conditions are the most favorable for ground-released smoke
IPB - intelligence preparation of the battlefield
IPE - individual protective equipment
ir - infrared
ITV - improved TOW vehicle
k - knot(s)
km - kilometer(s)
kmph - kilometer(s) per hour
- lapse
- a marked decrease of air temperature with increasing altitude (the ground being warmer than the surrounding air). During unstable or lapse conditions strong convection currents are found. For smoke operations the state is defined as unstable. This condition is normally the most unfavorable for the release of smoke.
LC - line of contact
LD - line of departure
LIC - low-intensity conflict
LOGPAC - logistics package
LRP - logistics release point
LTOE - living table of organization and equipment
m - meter(s)
- marking smoke
- smoke employed to relay prearranged communications on the battlefield. Frequently used to identify targets evacuation points and friendly unit perimeters.
MBA - main battle area
mech - mechanized
METT-T - mission enemy terrain troops and time available
- mid-infrared
- electromagnetic energy with wavelength in the range of 3 to 8 micrometers
min - minute(s)
mm - millimeter(s)
MOGAS - motor gasoline
MOUT - military operations on urbanized terrain
MRB - motorized rifle battalion
MRC - motorized rifle company
MSR - main supply route
MTOE - modified table of organization and equipment
- multispectral obscurant
- an obscurant that blocks or attenuates more than two portions of the electromagnetic spectrum (such as visual infrared and millimeter wave)
NAI - named areas of interest
NBC - nuclear biological and chemical
NBCC - nuclear biological and chemical center
NCO - noncommissioned officer
- near infrared
- electromagnetic energy with wavelengths of 07 to 3 micrometers
- neutral
- a meteorological condition that exists when conditions are intermediate between lapse and inversion; neutral conditions tending toward lapse favor production of smoke curtains; neutral conditions tending toward inversion favor smoke blankets or hazes
- night-vision device
- a viewer enabling an operator to see in the dark; also called night-observation device
NFL - no fire line
NTC - National Training Center
OB - order of battle
obj - objective
- obscurant
- a chemical compound that decreases the level of energy available for the functions of seekers trackers and vision-enhancement devices
- obscuring smoke
- smoke placed on or near enemy positions to minimize enemy observation both within and beyond the position area
- oil smoke
- see fog oil
OP - observation point
OPCON - operational control
OPLAN - operation plan
OPORD - operation order
OPSEC - operations security
PD - proximity detonator
- phases of smoke
- see individual streamer build-up phase uniform phase and terminal phase
PHOTINT - photographic intelligence
PIR - priority intelligence requirement
PL - phase line
ph - platoon
POL - petroleum oils and lubricants
- protecting smoke
- smoke produced to defeat or degrade target acquisition or guidance systems or the effects of directed-energy weapons
PWP - plasticized white phosphorus
- quartering wind
- a wind that blows between tail and flank winds toward the smoke objective
RAG - Regimental Artillery Group
rd - round
recon - reconnaissance
- red phosphorus
- a form of phosphorus not spontaneously flammable
RFL - restrictive fire line
RISTA - reconnaissance, intelligence, surveillance and target acquisition
RP - red phosphorus
RPV - remotely piloted vehicle
- S1
- adjutant
- S2
- intelligence officer
- S3
- operations officer
- S4
- logistics officer
- S5
- civil-military affairs officer
- screening smoke
- smoke employed in areas of friendly operation or in areas between friendly and enemy forces to degrade enemy ground and aerial observation; used to conceal ground maneuver breaching and recovery operations as well as key assembly areas supply routes and logistic facilities
- selected area
- as used in this manual an area to be concealed by smoke
SG - smoke generator
SGF2 - smoke generator fog number 2; also called fog oil
- signature
- the visible or audible effects produced when firing a weapon or operating a piece of equipment such as smoke, noise, flame/heat or debris; also an electronic emission subject to detection and traceable to the equipment producing it
- silhouette
- the outline or general shape of something contrasted against a lighter background
SLAR - side-looking airborne radar
- smoke
- a particulate of solid or liquid part of low-vapor pressure that settles out slowly under gravity; in general smoke particles range downward from about 5 micrometers in diameter to less than 01 micrometer in diameter; also means the suspension of small liquid or solid particles in air; the filling for smoke munitions such as bombs shells and grenades; to produce signaling or screening smoke with any munition; generally any artificial aerosol
- smoke blanket
- a dense concentration of smoke established over and around friendly areas to protect them from visual observation from the air and visual precision bombing attack or established over an enemy area to protect attacking aircraft from air defense fire. Blankets can also be used at night to prevent enemy-observed air attack by flare light. A smoke blanket reduces visual recognition of personnel and equipment to less than 50 meters.
- smoke control officer
- the officer designated by the maneuver unit commander to coordinate and control the smoke operation
- smoke curtain
- a vertical development of smoke that reduces the enemy's ability to clearly see what is occurring on the other side of the cloud; visual recognition depends on the curtain width and smoke density
- smoke generator
- a mechanical device that vaporizes fog oil and releases it to condense in the air as a white smoke
- smoke haze
- a light concentration of smoke placed over friendly installations to restrict accurate enemy observation and fire but not dense enough to hamper friendly operations; density of haze is equivalent to that of light fog
- smoke munition
- a device that is either discharged from a weapon or thrown and that makes smoke
- smoke point source
- the point from which a smoke munition or smoke device generates an individual streamer of smoke
- smoke position
- location of a smoke pot or mechanical smoke generator
- smoke pot
- an expendable bucket- or pot-like ammunition that produces a dense smoke by burning a smoke mixture
- smoke projectile
- any projectile containing a smoke-producing agent that is released on impact or upon bursting; also called smoke shell
- smoke shell
- see smoke projectile
- smoke target analysis
- the process of selecting the optimal smoke delivery system to attack specific EO systems
- smoke target development
- the process of situation development and intelligence preparations of the battlefield
SOP - standing operating procedure
- sophisticated weapons
- precision-guided munitions equipped with infrared electro-optical or laser seekers/trackers with or without command links; munitions with high accuracy and hence high probability of kill against a target
- special smoke
- an obscurant that blocks or attenuates a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (such as visual infrared and millimeter wave)
spt - support
sqd - squad
- stable
- see inversion
- streamer
- the smoke cloud formed by a single smoke source
- synchronization
- the coordination of activities in time space and purpose to achieve maximum combat power at the decisive point
TAA - tactical assembly area
TAACOM - theater Army area command
TAI - target areas of interest
- tail wind
- a wind that blows toward the smoke objective from behind the smoke source
- temperature gradient
- comparison of the air temperature at 5 meters above the ground with the air temperature at 4 meters above ground; see also inversion neutral and lapse
- terminal phase
- that stage of a smoke cloud when ttle cloud has thinned out and the cover is no longer effective; see also smoke blanket
- thermal infrared
- electromagnetic energy with a wavelength range of 3 to 20 micrometers
TOC - tactical operations center
TOE - table of organization and equipment
TOW - tube-launched optically tracked wire-guided
TPU - tank and pump unit
TVA - target value analysis
- uniform phase
- phase of smoke during which the uniformly obscuring cloud exists, the streamers have joined and breakup of the cloud has not begun
- unstable
- see lapse
UTM - universal transverse mercator
VEESS - vehicle engine exhaust smoke system
- visibility
- the distance at which it is possible to distinguish a prominent object against the background with the unaided eye
- visibility criteria
- the estimate of smoke effectiveness in qualitative terms (e. g., a haze means that you can see more than 50 but less than 150 meters into the smoke with the unaided eye).
- visible spectrum
- the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum lying between 0.38 and 0.78 micrometers
- white phosphorus
- a spontaneously flammable solid that burns to form solid smoke particles of phosphorus pentoxide; the phosphorus pentoxide then reacts with moisture in the atmosphere to form droplets of phosphoric acid; the dilution depends on the relative humidity
WP - white phosphorus
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