OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS Offense is the decisive form of war. While tactical considerations may call for the platoon to execute defensive operations for a period of time, defeat of the enemy requires a shift to offensive operations. To ensure the success of the attack, the tank platoon leader must understand the fundamentals of offense and apply troop-leading procedures during the planning and preparation phases of the operation.
SECTION I. Fundamentals of the Offense
SECTION II. Planning
SECTION III. Preparation
SECTION IV. Execution - Tactical Movement
SECTION V. Execution - Actions on Contact
SECTION VI. Execution-Platoon Tactical Tasks
SECTION VII. Execution - Consolidation and Reorganization
The main purpose of the offense is to defeat, destroy, or neutralize an enemy force. Additionally, offensive operations are undertaken to secure key terrain, to gain information, to deprive the enemy of resources, to deceive and divert him, to hold him in position, to disrupt his attack, and to set the conditions for successful future operations.
Characteristics of the Offense
FM 100-5 describes the common characteristics of all offensive operations: surprise, concentration, tempo, and audacity. To maximize the value of these characteristics, tank platoons must apply the following considerations:
- Surprise. Platoons achieve surprise by following operations security (OPSEC) procedures and making the best possible use of vehicle speed and covered and concealed routes during tactical movement.
Concentration. Platoons achieve concentration by massing the effects of their weapon systems without necessarily massing platoon vehicles at a single location. Modern navigation and position location/reporting systems allow the platoon leader to disperse his vehicles while retaining the ability to quickly mass the effects of the platoon's weapon systems whenever necessary. In addition, these advanced systems allow him to maintain command, control, and OPSEC at all times. The platoon leader must remember that it is more important to move using covered and concealed routes to positions from which the platoon can mass fires and engage the enemy than it is to maintain precise formations and predetermined speeds.
Tempo. Tempo, the rate of speed of military action, can range from fast to slow. While a fast tempo is preferred, the platoon leader must remember that synchronization sets the stage for successful platoon operations; to support the commander's intent, he must ensure that his platoon's movement is synchronized with the company team's movement and that of the other platoons. If the platoon is forced to slow down because of terrain or enemy resistance, mander can alter the tempo of company movement to maintain synchronization.
Audacity. At the platoon level, audacity is marked by violent initiative. Knowledge of the commander's intent two levels up allows the platoon leader to take advantage of battlefield opportunities whenever they present themselves, enhancing the effectiveness of the platoon's support for the entire offensive operation.
The four general forms of tactical offense described in FM 100-5 are movement to contact, attack, exploitation, and pur suit. Company teams can execute movements to contact and either hasty or deliberate attacks on their own; the nature of these operations depends largely on the amount of time and enemy information available during the planning and preparation phases. Company teams execute an exploitation or pursuit as part of a larger force.
The tank platoon is an integral part of company team maneuver. The platoon conducts tactical movement, actions on contact, consolidation, and reorganization in support of company operations. It can destroy, fix, or bypass an enemy as required by the commander's intent, the tactical situation, and the rules of engagement (ROE).
Section II. PLANNING The planning phase begins when the platoon receives the higher WO or OPORD and ends when the platoon leader issues his own OPORD or FRAGO. During this phase, the platoon leader conducts troop-leading procedures as outlined in Chapter 2. After he issues the WO, he may initiate rehearsals of tactical movement, battle drills, or breaching actions. These generic rehearsals allow the platoon to begin preparing for the mission. Once the platoon leader completes his plan, the generic rehearsals are matched to the actual terrain and anticipated actions on enemy contact. In developing his OPORD or FRAGO, the platoon leader pays close attention to the following considerations applicable to the battlefield operating sys tems (BOS). Arranged in order, BOSs roughly follow the five-paragraph OPORD process, allowing the platoon leader to logically organize his thoughts to cover the mission. BOS elements are the following:
- Command and control.
- Intelligence.
- Maneuver.
- Fire support.
- Mobility and survivability.
- ADA.
- CSS.
The platoon leader's key function in this BOS is conducting troop-leading procedures. Immediately after the company order is issued or during the company rehearsal, he should coordinate unresolved issues with the other platoon leaders, the XO, and the company commander. The coordination should specify routes, intervals, movement speed, orientations, fire control measures, and signals between platoons.
Enemy
Most analysis of the enemy situation and probable courses of action is done at the battalion and company level; however, it is the platoon leader's responsibility to understand how the enemy's disposition and possible courses of action may affect the platoon's battle space and the accomplishment of its mission. The platoon leader identifies and plots on his overlay all known and suspected enemy positions that affect his battle space and identifies indirect and direct fire range fans of enemy weapon systems. The enemy overlay for IVIS or appliqué digital systems should also be updated to include the latest enemy information.
The platoon leader then identifies terrain features or determines the standoff distance of friendly weapon systems that will negate the effects of threat weapons. Next, he determines the enemy's most probable course of action. Using information from his own analysis and from higher headquar ters, he identifies anticipated contact situations. This process includes estimating whether the enemy will defend in place, delay, or counterattack upon con tact; when and where contact is most likely to be made; and what type and size of enemy force the platoon will face. Finally, the platoon leader must develop specific plans for the platoon's actions against the enemy. Refer to the discussion of enemy analysis on pages 2-4 and 2-5.
Terrain
The platoon leader conducts a map reconnaissance and uses the factors of OAK-OC, as discussed in Chapter 2, to system atically analyze the terrain in his battle space. He pays close attention to key terrain that could support positions offering unobstructed observation and fields of fire. These are danger areas that can be used by enemy or friendly forces when contact is made during the execution of the mission. This analysis is followed by a ground reconnaissance, conducted with the commander as far forward as possible and as extensively as time and security considerations permit. The ground reconnaissance covers the platoon's movement routes to the LD, routes to the objective, and the objective itself. The platoon leader should check and record the time-distance factors to any SPs or to the LD.
Movement
The platoon leader develops the platoon maneuver plan so that it matches the commander's intent and specific instructions and supports the company main effort. He determines the platoon's route, movement technique, and formation based on his battle space (including terrain factors), the company scheme of maneuver, and the likelihood of enemy contact. He pays particular attention to fields of observation and fire; these factors can help him to define poten tial enemy engagement areas. The platoon leader war-games anticipated actions on contact and execution of essential tasks. He also addresses actions on the objective (consolidation and reorganization).
Direct Fires
The platoon leader identifies attack by fire and support by fire positions from which the platoon can engage known or sus pected enemy positions. He designates TRPs and assigns sectors of fire, observation, and weapons orientation. He specifies platoon fire patterns (if different from those identified by SOP) and addresses restrictions on direct fire imposed by the rules of engagement (ROE) in effect for the operation.
Most fire support planning is conducted at company level and higher. The platoon leader reviews the plan to ensure that responsibilities for initiating, lifting, and shifting indirect fires are designated. As necessary, he identifies additional indirect fire targets on known or suspected enemy positions and submits recommendations to the company FIST. The platoon leader evaluates and recommends the use of smoke to help conceal or obscure move ment and suppress likely enemy positions while the platoon is moving through danger areas; in addition, he evaluates the need for illumination or smoke rounds for marking and/or to assist in navigation. See the discussion of navigation in Chapter 2.
Obstacle Types
The platoon will encounter two types of obstacles, existing and reinforcing. The enemy will employ both types in its defensive plan.
Existing obstacles are those that are present on the battlefield but were not emplaced through military effort. They may be natural (such as streams, lakes, thick forests, and mountains) or cultural (towns or railroad embankments).
Reinforcing obstacles are placed on the battlefield through military effort to slow, stop, turn, or canalize the enemy. Examples include minefields, wire, road craters, log cribs, and tank ditches.
Breach Planning
The commander will designate his platoons to be part of the support force, the breach force, or the assault force. The sup port force usually leads the company during movement and identifies the obstacle. It then suppresses any enemy elements overwatching the obstacle to give the breach force the opportu nity to penetrate the obstacle. A tank platoon can conduct breach force operations only if it is equipped with the assets required to breach the type of obstacle encountered; such assets include demolitions, grappling hooks, rakes, mine plows, and mine rollers. The breach force is responsible for creating, proofing, and marking a lane through the obstacle and for securing the far side. It then suppresses remaining enemy forces as the assault force moves through the breach to continue the attack. (See Chapter 5 for more information on breaching operations.)
NOTE: NBC defensive operations are a critical consideration within the mobility and survivability BOS. These are discussed in detail in Section V of this chapter (as part of the execution of battle drills) and in Appendix D.
Refer to Chapter 6 for a discussion of ADA planning considerations.
The platoon leader ensures that soldiers are familiar with maintenance and medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) procedures as outlined in paragraph 4 of the platoon OPORD or in the unit SOP. See Chapter 7 for more details concerning logistics operations.
Section III. PREPARATION The preparation phase ends when the platoon crosses the LD and deploys for the attack. The platoon leader takes into account the following BOS considerations.
During the preparation phase, the platoon leader contin ues with his troop-leading procedures and conducts rehearsals and inspections to ensure the platoon is ready for the upcoming operation. Near the end of the phase, the platoon leader conducts a precombat inspection (PCI) of his soldiers and equipment. The soldier inspection includes checking each crewman's personal knowledge of the opera tion as well as the readiness of his equipment. As a rule, TCs must understand the company scheme of maneuver; other crewmen must understand the platoon scheme of maneuver. The equipment inspection consists of checking each tank crew's ability to move, shoot, and communicate. The inspection should be as thorough as time permits; for a detailed PCI checklist, see FKSM 17-15-3. Rehearsals and inspections are discussed in detail in Chapter 2.
During this phase, the platoon leader will receive updated SPOTREPs listing known and suspected enemy locations as well as the latest friendly actions. He should plot the updated enemy and friendly locations on his overlay and on the enemy overlay (digital systems); based on his terrain reconnaissance, he adjusts the maneuver plan accordingly.
Following the last company rehearsal, the platoon should conduct a final rehearsal of its own to incorporate any adjustments to the company scheme of maneuver. The platoon re hearsal should follow the procedures outlined in Chapter 2. It should cover the following subjects:
- Movement from current positions.
- Routes.
- Platoon and company formations and movement techniques.
- Vehicle positions within the platoon formation.
- Weapons orientation and fire control.
- Decision points.
- Actions on contact.
- Actions on the objective (consolidation and reorganization.)
- Reporting procedures.
- Signals.
During the rehearsal, the platoon leader should address responsibility for targets in the platoon battle space. He should cover any scheduled indirect fires and the effects of smoke on the bat tlefield. In addition, he should discuss the direct fire plan, with emphasis on platoon responsibilities, known and suspected enemy locations, friendly unit locations, and applicable ROE.
Actions at obstacles should be rehearsed during the preparation phase. Breaching equipment should be checked during the PCI.
ADA preparations during this phase should include a rehearsal of the react to air attack drill, which is outlined in Section V of this chapter.
During the preparation phase, tank crews conduct resupply operations to replenish their combat loads. They also perform preventive maintenance checks and services (PMCS) on their vehicles and equipment.
Rehearsals should cover aspects of the logistical plan that will support the upcoming operation, including emergency resupply and personnel and vehicle evacuation procedures. For more information on logistics, refer to Chapter 7.
SECTION IV. EXECUTION-TACTICAL MOVEMENT
The company OPORD will normally specify company and platoon formations and techniques of movement. This allows the commander to position his elements where they will optimize the company's battle space and facilitate execution of his scheme of maneuver. The platoon leader has the responsibility to recommend a different formation or technique of movement if a change will allow the platoon to more effectively contribute to the accomplishment of the company mission and protection of the force. If no formation or technique of movement is given in the order, the platoon leader selects the one that will make the most efficient use of his battle space and will best support the company scheme of maneuver.
While moving, the platoon uses terrain to provide cover and concealment, employing the following rules:
- Do not move forward from an overwatch position or BP. Back away from your position and go around on the low ground.
- Stay on low ground as much as possible. Moving on top of ridgelines and over hilltops will silhouette (skyline) platoon vehicles.
- Scan the ground for disturbed earth, out-of-place features, and surface-laid mines. These are indicators of an obstacle or mine field.
- Select the formation and movement technique that maximizes the platoon's battle space while minimizing gaps and dead space.
- If your move is being covered by an overwatch element, remember that the overwatch element cannot cover all of the platoon's gaps and dead space.
- If the move is being overwatched, also keep in mind that the distance of each move (or bound) must not exceed the direct fire range of the overwatch element.
- Always plan actions at danger areas. If necessary, direct the TC or loader to dismount and either observe around blind spots or check the trafficability of a route or defile before the tank moves over or through these locations.
The commander or platoon leader selects a technique of movement based on several battlefield factors:
- The likelihood of enemy contact.
- The availability of another element to provide overwatch for the moving element.
- The terrain over which the moving element will pass.
The tank platoon must be able to employ any of the following techniques of movement:
- Traveling. Characterized by continuous movement of all elements, traveling is best suited to situations in which enemy contact is unlikely and speed is important.
- Traveling overwatch. Traveling overwatch is an extended form of traveling that provides additional security when contact is possible but speed is desirable. The lead ele ment moves continuously. The trail element moves at various speeds and may halt periodically to overwatch the movement of the lead element. The trail element maintains dispersion based on its ability to provide immediate suppressive fires in support of the lead element. The intent is to maintain depth, provide flexibility, and sustain movement in case the lead element is engaged.
- Bounding Overwatch. Bounding overwatch is used when contact is expected. It is the most secure, but slowest, movement technique. There are two methods of bounding:
- Alternate bounds. Covered by the rear element, the lead element moves forward, halts, and assumes over-watch positions. The rear element advances past the lead element and takes up overwatch positions. The initial lead element then advances past the initial rear element and takes up overwatch positions. Only one element moves at a time. This method is usually more rapid than successive bounds. (Refer to Figure 3-1, page 3-12.)
Successive bounds. In this method, the lead element, covered by the rear element, advances and takes up an overwatch position. The rear element advances to an overwatch position abreast of the lead element and halts. The lead element then moves to the next position, and so on. Only one element moves at a time, and the rear element avoids advancing beyond the lead element. This method is easier to control and more secure than the alternate bounding method, but it is slower (Refer to Figure 3-2, page 3-12.)
Figure 3-1. Movement by alternate bounds. 
Figure 3-2. Movement by successive bounds. FORMATIONS
Formations are used to establish tank positions and sectors of responsibility during tactical operations. They facilitate control, alleviate confusion, and increase protection, speed, and the effectiveness of fires.
Formations are not intended to be rigid, with vehicles remaining a specific distance apart at every moment. The position of each tank in the formation depends on the terrain and the ability of the wingman driver to maintain situational aware ness in relation to the lead tank. At the same time, individual tanks should always occupy the same relative position within a formation. This will ensure that the members of each crew know who is beside them, understand when and where to move, and are aware of when and where they will be expected to observe and direct fires. Weapons orientation for all tanks should be adjusted to ensure optimum security based on the position of the platoon in the company formation.
The following paragraphs and illustrations describe the six basic movement formations the platoon will use. (NOTE: In these examples, vehicle numbers are used to illustrate the wing man concept. In the field, the location and sequence of vehicles in the formation will be prescribed in the platoon SOP and/or the orders for the operation. The tactical situation will also influence vehicle location.)
Column
The column provides excellent control and fire to the flanks, but permits less fire to the front. It is used when speed is critical, when the platoon is moving through restrictive terrain on a specific route, and/or when enemy contact is not likely. (See Figure 3-3, page 3-14.)
Staggered Column
The staggered column is a modified column formation with one section leading and one section trailing behind to pro vide overwatch. The staggered column permits good fire to the front and flanks. It is used when speed is critical, when there is a limited area for lateral dispersion, and/or when enemy contact is possible. (See Figure 3-4.)
Figure 3-3. Column formation. Figure 3-4. Staggered column formation.Wedge
The wedge permits excellent firepower to the front and good firepower to the flanks. It is employed when the platoon is provided with overwatch by another element and is moving in open or rolling terrain. Depending on the platoon location within the company formation, the platoon leader and PSG (with wingmen) can switch sides of the formation. When the platoon leader's tank is slightly forward, one flank has more firepower. (See Figure 3-5.)
Echelon
The echelon formation permits excellent firepower to the front and to one flank. It is used to screen an exposed flank of the platoon or of a larger moving force. (See Figure 3-6.)
Figure 3-5. Wedge formation. 
Figure 3-6. Echelon formation. Vee
The vee formation provides excellent protection and con-trol, but limits fires to the front. This formation is used when terrain restricts movement or when overwatch within the platoon is required. (See Figure 3-7.)
Figure 3-7. Vee formation. Line
The line formation provides maximum firepower forward. It is used when the platoon crosses danger areas and is provided with overwatch by another element or when the platoon assaults en-emy positions. (See Figure 3-8.)
Figure 3-8. Line formation. Coil and HerringboneThese formations are employed when the platoon is stationary and 360-degree security is essential. Figure 3-9 illustrates the coil and herringbone.
Coil. When it is operating independently, the platoon uses the coil formation to establish a perimeter defense during extended halts or lulls in combat. The lead vehicle, normally the platoon leader, will halt his vehicle in the direction of travel (12 o'clock) while the other vehicles position themselves to form a circular formation covering all suspected enemy avenues of approach.
Herringbone. The herringbone formation is used when the platoon must assume a hasty defense with 360-degree security while remaining postured to resume movement in the direction of travel. It is normally employed during scheduled or unscheduled halts in a road march. If terrain permits, vehicles should move off the road and stop at a 45-degree angle, allowing passage of vehicles through the center of the formation.
Figure 3-9. Coil and herringbone formations. OverwatchOverwatch is the tactical mission in which an element observes and provides direct fire support for a friendly moving element. Situational awareness is a crucial factor in all overwatch missions, whose objective is to prevent the enemy from surprising and engaging the moving unit. The overwatch force must maintain communication with the moving force and provide early warning of enemy elements that could affect the moving force. It also scans gaps and dead space within the moving element's formations. If the overwatch is unable to scan dead space and engage the enemy, it must alert the moving element of the lapse in coverage. The overwatch must also be able to support the moving force with immediate direct and indi rect fires. The overwatch element can be either stationary or on the move. Figure 3-10 illustrates what to look for and where to look during an overwatch mission. (NOTE: While the main function of overwatch is to provide early warning and/or timely supporting fires for a moving element, overwatch crews must also maintain 360-degree observation and security for themselves.)
Stationary Overwatch
The section or platoon occupies hull-down firing positions that provide effective cover and concealment, unobstructed observation, and clear fields of fire. (NOTE: Firing positions are discussed in Chapter 4.)
The section or platoon leader assigns sectors of fire. Individual crews aggressively scan their sectors using applicable search techniques to identify enemy positions. They employ all available sights, including the thermal channel (using various polarities) and daylight channel of the gunner's primary sight, binoculars, PVS-7s, and commander's independent thermal viewer (CITV). (See FM 17-12-1-1 for search techniques.) The overwatch element scans the battle space of the moving element, paying close attention to gaps and dead space. If contact is made, the overwatch element initiates a high volume of direct and indirect suppressive fires; it moves as necessary between primary and alternate positions to avoid being decisively engaged.
Overwatch on the Move
The trail section or platoon maintains a designated location in the formation. It continuously scans the lead element's battle space, closely monitoring gaps and dead space. The trail element maintains an interval dictated by the capabilities of its weapon systems and the effects of terrain. As needed, it can execute a short halt on key terrain to provide more effective overwatch.
Figure 3-10. Overwatch locations and techniques. Section V. EXECUTION - ACTIONS ON CONTACT In both offensive and defensive operations, contact occurs when any member of the platoon observes enemy personnel or vehicles, observes or receives direct or indirect fire, or encounters any situation that requires an active or passive response to the enemy. This includes reports of enemy contact through the chain of command or from an adjacent friendly element. The platoon initiates actions on contact when it recognizes one of the defined contact situations or on order from higher headquarters.As discussed in Section II of this chapter, the platoon leader should use the planning process to anticipate the actions on contact that the platoon may be required to execute based on the enemy situation. The platoon can then rehearse these potential actions during the preparation phase of the operation.
The commander's OPORD will assist the platoon leader in two ways. First, the commander's scheme of maneuver will direct the platoon leader in planning how to kill the templated or anticipated enemy force. The scheme of maneuver will define the platoon's role in maneuver and direct fire as part of the company or task force plan. Second, the commander's coordinating instructions should specify for the platoon leader the actions on contact that, based on the size and activity of the anticipated enemy force, are related to the maneuver plan. These specific instructions may include engagement criteria, bypass criteria, displacement criteria, and the course of action the commander expects to employ. By learning and planning for these details in advance, the platoon leader will be able to develop contact situations rapidly and determine the most effective course of action.
THE FOUR STEPS OF ACTIONS ON CONTACT
The following four steps allow the platoon leader to execute actions on contact using a logical, well-organized decision-making process:
- Deploy and report.
- Evaluate/develop the situation.
- Choose a course of action.
- Recommend/execute a course of action.
At times, the platoon leader, and the platoon, will have to execute several of the steps simultaneously. This makes thorough preparation an absolute require ment in contact situations. To ensure the platoon functions as a team, reacting correctly and yet instinctively, the platoon leader must establish SOPs and conduct comprehensive training and rehearsals covering each step.
Deploy and Report
The platoon leader deploys the platoon when he recognizes one of the general categories of initial contact or receives a report of enemy contact. Contact situations include (but are not limited to) the following:
- Visual contact (friendly elements may or may not be observed by the enemy).
- Physical contact with a superior, inferior, or unknown enemy.
- Indirect fire contact.
- Contact with obstacles of enemy or unknown origin.
- Contact with enemy or unknown aircraft.
- Situations involving NBC conditions.
- Situations involving electronic warfare tactics (such as jamming, interference, and imitative deception).
The platoon leader has several choices in deploying the platoon. In many cases, he will initiate one of the seven battle drills. This usually will be a contact or action drill, with the platoon attempting to acquire and engage the enemy. (NOTE: Refer to the discussion and illustrations of the battle drills on pages 3-31 through 3-44.) The platoon leader can also order his tanks to immediately seek the best available covered and concealed position. The position should afford unobstructed observation and fields of fire and allow the platoon to maintain flank security. Tank crews will also seek cover and concealment in the absence of a deployment order from the platoon leader.
This step concludes with the platoon leader or PSG sending a contact report to the commander, followed as soon as possible by a SPOTREP.
Evaluate/Develop the Situation
While the platoon deploys by executing a battle drill or occupying a covered and concealed position, the platoon leader must begin to evaluate the situation and, as necessary, develop it. His primary focus is on determining and/or confirming the size (inferior or superior), composition (available weapon systems), activity, and orientation of the enemy force. He analyzes how obstacles and terrain in the area of operations will affect enemy and friendly capabilities and possible courses of action. The platoon leader uses SPOTREPs from the TCs, other platoon leaders, the XO, and the company commander to make his evaluation. (NOTE: Because the tank platoon usually operates as part of a company team or cavalry troop, additional infantry, scout, or tank platoons will be available to assist the commander and platoon leader in developing and confirming the enemy situation.)
There are no hard and fast rules for determining the su periority or inferiority of an enemy; the result is dependent on the situation. An inferior force is defined as an enemy element that the platoon can destroy while remaining postured to conduct further operations. A superior force is one that can be destroyed only through a combined effort of company- or battalion-level combat and CS assets.
The platoon leader bases his evaluation on the enemy's capabilities, especially the number of lethal weapon systems the enemy force is known to have, and on the enemy's current activity. Lethality varies; the enemy may employ rapid-fire antitank weaponry, slow-firing wire-guided systems, or dismounted soldiers with automatic weapons. Likewise, enemy activity can range from an entrenched force using prepared fighting positions to a unit conducting refueling operations with little security.
After making contact and evaluating the situation, the platoon leader may discover that he does not have enough information to determine the superiority or inferiority of the enemy force. To make this determination, he can further develop the situation using a combination of techniques, including fire and maneuver, indirect fire, reconnaissance by fire, and dismounted surveillance. In such a situation, however, the platoon leader must exercise caution, ensuring that his actions support the commander's intent. Mission accomplishment and the survivability of the platoon are crucial considerations. Once he determines what the platoon is up against, the platoon leader sends an updated SPOTREP to the commander.
Once the platoon leader develops the situation and determines that he has enough information to make a decision, he selects a course of action that both meets the requirements of the commander's intent and is within the platoon's capabilities. He has several options in determining the course of action:
- Direct the platoon to execute the original plan. The platoon leader selects the course of action specified by the commander in the OPORD.
- Based on the situation, issue FRAGOs to refine the plan, ensuring it supports the company commander's intent.
- Report the situation and recommend an alternative course of action based on known information in response to an unforeseen enemy or battle field situation.
- Direct the platoon to execute tactical movement (employing bounding overwatch and support by fire within the platoon) and reconnaissance by fire to further develop the situation and gain the information he needs to clarify a vague battlefield picture.
- Considerations in choosing a course of action. Because he will have little time for analysis at this point, the platoon leader should already have developed a clear understanding of the available courses of action. As noted earlier in this section, he first analyzes the commander's OPORD to determine how it will affect his choice of a course of action. In most cases, the commander will have identified the criteria for anticipated actions on contact in terms of the enemy's capabilities (that is, whether the enemy is a superior or inferior force). He also will have specified criteria for destroying, fixing, and bypassing the enemy as well as the applicable disengagement criteria. The platoon leader can then evaluate various responses to possible enemy actions during the planning phase, in the company rehearsal, and in informal war-gaming and rehearsals with the platoon.
Refinements to the original plan or development of a new course of action may change the scheme of maneuver. In most situations, the intent of maneuver is to gain positions of advantage over the enemy, forcing him to fight in two directions. One element moves to the position of advantage while another element overwatches and supports.
If necessary, the platoon leader should issue a revised set of graphic control measures as part of the FRAGO. Examples include waypoints to assist in navigation along desired routes to a position of advan tage and TRPs to help the platoon orient weapons and fires.
Use of platoon tasks as courses of action. During execution of actions on contact, the platoon collective tasks described in Section VI of this chapter are available as courses of action. These include destroy an inferior force; attack by fire; overwatch/support by fire; assault; bypass; reconnaissance by fire; hasty defense; and hasty/in-stride breach. If the commander's plan has already addressed the situation adequately, the platoon leader directs the platoon to execute the specified task or course of action. If the situation dictates adjustments to the plan, he can recommend an alternative course of action to the commander.
Recommend/Execute a Course of Action
Once he has chosen a course of action, the platoon leader continues his evaluation of the situation by determining whether or not the course of action is the same one ordered by the commander in the OPORD or during the rehearsal. If it is, he orders the platoon to execute it and reports his intentions to the commander.
If the situation dictates a change to the course of action specified in the original plan, however, the platoon leader must recommend a new course of action to the commander. He then directs the platoon to execute the course of action selected by the commander, who may or may not follow the recommendation. The platoon leader cross-talks with other platoon leaders as necessary to obtain support in accordance with the commander's intent.
More information will become available as the platoon executes the course of action. The platoon leader or PSG keeps the company commander abreast of the situation with SPOTREPs and SITREPs; accuracy of these reports is critical because the task force commander and S2 use them to confirm or deny the situational template.
Key information the commander needs includes the number, type, and location of enemy elements the platoon has observed, engaged, destroyed, or bypassed. Additionally, the platoon leader must inform the commander of the platoon's current location (or that he is moving to or set at a particular location). Finally, he must inform the commander of any changes in the platoon's combat power or logistical status.
Based on details of the enemy situation, the platoon leader may have to alter his course of action during execution. For example, as the platoon maneuvers to destroy what appears to be a lone enemy tank, it discovers six more tanks in prepared fighting positions; in this situation, the platoon leader would inform the commander and recommend an alternate course of ac tion, such as an attack by fire against the enemy tank company. (Figures 3-12A through 3-12D, pages 3-29 and 3-30, illustrate a similar situation in which changes to the course of action become necessary.)
The platoon continues to execute the selected or refined course of action until it accomplishes the original mission, receive s a FRAGO from the commander changing the mission or course of action, or is ordered to execute consolidation and reorganization on the objective.
EXAMPLES OF ACTIONS ON CONTACT
The following examples illustrate actions on contact for two potential situations. The illustrations are organized to show the four-step process for executing actions on contact.
Actions on Contact with an Anticipated Inferior Force
Figures 3-11A through 3-11C, pages 3-26 through 3-28, show actions on contact when the platoon encounters an inferior enemy element. In this case, the commander and platoon leader have anticipated contact with such a force and have planned for actions on contact by including possible courses of action in their OPORDs and/or rehearsals.
Figure 3-11A. Platoon makes initial contact, deploys using action drill, and reports. 
Figure 3-11B. Platoon develops the situation. 
Figure 3-11C. Platoon leader chooses course of action; platoon executes the assault. Actions on Contact with an Unanticipated Superior Force
Figures 3-12A through 3-12D, pages 3-29 and 3-30, show actions on contact when the platoon unexpectedly encounters a superior enemy force.
Figure 3-12A. Platoon makes initial contact, deploys, and reports. 
Figure 3-12B. Platoon executes battle drill; platoon leader evaluates the situation as drill is executed. 
Figure 3-12C. Platoon develops the situation and identifies superior enemy force. 
Figure 3-12D. Platoon leader chooses and recommends alternate course of action; platoon executes new course of action. When the tank platoon makes contact with the enemy, the platoon leader usually initiates a battle drill. Drills can be initiated following reports or observation of enemy activity, but are most commonly or dered upon receipt of enemy fires.
Battle drills provide virtually automatic responses to situations in which the immediate and, as appropriate, violent execution of an action is vital to the platoon's safety or to its success in combat. They allow the platoon leader to protect the platoon from the effects of enemy fires, to quickly mass the platoon's combat power and fires, or to move the platoon to a position of advantage over the enemy.
Drills are standardized collective actions, executed by each tank crew with minimal instruction and without application of a deliberate thought process. They can be carried out under almost any type of battlefield conditions and from any formation or technique of movement, although execution can be affected by the factors of METT-T. (NOTE: Platoon leaders should note that the use of battle drills does not relieve them of the requirement for logical, timely decision-making when critical situations arise on the battlefield.)
The platoon can expect to execute any of the following standard battle drills: change of formation drill, contact drill, action drill, react to indirect fire drill, react to air attack drill, react to a nuclear attack drill, and react to a chemical/biological attack drill. Commanders and leaders at all levels must be ready to augment or adjust these seven basic drills based on the threat, terrain, and ROE. In addition, they must ensure their platoons rehearse battle drills until they are able to execute the drills perfectly no matter what command and control problems arise.
- NOTE: In the figures that accompany the following discussion of the seven battle drills, vehicle numbers are used to illustrate the wingman concept. In the field, the location and sequence of vehicles during the drill will be prescribed in the platoon SOP and/or the orders for the operation. The tactical situation will also influence vehicle location.
Change of Formation Drill
This drill is executed to accomplish a rapid change of formation in response to a change in terrain or enemy situation. The platoon leader must ensure that each TC knows the new for mation and the relative position of each tank in the new formation. He uses visual signals and/or the radio to initiate the drill. Figure 3-13 illustrates the movement of individual tanks during a change of formation from column to wedge to line.
Figure 3-13. Change of formation drill. Contact Drill
The contact drill enables the platoon to orient weapon systems and engage an enemy without changing its direc tion or speed of movement along the axis of advance. This drill is used when contact is made with small arms fire or when the platoon sights the enemy without being engaged and does not want to stop or slow its movement. The platoon leader initiates the contact drill using vis ual signals and/or the radio. Over the radio, he uses the contact report format and adds the execution element "FIRE" as a platoon fire command.
Figure 3-14 illustrates a contact drill from a wedge formation. Note the main gun orientation for wingman Tank 2. If a tank's weapon systems are masked by another tank, the masked tank maintains weapons orientation and flank security as prescribed in the OPORD; this helps to prevent fratricide.
Figure 3-14. Contact drill. Action Drill
The action drill permits the entire platoon to change di rection rapidly in response to terrain conditions, obstacles, FRAGOs from the commander, or enemy contact. The platoon leader uses visual signals or the radio to order the action drill, which can be initiated with or without enemy contact.
Action drill without enemy contact. The platoon leader can execute an action drill to avoid a danger area or obstacle or to respond to FRAGOs from the commander. When the platoon leader initiates the action drill, tanks come on line and continue to move in the prescribed direction unless the platoon leader di rects a change of formation. Figures 3-15A and 3-15B illustrate tanks' relative positions during various action drills without contact.
Figure 3-15A. Action drill without enemy contact. 
Figure 3-15B. Action drill without enemy contact (continued). Action drill with enemy contact. Following a contact re port alerting the platoon that enemy contact involves antitank weapon systems, the platoon leader can direct an action drill to orient his platoon's frontal armor toward the antitank fire while moving to cover and concealment. If the platoon cannot reach a covered and concealed position or achieve weapon standoff, the platoon leader directs 36 through 3-38, illustrate examples of action drills in reaction to enemy contact.
Figure 3-16A. Action drill with enemy contact. 
Figure 3-16B. Action drill with enemy contact (continued). 
Figure 3-16C. Action drill with enemy contact (continued). 
Figure 3-16D. Action drill with enemy contact (continued). React to Indirect Fire Drill
When the platoon receives unexpected indirect fire, it moves out of the impact area unless it is also engaged in direct fire contact or is directed to remain stationary. TCs place their hatches in the open protected position; other crewmen close their hatches. Crews also close ballistic doors (M1A2 crews stow the CITV). They mask based on the automatic masking crite ria established in the OPORD or if they suspect the use of chemical agents. The platoon leader sends a SPOTREP to the commander.
If the platoon is moving when it receives suppressive artillery fire, it executes an action drill to avoid the impact area or continues to move to clear the impact area and continue the mission (see Figure 3-17). If it is stationary, the platoon should attempt to clear the impact area. (NOTE: Several factors, such as the commander's orders or the enemy situation, may prevent the platoon from moving during direct fire engagements or defensive operations. For example, the commander may require the platoon to occupy hide or turret-down positions while continuing the mission. In such a case, the platoon leader must request permission from the commander before clearing the impact area.) Once the platoon clears the artillery impact area, individual crews place their hatches in the appropriate position, open ballistic doors (M1A2 crews turn on the CITV), check antennas, and return to positions or continue the mission.
The commander should address the platoon's reaction to anticipated indirect fires in the actions on contact subparagraph of the OPORD. When the platoon receives anticipated indirect fires, it reacts according to the commander's guidance, which it should already have analyzed and rehearsed. If the platoon needs to execute a course of action different from that directed by the commander, the platoon leader should request permission from the commander before executing the alternate action.
Figure 3-17. React to indirect fire drill. React to Air Attack Drill
When the platoon observes high-performance aircraft, helicopters, or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) that could influence its mission, it initially takes passive air defense measures unless the situation requires immediate active measures. In a passive air defense, the platoon takes actions (such as dispersing or stopping) to avoid detection altogether and/or to minimize the aircraft's target acquisition capability. The platoon also prepares for active air defense measures. (NOTE: When the platoon is operating as part of a company team or troop, tank crews must be familiar with required actions in the company-level battle drill.) Passive air defense involves three steps:
- Step 1. Alert the platoon with a contact report.
Step 2. Deploy or take the appropriate actions. If the platoon is not in the direct path of an attacking aircraft, the platoon leader orders tanks to seek cover and con cealment and halt with at least a 100-meter interval between vehicles; the platoon also may be ordered to continue moving as part of the company.
Step 3. Prepare to engage. TCs and loaders get ready to engage the aircraft with machine gun or main gun fire on order of the platoon leader.
- Step 1. The platoon initiates fire. The primary intent is to force air craft to take self-defense measures that alter their attack profile and reduce their effectiveness. The platoon leader may use a burst of tracers to designate an aim point for platoon machine gun antiaircraft fires (see Figure 3-18). Vol ume is the key to effectiveness of these fires; tanks throw up a "wall of steel" through which aircraft must fly. The main gun is effective against hovering attack helicopters. The platoon leader may also direct some vehicles to engage high-performance aircraft with MPAT main gun rounds.
Step 2. Tanks create a nonlinear target by moving as fast as possible at a 45-degree angle away from the path of flight and toward attacking aircraft (see Figure 3-19, page 3-42). The platoon maintains an interval of at least 100 meters between tanks, forcing aircraft to make several passes to engage the entire platoon.
Step 3. Tanks move quickly to covered and concealed positions and freeze their movement for at least 60 seconds after the last flight of aircraft has passed.
Step 4. The platoon leader sends a SPOTREP to update the commander.
Figure 3-18. Machine gun aim points. 
Figure 3-19. Evading enemy aircraft. React to a Nuclear Attack Drill
When the platoon observes a brilliant flash of light and a mushroom-shaped cloud, crewmembers must act quickly to minimize the effects of a nuclear detonation. This drill involves four steps:
- If mounted, button up and close the breech and ballistic doors (M1A2 crews stow the CITV). If time permits, position the vehicle behind a protective terrain feature and turn off the master power until the effects of the blast have passed.
- Dismounted crewmen drop to the ground and cover exposed skin until blast effects have passed.
- Reestablish communications.
- Prepare and forward an NBC-1 report.
- Implement continuous monitoring.
- Submit a SITREP to the commander.
- Evacuate casualties and fatalities.
- Redistribute personnel as needed.
- Conduct essential maintenance.
- Step 1. Take immediate protective actions, including the following:
React to a Chemical/Biological Attack Drill
The platoon initiates this drill during an operation whenever an automatic masking event occurs, the chemical agent alarm sounds, M8 detection paper indi cates the presence of chemical agents, or a soldier suspects the presence of chemical or biological agents. (See Appendix D for more information on NBC operations.) This drill involves four steps:
- Put on protective mask (and hood) within 15 seconds.
- Alert remainder of the platoon and company.
- Within 8 minutes, assume MOPP 4 (refer to the discussion in Appendix D), then button up and/or activate the tank overpressurization system.
- Administer self-aid and buddy-aid to platoon members with symptoms of chemical/biological agent poisoning (see Appendix D).
- Ensure individuals decontaminate their skin.
- Conduct operator's spraydown and decontamination of equipment as necessary.
- Initiate continuous monitoring with M256 detection kits; submit NBC-1 and follow-up reports as needed.
- Step 1. Crewmen recognize and react to the hazard:
Step 4. Monitor for chemical/biological agents; as the situation warrants, initiate actions to reduce MOPP levels and discontinue agent monitoring. (See Appendix D for additional information.)
To maintain the tempo of an attack, the commander may order the platoon to destroy an inferior force, based either on his original plan or on recommendation of the platoon leader. The platoon leader usually employs maneuver techniques (fire and tactical movement) in executing this task or course of action. When the platoon is in contact with the enemy, he designates one section to overwatch or support by fire to suppress and/or destroy the enemy while the other section moves.
The moving element uses appropriate movement techniques as well as covered and concealed routes to move to a position of advantage over the enemy. This position may offer dominating terrain that allows the platoon to attack enemy positions by direct fire, or it may provide covered routes that enable the section to close with and assault the enemy.
After the platoon leader designates the route to the next possible overwatch position, the overwatch leader identifies graphic control measures and assigns responsibility for suppression of identified enemy positions. Cross-talk among sections and vehicles is important in ensuring mutual support while the overwatch is providing supporting fires during the other section's movement to the position of advantage.
After successfully destroying the inferior enemy force, the platoon positions itself where it can most effectively prepare for subsequent actions. Figure 3-20 illustrates three potential situations in which a platoon is ordered to destroy an inferior force.
Figure 3-20. Scenarios for destruction of an inferior enemy force. Attack by fireThe commander may order the platoon to execute this task, either as specified in his original plan or on recommendation of the platoon leader. The purpose is to destroy the enemy using long-range fires from dominating terrain or using standoff of the main gun. The platoon can use an attack by fire to destroy inferior forces when the platoon leader does not desire to close with the enemy or when the platoon is part of a company-level effort. In addition, the platoon may occupy an attack by fire position as part of a company-level hasty defense with the goal of destroying a superior force.
In executing this task, the platoon uses tactical movement to move to a position that allows it to employ weapon standoff or that offers cover for hull-down firing positions. It also must be ready to move to alternate firing positions for protection from the effects of enemy direct and indirect fires.
As time permits, the platoon leader designates TRPs and as signs sectors of fire and tentative firing positions for individual tanks. He issues a platoon fire command specifying the method of fire, firing pattern, and rate of fire the platoon must sustain to accomplish the task in support of the company.
A successful attack by fire destroys the enemy force. Figures 3-21A and 3-21B illustrate attack by fire situations.
Figure 3-21A. Company employs attack by fire against convoy. 
Figure 3-21B. Platoon uses attack by fire against enemy reconnaissance platoon as part of a hasty defense. Overwatch/support by fireEither as specified in his original plan or on recommendation of the platoon leader, the commander may order the platoon to provide overwatch or support by fire during the movement of a friendly force. The purpose is to suppress the enemy using long-range direct and indirect fires from a dominat ing piece of terrain or using the standoff of the main gun. This support sets the conditions that allow moving (supported) friendly elements to engage and destroy the enemy.
The techniques involved in occupying an overwatch or support by fire position and in focusing and controlling fires are similar to those for an attack by fire. Some specific considerations exist, however. As noted, the overwatch/support by fire task is always tied directly to the movement and/or tactical execution of other friendly forces. In executing overwatch or support by fire, the platoon must maintain a high level of situational awareness relative to the supported force so it can lift and shift direct and indirect fires as required to prevent fratricide. Throughout this type of operation, the supporting platoon maintains cross-talk with the moving force on the company net. In addition to reducing fratricide risk, cross-talk allows the platoon to provide early warning of enemy positions it has identified and to report battle damage inflicted on the enemy force.
A successful overwatch/support by fire operation suppresses the enemy, permitting the moving (supported) force to conduct tactical movement, breaching opera tions, or an assault. Figure 3-22 illustrates a support by fire situation in support of an assault.
Figure 3-22. Platoon supports by fire to suppress an enemy element during a company assault. AssaultThe commander may direct the platoon to execute an assault, either on its own or as part of a larger assault force. The purpose of the assault is to seize key terrain or to close with and destroy the enemy while seizing an enemy-held position. Designation of the platoon as the assault force may be made as part of the commander's original plan or on recommendation of the platoon leader.
The platoon usually assaults the enemy while receiving supporting fires from an overwatch element. If supporting fire is not available, the platoon con ducts tactical movement to a position of advantage over the enemy, then conducts the assault. A successful assault destroys the enemy elements or forces them to withdraw from the objective.
To prepare for the assault, the assault force occupies or moves through an assault position. This should be a predetermined covered and concealed position that provides weapon standoff from the enemy. The pla toon leader receives updated enemy information from support by fire elements. He assigns targets or weapons orientations and confirms the axis and limits of advance for the assault. On order, the platoon assaults on line, moving and firing as quickly as possible to destroy the enemy and seize the objective. The assault must be extremely violent. If the platoon assaults buttoned up, machine gun fire from the support force or wingman tanks can provide close-in protection against dismounted enemy elements on the objective. If tanks are unbuttoned, the TCs and loaders use personal weapons, hand grenades, and machine guns to provide close-in protection.
Following a successful assault, the assault force occupies a defensible position, either on the objective or on the far side of it, and begins consolida tion and reorganization procedures. Figures 3-23A and 3-23B (pages 3-49 and 3-50) illustrate two assault situations.
Figure 3-23A. Tank section assaults an inferior force as another section supports by fire. 
Figure 3-23B. Platoon executes an assault as two other platoons support by fire. BypassAs part of his original plan or on recommendation of the platoon leader, the commander may order the platoon to bypass the enemy to maintain the tempo of the attack. This course of ac tion can be taken against either an inferior or superior force. The commander may designate one platoon to suppress the enemy, allowing the other platoons to use covered and concealed routes, weapon standoff, and ob scuration to bypass known enemy locations. (NOTE: Units may have to execute contact drills while executing the bypass.)
Once clear of the enemy, the supporting platoon hands the enemy over to another force, breaks contact, and rejoins the company. If necessary, the platoon leader can employ tactical movement to break contact with the enemy and continue the mission; he can also request supporting direct and indirect fires and smoke to suppress and obscure the enemy as the platoon safely breaks contact. See Figures 3-24A and 3-24B, pages 3-51 and 3-52, for an example of a bypass.
Figure 3-24A. Bypass. 
Figure 3-24B. Bypass (continued). Reconnaissance by fireBased on his original plan or a recommendation from the platoon leader, the commander may direct the platoon to execute reconnaissance by fire when enemy contact is expected or when contact has oc curred but the enemy situation is vague. The platoon then conducts tactical movement, occupying successive overwatch positions until it makes contact with the enemy or reaches the objective.
At each overwatch position, the platoon leader may designate TRPs. He then either requests indirect fires or employs direct fires on likely enemy locations to cause the enemy force to return direct fire or to move, thus compromising its positions. He directs individual tanks or sections to fire their caliber .50 and/or coax machine guns into targeted areas. (NOTE: In some circumstances, main gun fire can also be used.)
Individual tanks and sections not designated to reconnoiter by fire observe the effects of the firing tanks and engage enemy forces as they are identified. Focus of the reconnaissance by fire is on the key terrain that dominates danger areas, on built-up areas that dominate the surrounding terrain, and on uncleared wooded areas. (NOTE: A disciplined enemy force may not return fire or move if it determines that the pattern or type of fires employed will be nonlethal. The platoon leader must analyze the situation and direct the use of appropriate fires on suspected positions. For example, he would use small arms fire against suspected dismounted elements but employ main guns to engage bunkers or other fortified positions.)
Hasty occupation of a platoon BP (hasty defense)
The platoon may use this task if it is fixed or suppressed by enemy fire and no longer has the ability to move forward or bypass. It may also set up a hasty defense when the enemy executes a hasty attack. The platoon maintains contact or fixes the enemy in place until additional combat elements arrive or until it is ordered to move. When the platoon must conduct a hasty defense, the commander has responsibility for continuing to develop the situation.
When they expect to make contact with enemy obstacles, the commander and platoon leader must plan and rehearse actions at an obstacle, tailoring their preparations to templated locations for the expected obstacles. They must ensure the platoon knows how to accomplish early detection of both anticipated and unexpected obstacles and how to react instinctively when contact is made.
A critical consideration is that the tank platoon has only limited ability to deal independently with an obstacle or restriction. If it is equipped with mine plows or other breaching assets, the platoon can create track-width lanes through most wire, mine, and other reinforcing obstacles. The commander and platoon leader must keep in mind, however, that the platoon cannot internally accomplish all of the SOSR elements of the breach (suppress the enemy; obscure the breach; create the lane and secure the far side; reduce the obstacle). Refer to the discussion of breaching operations, including SOSR procedures, in Chapter 5.
When tanks encounter an unexpected obstacle, crewmembers must assume that the enemy is covering the obstacle with observation and fire. They must immediately seek cover and establish an overwatch to evaluate the situation. The overwatch tanks scan for evidence of enemy forces in and around the obstacle and on dominant terrain on the far side of the obstacle. They attempt to locate a bypass so the operation can continue without delay. If no bypass is found, the overwatch determines the dimensions of the obstacle and sends a report to the commander so he can designate a course of action. (NOTE: It is critical that the tank platoon initially remain under cover while evaluating the situation. The platoon must NEVER attempt to approach the obstacle area or breach the obstacle without first killing or obscuring enemy elements overwatching the obstacle.)
If he needs to develop the situation further, the commander ideally will use scouts or infantry to reconnoiter the obstacle, with the tanks continuing to provide overwatch. This usually requires him to move mounted or dismounted elements to the far side. If this reconnaissance locates a bypass route, the commander often will order the unit to execute a bypass as the preferred course of action. If a bypass is not possible, he may order a breaching operation, with the tanks either executing a hasty breach within their capabilities or supporting a deliberate breach.
Section VII. EXECUTION - CONSOLIDATION AND REORGANIZATION The platoon executes consolidation and reorganization on the objective to ensure that it is prepared to destroy an enemy counterattack or is prepared to resume the attack as soon as possible.
Consolidation consists of actions taken to secure an objective and to defend against an enemy counterattack. The company commander designates platoon positions and weapons orientations. The platoon takes these steps:
- Eliminate remaining enemy resistance and secure enemy prisoners of war (EPW).
- Occupy positions on defensible terrain as designated in the OPORD or FRAGO. Tanks move to hull-down positions, and the platoon leader assigns sectors of fire. If the location designated in the OPORD/FRAGO is not defensible, the platoon leader notifies the commander and searches for terrain that is defensible and supports the commander's intent. The platoon leader informs the commander of the new location.
- Establish OPSEC and coordinate mutual support with adjacent platoons.
- 4 for details on hasty defense).
Reorganization, the process of preparing for continued fighting, is normally accomplished by SOP. Responsibilities during reorganization include the following:
- TCs take these actions:
- Reload machine guns and redistribute main gun ammunition to ready areas.
- Move crewmen wounded in action (WIA) to a covered position and provide first aid.
- Send a SITREP to the PSG reporting casualties and supply status of equipment, ammunition, and fuel.
- Conduct essential maintenance.
- The PSG takes these actions:
- Compile SITREPs from TCs and, as required by unit SOP, submit a con solidated report to the platoon leader or first sergeant (1SG).
- Direct cross-leveling of supplies within the platoon.
- Oversee evacuation of casualties.
- Coordinate the movement of EPWs to the EPW collection point.
- The platoon leader takes these actions:
- Forward a consolidated SITREP to the commander.
- Redistribute personnel as necessary to maintain combat readiness.
- Oversee consolidation of soldiers killed in action (KIA).
- Reestablish communications with elements that are out of contact.
- NOTE: SITREPs are sent using voice or digital format (or a combination). Refer to FKSM 17-15-1, FKSM 17-15-3, and unit SOPs for additional information.
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