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Military

CHAPTER 7
Maneuver Communications

General

Armored, infantry, and mechanized battalions fight the battle and are the combat edge of the division. Our communications system is based on the needs of these battalions. These units must have simple, mobile, and dependable communications equipment. Communicators and commanders must know the equipment and how to best employ it. They must keep equipment operational during the fast pace of battle. Single-channel radios, field wire, messengers, and visual signals are the basis of the battalion communications system. Combat arms battalions lay wire, provide messengers, and connect telephones for their battalions. The reduction of signal MOS soldiers in combat arms battalions has resulted in the need for signal training of nonsignal MOS soldiers in these units. This chapter covers radio and wire communications on the battlefield. Radio and wire system diagrams in this chapter can be modified to support specific combat operations and unit SOPs. Appendices B,C and D show radio nets for all levels of command.

Radio Nets

The basic single-channel radio nets are the command and operations net, the intelligence net, the administrative and logistical net, the fire direction net, the surveillance net, and the rear operations net. Additional nets include the HF voice net and the GP RATT net.

a. The command and operations net passes orders and immediate command and operational information. Commanders use this net for tactical control, combat coordination, and tactical data reporting. The command and operations net is given the highest installation priority.

b. The intelligence net passes intelligence information and spot reports. The intelligence net is the backup for the command and operations net and is given the second highest installation priority.

NOTE

: Operations and intelligence nets are often combined at brigade and battalion levels.

c. The administrative and logistical net passes personnel and supply information. This traffic does not have the same immediate tactical importance as the command and operations net and the intelligence net used at brigade and battalion levels.

d. The fire direction net is the highest priority net in the field artillery firing units. This net is used for exchange of technical and/or firing data.

e. The surveillance net passes reports dealing with Threat movements and massing. The battalion battlefield information control center sets up this net to coordinate and control the ground surveillance radar and unattended ground sensor teams. The information from this net is vital to commanders and is given high priority for activation.

f. The rear battle net passes orders and information to control rear operations. The net control station (NCS) of this net is the Div Rear CP. The rear battle net at division level is a separate net (FM or IHFR). Rear operations at brigade and below merge with other brigade operations and use the brigade command and operations net to process rear operations traffic.

g. The HF voice net is used as a backup to the command and operations FM net and the intelligence net.

h. The GP RATT net passes hard copy radio teletype traffic between headquarters elements. It is not used to send lengthy or time sensitive information due to the slow processing and handling time required to send messages.

Special Considerations

a. Some US divisions are round out divisions. This means that one of the brigades within that division is comprised of Army Reserve or National Guard units. The problems that arise from such a configuration are significant and must be recognized ahead of time for training and planning purposes. The reserve/guardunits usually have older equipment, which is not always compatible with the current Active Army equipment. These equipment differences must be planned for when configuring equipment for deployment. The ADSO must keep this in mind when assigning frequencies.

b. The LID battalions communicate in rough terrain and over great distances. Their units are deployed unconventionally. Communicating in this austere division is a challenge for the Army communicator. It requires careful planning to make maximum use of limited resources.

c. Non-Mobile Subscriber Equipment (MSE) units can interface with MSE units. See Appendix F.

The Division Headquarters

a. The division commander is responsible for command and control of combat, CS, and CSS units. The commander relies on his staff and subordinate commanders to supervise all division elements. The commander, staff, and subordinate commanders operate from CPs dispersed throughout the division area.

These CPs are the nerve centers of the division. Their functions determine combat effectiveness. Dispersion of the CPs prevents the Threat from destroying the division command structure with a single assault or nuclear attack. The dispersion requirement is satisfied by dividing and structuring the division headquarters into the main CP, tactical CP, and Div Rear CP/DISCOM.

(1) The division main CP is the clearinghouse for information in the division. It is the division's permanent CP. The center of the division main CP is the Div Main CP. The Div Main CP has members of the division's general and special staffs, plus current and future combat operations activities. The Div Main CP assists the division commander by combining the details of combat operations and Threat activities and then processing this data to make command decisions throughout the division. The chief of staff exercises overall direction of the Div Main CP while the division operations officer (G3) has primary staff responsibility for its operation. The division commander rotates between the Div Main CP and Div TAC.

(a) Division operations directed from the main CP are--

  • Operations to disrupt and delay follow-on echelon forces.
  • Interdiction.
  • Divisional fire support.
  • EW operations.
  • Suppression of Threat air defenses.
  • Mobility, countermobility, and survivability, and general engineering operations.
  • Psychological operations.

(b) Figure 7-1 illustrates a typical Div Main CP showing the normal locations of standard elements. The division signal officer or the ADSO is at the Div Main CP. Continuous occupation in the G3 operations maintains close contact with the Div Main CP. The ADSO is the battle staff interface for the signal battalion and ensures information and battle situation are evaluated in signal terms and impact.

(2) The division tactical CP is a small, highly mobile package of selected personnel and equipment that provides command, control, and communications well forward. The tactical CP contains division staff elements concerned with current combat operations. It is the location of the assistant division commander (maneuver) (ADC-(M)). The tactical CP's objective is to place the ADC-M in the most effective position to maneuver the brigades and to influence the battle. There is only one actual tactical CP but sufficient communications assemblies are provided to accommodate displacements.

Figure 7-1. The Div Main CP extension internal connection.

(3) The division rear elements are located near the Div Rear CP. Coordination of CSS and rebuilding operations are directed from the rear CP. A rear CP separate from DISCOM may or may not be established. The rear CP may colocate with the Div Rear CP because of limited CNR assets and for access into the division multichannel system. The rear CP force sustainment operations are--

  • Administrative and logistics.
  • Civil affairs.
  • Chaplain activities.
  • Inspector general.
  • Staff Judge Advocate.
  • Division HHC maintenance, mess, and medical operations.

b. Single-channel net radios provide initial command, control, and communications at the division headquarters level and throughout the division. Threat EW capabilities determine our use of single-channel radio. Single-channel radio requires special considerations, especially when operated from static locations such as a CP area. Radio transmission is limited to information of an immediate operational nature. Table 7-1 shows the overall division radio net structure.

Rear Area Communications

a. Rear area operations are controlled by the Div Rear CP. This organization operates as part of division operations (G3) staff. The assistant division commander (support) (ADC-(S)) controls this organization. When deployed in the field, it is separated from division CP. Its mission function requires the division net structure to include the rear operations net. The size and violence of rear area operations cause increased participation in the net beyond the initial core. Rear area operations demand a separate net that controls and fights the rear area.

b. Four items are unique to the light division and require additional attention.

(1) Command operations are assumed to be in a sensitive compartmented intelligence facility (SCIF) environment; hence, the DTSE and special security office (SSO).

(2) Currently, the TACSATCOM link from the long-range surveillance detachment (LRSD) terminates at the reconnaissance squadron. Since the LRSD is a division asset, the satellite communications link should be received at the G2 where its mission taskings originate.

Table 7-1. Division radio net structure.

(3) The prisoner of war interrogation (IPW) element may have access to the Div Rear CP RATT to division if the element is colocated with the division trains. Courier communications is reliable and secure, but the timeliness is questionable. The IPW element has limited ability to communicate via FM secure. In most situations, it does not have the range to reach the Div Main CP. The radio link will be to the DISCOM S2. The IPW element needs a dedicated RATT link. Realizing that assets are not available within the MI battalion (6xRATT) or the division signal battalion (10xRATT), this link may be provided by echelons above division (EAD) with the interrogator plug needed for deployment.

(4) The tactical CP normally monitors this net, but it will have occasion to transmit.

The Maneuver Brigade

a. The brigade is one of the major subordinate commands of the division. When organized for combat, it normally consists of three to four tank or mechanized infantry battalions. When augmented, it can fight independently. The brigade is a potent force of infantry and armor. This force is built up by other fighting and supporting elements such as artillery, air defense, engineers, chemical, US Air Force aircraft, and attack helicopters. The brigade defends against attacking Threat formations and disrupts and destroys combat and support elements deep in the Threat's rear. This fighting force provides the battlefield structure. It is the fighter who digs in, holds the terrain, and denies Threat use or takes the fight to the Threat. The fighter must have versatility to fight on the integrated battlefield in any kind of terrain, weather, or visibility and against any kind of force.

b. The brigade commander is always fully engaged when controlling the battle for the battlefield point of decision. Communications provides command, control, and the intelligence needed to determine the point of decision. Total reliance is never deliberately placed on any single communications means. However, a single-channel radio is the primary communications for command and control in the maneuver brigade. Radio and wire must complement each other for overall maximum reliability, redundancy, and responsiveness.

c. A signal officer is assigned to the brigade staff to advise and assist the commander on all signal matters. The signal officer coordinates and supervises the technical training and employment of all communications personnel attached or organic to the brigade. The signal officer has operational control (OPCON) over the communications section in the brigade HHC. This officer supervises signal activities of the entire brigade.

d. The communications section is a part of each brigade HHC. Each platoon is organized and equipped to install, operate, and maintain the brigade internal communications system. Platoons also extend that system to subordinate battalions and other attached units when appropriate. The communications section operates the brigade organic retransmission station to extend brigade nets. (See Figure 7-2.)

Figure 7-2. Brigade radio net structure.

Brigade CP Communications

a. The brigade CP requires rapid, continuous, dependable, and flexible communications. Within hours, the brigade CP and forward CP displace to battlefield locations. The brigade uses vehicular-mounted and manpack radios. It establishes a RATT net with subordinate battalions in addition to voice nets. This net facilitates transmission of most hard copy traffic between headquarters. The brigade also operates in external radio nets. Its single-channel voice stations are provided from organic assets. However, the division signal battalion provides RATT stations for external nets.

b. The brigade has no organic means to enter the division multichannel communications system. The forward communications company of the division signal battalion provides multichannel terminal teams to each brigade. The terminal teams establish a site near each brigade headquarters to terminate multichannel systems. Other teams are set up as a part of the extension near the BSA. Figure 7-3 shows a typical wire distribution system for the brigade headquarters.

Figure 7-3. Brigade headquarters extension access node wiring configuration.

c. The brigade communications platoon and other brigade personnel install internal CP wire lines. The two lengths of 26-pair cables between the multichannel terminals and the brigade CP switchboard are the responsibility of the division signal battalion. The brigade communications platoon is often needed to help signal battalion personnel install the cable from the multichannel site. Tailgate circuits may be installed as the first priority link to allow circuits between the brigade and the division to be activated during displacement. This long local circuit (telephone and field wire) is extended from the binding posts of the AN/TRC-145 to the brigade TOC. These circuits are transferred to the local switchboard when cable systems are completed on site or maintained as a back up to the switchboard trunks. Reduction of the single-channel radio signature--the immediate goal--is realized. Installation priorities for other cables and wire lines will vary in brigades. Telephones serving the commander and key staff elements are usually installed first. Field fortifications and wire systems should be expanded and refined continuously.

d. The LID maneuver brigade has a unique method of operating on its intelligence net.

(l) The counterintelligence team may have to enter the brigade intelligence net. This may be necessary for two reasons. First, counterintelligence teams are equipped with AN/PRC-77 radios. When the AN/PRC-77 is used to transmit, the distance between transmitter and receiver is rela2tively short compared to the AN/VRC-46. When secure equipment is attached to the AN/PRC-77, its transmission power will be even less. Therefore, a counterintelligence team operating in an infantry brigade tactical area of responsibility (TAOR) might not be able to communicate with any element other than the brigade. Second, a counterintelligence team operating in a brigade TAOR may obtain critical/perishable information and must be able to cue the brigade S2 by radio. Indigenous wire systems secured with KL-43 and HYX-57 should be used. In some instances, coordination with allies for loan of their communications is advisable.

(2) In the event of heavy augmentation or an increase in current MI organizations in the LID, interrogation teams may be placed in a DS role to the brigade.

(3) AN/TRQ-30/32 signals intelligence (SIGINT) operators on position may gather highly critical/perishable information. They must be able to immediately cue the concerned brigade S2.

(4) IEW assets may not be placed in a DS role to the brigades because of the MI battalion's austere organization in the LID. However, the brigades still need to know about ongoing IEW operations within their respective TAORs. The technical control and analysis element (TCAE) may develop information of a highly critical/perishable nature. The concerned brigade S2 must be cued immediately.

(5) An IEW support team will be provided to each brigade in the event of an increase in MI assets.

The Brigade Support Area

a. A collection of support and service elements that make up the BSA is in the rear of the brigade CP. Its composition varies with the tactical situation and with the way the brigade is organized for combat. Figure 7-4 shows a typical wire distribution diagram for brigade support. The BSA includes--

  • Field trains of each subordinate combat battalion.
  • Elements of the brigade HHC.
  • Staff elements not required at the brigade headquarters.
  • Elements of the AB supporting the brigade.
  • Div Rear CP FSB.
  • Service elements of other units supporting or attached to the brigade.
  • Military Police (MP) platoon headquarters.

b. An extension node deploys to the BSA for communications support to all area units. Personnel and equipment for the extension node will be provided by a platoon of the forward communications company of the division signal battalion. The platoon provides the following services:

(1) NRI facilities to connect single-channel (FM) radio stations into the division telephone system.

(2) Secure multichannel communications terminals for entry into the division multichannel communications system.

(3) Automated switchboard service to provide switching of local area telephone circuits and trunks to permit all subscribers access into the division telephone network.

Figure 7-4. Brigade support extension switchboard configuration.

The Heavy Separate Brigade

The heavy separate brigade gives the theater or corps commander a flexible combat force. The theater or corps commander determines the brigade's direct combat employment. The decision depends on whether the separate brigade is a theater or corps asset. The separate brigade may be engaged in a separate action and may also reinforce another division. The separate brigade TOE must support its unique stand-alone role and must adapt to various missions at different command levels. The key to separate brigade flexibility is communications. A separate brigade's assignment to an unfamiliar headquarters emphasizes the need for clarity in communications responsibility. This clarity ensures command and control. The separate brigade's communications structure is designed to meet command adaptability.

a. The brigade signal office provides communications and COMSEC management. The brigade support battalion supplies COMSEC logistics. Internal brigade headquarters CP communications is installed by the brigade CP support and BSA signal platoons. These platoons have more personnel than the normal maneuver brigade communications platoon because their role is expanded in a separate brigade. The brigade signal platoons provide multichannel communications and other signal platoon services.

b. The brigade signal officer, a master sergeant, and a warrant officer are the cadre of the separate brigade signal office. The separate brigade signal office acts as a division signal office and signal battalion S3 in the absence of the division level headquarters. The brigade signal officer and the COMSEC warrant officer supervise COMSEC. Their duties include COMSEC software management and two-man account quality control.

c. The separate brigade is treated as a division when it acts as part of corps. The corps signal brigade terminates and extends service to the brigade CP. The separate brigade signal equipment is different and cannot terminate corps signal systems. The separate brigade equipment is used for internal communications and terminates division signal systems. The immobility of the corps signal equipment provides momentum to OPCON separate brigades to division for ease of command and control.

d. The signal platoons terminate the division multichannel system from two out of three area signal nodes when the separate brigade comes under the OPCON of a division. The DSO or staff directs the separate brigade signal platoon. Unless the DSO directs otherwise, the separate brigade signal platoon sets up multichannel communications priorities as follows:

  • Terminate division multichannel system at the brigade CP.
  • Establish multichannel link from the BSA/brigade support battalion to the brigade CP.
  • Provide alternate link from another division signal node to the brigade CP.

The Maneuver Battalion

a. The strength of the maneuver battalion is firepower. The communications system is used to direct and control firepower. The heavy maneuver battalion has four rifle or armor companies, an HHC with scout platoon, and a battalion mortar platoon. The light infantry battalion has three rifle companies and an HHC with a mortar platoon, anti-armor platoon, and scout platoon. When an engineer platoon is part of the battalion communications net, they are integrated into the battalion net structure. This assures synchronization of the mission.

b. The signal officer is assigned to the battalion staff. This officer maintains operational command and control of the communications platoon in the battalion headquarters company. The signal officer is responsible to the battalion commander for the status of all signal matters within the entire battalion. The signal officer must have a close working relationship with the entire battalion staff, especially the S3. This relationship must include the signal officer at brigade and subordinate signal personnel.

c. The battalion communications section--

(1) Installs, operates, and maintains internal battalion wire and telephone systems connecting the battalion TOC to each company CP. A reduction in strength eliminates this section's ability to install, operate, and maintain the wire system in the battalion.

(2) Installs, operates, and maintains a station in the brigade RATT net.

(3) Provides unit maintenance of signal equipment for the battalion headquarters and is a consolidation point for all battalion signal equipment evacuated to DS maintenance.

(4) Accounts for, stores as necessary, and distributes SOI materiel within the battalion headquarters and to subordinate units.

(5) Accounts for, stores as necessary, and distributes COMSEC equipment and materiel within the battalion headquarters and subordinate units.

(6) Provides all subordinate units with assistance and training to install, use, and maintain signal equipment.

(7) Provides a retransmission station.

(8) Provides all subordinate units with assistance and training on ECCM.

d. The single-channel radio is used for a mobile battalion. The battalion uses FM radio equipment on all radio nets except the battalion station in the brigade RATT net. (See Figure 7-5.) This station uses an HF radio for teletypewriter transmission or voice.

Figure 7-5. Battalion net structure.

e. The battalion uses its radio nets extensively while it is moving. However, field wire lines should become the primary communications when the battalion halts. The battalion wire system may be as big as time and wire assets allow. (See Figure 7-6.) The basic wire system should link the battalion TOC with each company CP. Other wire links are installed as necessary and as time permits. All personnel shown in Figure 7-6 may not be at the TOC but at the combat or field trains. Units designate where their switchboards are used to support the mission. Extreme care should be used when installing wire lines to protect them from being destroyed by tracked vehicles. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) style hooks, such as Haken Spann or instep field hook, should be used for hanging field wire or cable.

Figure 7-6. Battalion wire system.

Armored and Infantry Companies

Today's AirLand Battlefield is deadlier than ever. Each company must respond immediately with firepower and must maneuver to defeat the Threat. The commander must have absolute and immediate control over combat power and must depend on communications to win. Visual signals and CNR are the primary communications for these company commanders. (See Figure 7-7.) (In certain situations, wire may be the primary communications.) Armor units place little emphasis on wire communications. In assembly areas and in the defense, a wire system should be installed to eliminate radio traffic on company radio nets. The intensity of jamming expected in direct combat requires alternate signal means to be implemented. Visual signals must be coordinated before engagement.

Figure 7-7. Company radio net structure.

a. The commander primarily commands and controls the unit through the infantry company command and operations net.

b. The company fire control (FC) net is used for fire support planning between the fire support team (FIST) chief and platoon forward observers (FOs). Observers who are not field artillery (FA) can use this net for requesting supporting fires. Conversion to digital messages for TACFIRE is done at the FIST headquarters. The FC net may be used for employing laser guided munitions such as Hellfire or for emergency control of close air support. The net will also transmit fire commands to the company mortars in the mechanized units if company mortars are assigned.

c. No artillery platoon FO is in the tank FC net. The tank platoon leader performs the FO function. No company mortars are in the tank company. When armor and infantry organize as a team, FIST is provided through the infantry company.

d. The external company communications is two single-channel radio nets (battalion command net and administrative and logistical net) or wire lines extended from the battalion switchboard. (See Figures 7-8 and 7-9.)

Figure 7-8. Tank company wire system.

Figure 7-9. Infantry company wire system.

Infantry Platoon

The infantry platoon can fight with or without the support of its M-2 fire systems. It operates with tanks as part of the combinedarms team. The platoon leader gives orders to the squads and receives commands from the company commander through two single-channel radios mounted in the armored personnel carrier (APC). Wire, audible signaling devices, or arm-and-hand signals are used when radio transmissions are not advisable.

a. The platoon leader communicates with the squads on the platoon FM command and operations net. A single-channel radio on this net is used while moving. While dismounted, the platoon leader can remove this radio from the APC and use it as a backpack. The second radio is used in the company command and operations net.

b. The platoon leader uses a hot loop when radio transmissions are not advisable. Wire communications is an important part of the platoon leader's communications system. The hot loop is a continuous series of wire lines through the platoon switchboard that provides subscribers simultaneous telephone service similar to a party line. The hot loop is used primarily in assembly areas or defensive positions.

Tank Platoon

The tank platoon can fight a fast, changing battle in various combat situations. The platoon works well with mechanized infantry in a combined arms role. Tanks provide the mobility, armor protection, firepower, shock action, and communications needed to operate as part of the tank and infantry team on today's battlefield.

a. The tank platoon leader gives orders to tank crews and receives commands from the company commander by single-channel radio. Arm-and-hand signals are used when radio transmissions are not advisable. Wire is used in assembly areas or when the tanks are stopped for a considerable time. b. The platoon leader communicates with tank crews through the tank platoon command and operations net and with the company commander through the company command and operations net. The platoon leader uses arm-and-hand signals when radio transmissions are not advisable.

Armored and Mechanized Infantry Squads

All mechanized infantry squads and armored tank crews have three basic requirements. They must move, shoot, and communicate on the AirLand Battlefield. If the squad or crew fails in any requirement, defeat is almost assured.

a. In the infantry squad, the squad leader gives orders and communicates with the platoon leader by voice, by arm-and-hand signals, or by other signaling devices. The squad leader also communicates with the platoon leader by single-channel radio or by wire. While mobile, the squad leader uses the radio mounted in either the M-l13 APC or the M-2 Bradley and arm-and-hand signals to communicate with the platoon leaders. While dismounted, the squad leader uses a hand-held transceiver or dismounts the vehicle radio and uses it as a backpack. The squad leader uses the backpack radio to communicate with platoon leaders. In an assembly area or during a prolonged halt, the squad leader ties the APC into the platoon wire net (hot loop).

b. In the tank, the tank commander gives orders to the crew through the tank's intercom system. The tank commander communicates with the platoon leader with arm-and-hand signals, single-channel radio, or wire. While moving, the tank commander uses the single-channel radio in the tank to operate in the platoon command and operations net. During radio silence or when radio transmission is not advisable, the tank commander uses arm-and-hand signals to communicate with other tanks.

The Aviation Brigade

The AB is another major subordinate command of the division. The AB has an HHC, Attack Helicopter Company (ATKHC), AB general support (GS), two Attack Helicopter Battalions (ATKHBs), and the division cavalry squadron. Its mission is to find, fix, and destroy Threat forces by fire and maneuver as an integrated member of the combined arms team. The AB also conducts reconnaissance and airmobile and aerial logistics operations and provides command, control, aerial ECM, and direction finding to the division. It provides FA air observer aviation assets to DIVARTY. The AB gives the division commander a highly mobile, potent force with unity of command for all division aviation assets. The brigade headquarters maneuvers its two ATKHBs and other maneuver forces under its control, and separates the fighters from supporters, providing a lethal addition to the combined arms team.

a. Single-channel radio is the primary communications because of AB's mobility. Other available communications are messenger, wire, sound, and visual. Although each may be used on today's battlefield, they complement radio or provide alternate communications as the tactical situation dictates. Figure 7-10 shows AB internal single-channel radio nets.

b. The HHC contains the command section, the airspace management section, and the Class III/V platoon.

Figure 7-10. AB radio net structure.

c. The brigade signal officer coordinates with the ADSO for multichannel support. The communications platoon installs, operates, and maintains the brigade headquarters communications equipment. (See Figures 7-11 and 7-12.)

d. The multichannel team of the division signal battalion and the communications platoon of the brigade cooperate in the installation of wire circuits. While the brigade communications platoon installs wire lines in the CP, the multichannel terminal team of the signal battalion installs two lengths of 26-pair cable (ground laid) between the terminal and the switchboard. This is done more quickly with a combined effort.

e. The AB wire system is a combination of field wire circuits and those established through the division multichannel system. The AB staff uses these circuits--

  • To coordinate activities with higher and lower headquarters.
  • To assist the commander in command and control.
  • To communicate with brigade subordinate elements and division.
  • To distribute plans and orders.

Attack Helicopter Battalions

The AB's maneuver elements are two ATKHBs and the cavalry squadron. They find, fix, and destroy Threat armored and motorized forces. They serve as an important member of the combined arms team.

a. The ATKHB has a headquarters and service company and three ATKHCs. The headquarters and service company refuels, rearms, and repairs the maneuver elements of the battalion. The ATKHC destroys and disrupts Threat armored forces. The companies are used by the battalion commander for offensive and defensive operations as well as special operations such as rear battle operations and raids.

Figure 7-11.AB external radio nets.

Figure 7-12. AB wire system diagram.

b. The attack helicopter units provide highly maneuverable anti-armor firepower. They are employed when rapid reaction time is critical or when ground forces are restricted by terrain. They perform overwatch operations, attack the flanks and rear of Threat formations, conduct raids in Threat-held territory, and dominate key terrain.

c. The headquarters and service company consists of the command section, flight operations section, service platoon, and supply platoon. The company provides command, control, communications, and CSS for the battalion. The communications and avionics elements of the service platoon provide equipment and personnel to install, operate, and maintain battalion communications equipment.

d. The tactical communications chief supervises the S3 communications element and is responsible for installation, operation, and maintenance of the battalion communications systems.

e. Command and control in the ATKHB uses the following internal radio nets:

  • Command VHF-FM net.
  • Administrative and logistical VHF-FM net (air/air).
  • Air and ground UHF-AM net.

Figure 7-13 shows the ATKHB wire system; Figure 7-14 shows the ATKHB radio net structure.

f. Each ATKHC has its own command net to control scouts and attack helicopters.

Cavalry Squadron

The mission of the division cavalry squadron is reconnaissance within, to the front, on the flanks, and to the rear of the division area. The importance of reconnaissance reaffirms the need for timely and accurate information. Parts of the cavalry squadron perform surveillance, acquire information, locate Threat units, and aid in the command and control of friendly units. Engineer units may be integrated for some missions.

a. The cavalry squadron includes the headquarters and headquarters troop (HHT), two ground cavalry troops, and two air cavalry troops. The LID has only one ground cavalry troop.

Figure 7-13. ATKHB wire system.

Figure 7-14. ATKHB radio net structure.

(1) The HHT has--

  • A squadron headquarters section.
  • Sl and S2 sections.
  • S3 and S4 sections.
  • A communications platoon.
  • A support platoon.
  • A medical platoon.
  • A maintenance platoon.
  • An NBC reconnaissance platoon.
  • A sensor platoon.
  • An aviation unit maintenance (AVUM) platoon.
  • A motorcycle platoon.
  • A fire support element.

(2) Each of the two ground cavalry troops has--

  • A headquarters section.
  • A mortar section.
  • Three scout platoons.
  • A troop maintenance section.

(3) Each of the two air cavalry troops has--

  • A troop headquarters section.
  • An aeroscout platoon containing six scout helicopters.
  • An attack helicopter platoon containing four attack helicopters.

b. Cavalry squadron missions encompass all parts of the battlefield. The reconnaissance platoon provides cross-country mobility, agility, and speed. It complements the ground and air cavalry troops by conducting reconnaissance where Threat contact is unlikely. The NBC reconnaissance platoon's mission is to minimize the effects of NBC attacks by locating NBC hazards. Units can be warned to avoid contamination if operationally feasible. Either of these platoons may conduct reconnaissance or be attached to ground or air cavalry troops.

c. The NBC reconnaissance platoon normally operates in conjunction with other cavalry ground troops and not as a separate platoon.

d. An engineer unit may be integrated into the cavalry squadron organization to support the mission.

e. Command and control within a cavalry squadron is extensive and critical. The cavalry squadron normally functions under division control but will often operate under brigade control. The communications nets in which the cavalry squadron operates are shown in Figure 7-15.

Figure 7-15. Cavalry squadron radio net structure.

f. Internal communications is critical for command, control, and coordination of the elements within the squadron.

g. The cavalry squadron relies heavily on single-channel radio to achieve success. The squadron has a signal officer and a communications platoon in the headquarters troop. The signal officer advises the squadron commander on using the communications system. The signal officer is also the communications platoon leader. The platoon installs, operates, and maintains the squadron communications system at the headquarters level. (See Figure 7-16.) The signal officer is assisted by a communications chief.

Figure 7-16.Armored cavalry squadron wire system.

The Combat Support Aviation Battalion and Attack Helicopter Company General Support

The heavy division is supported by combat support aviation battalion (CSAB) and attack helicopter company general support (AHC GS). The AHC GS provides aviation support to DIVARTY, brigade, division headquarters, and limited medical evacuation. CSAB provides the aerial movement of troops, supplies, equipment, and air assault operations. The aircraft maintenance company (AMC) assigned to DISCOM provides aviation intermediate maintenance (AVIM) maintenance for division aircraft.

a. The AHC aircraft operate in the supported unit's nets and are fully equipped for command and control by the division commander and staff, major subordinate commanders, and the FA air observer.

b. One platoon of the air traffic control (ATC) company forward is assigned to support the division. The ATC units are assigned to the AB. The ATC platoons communication requirements are described in detail in FM 1-103.

The Division Artillery Headquarters

In addition to controlling its organic and attached FA units and conducting fire planning for the division, two essential missions of the DIVARTY are counterfire and interdiction.

a. Counterfire is suppressing, neutralizing, or destroying Threat indirect fire systems capable of firing on friendly forces. Threat systems can be attacked by fire or electronic means. Targets include mortars, cannons, missiles, and rocket systems. The target can be the actual weapon, the command and control elements, the communications, the observers or target acquisition elements, and the support systems. Targets also include air defense systems. Subtasks of counterfire include maneuver, target acquisition, battle control, target processing, target attack, and attack assessment.

b. Interdiction is disrupting, neutralizing, delaying, or destroying Threat forces that are neither in LOS nor capable of direct fire against friendly forces. Interdiction targets include first-echelon units not participating in a direct fire battle and second-echelon regiments. Additional targets include critical CPs, key air defense systems, airfields, nuclear and chemical delivery units, logistic centers, and key avenues of approach. FA scatterable mines can delay, disrupt, or channel follow-on forces. Other subtasks are maneuver, receipt of target information, battle control, target processing, target attack, and attack assessment.

c. The current FA command and control system that meets the challenge of modern combat is the TACFIRE. When used with other FA equipment, TACFIRE provides the maneuver commander with a system that can detect targets, allocate firepower, and provide fire support within seconds. Highly automated equipment can rapidly and accurately determine target data and can transmit that data to the command and control team. TACFIRE provides the means to receive targeting information, allocate firepower, compute ballistic firing data, and send fire orders to FA weapons.

(1) TACFIRE is an electronically integrated command and control information system that also processes fire missions. It is the key to the fire support system. TACFIRE receives, stores, combines, and sorts target reports.

(2) TACFIRE is an information system dependent on its communications links to exchange data to bring accurate and devastating fire on the Threat.

d. Successful counterfire and interdiction missions depend on effective command, control, and communications. Ideally, the DIVARTY has--

  • Secure FM radio (voice/data).
  • Improved high frequency (IHF) (voice/facsimile).
  • Multichannel radio (telephone/facsimile).
  • Wire.
  • RATT

The DIVARTY signal officer matches these communications assets against needs. This officer is involved in everything from selecting CP locations to planning essential communications circuits. The signal officer's plans are carried out by the DIVARTY communications platoon in DIVARTY headquarters and headquarters battery (HHB) and by subordinate unit communications officers and platoons. Specific platoon missions are supervised and controlled by the platoon leader (assistant signal officer) and platoon sergeant or communications chief.

(1) Single-channel radio usually satisfies initial needs for basic communications. The DIVARTY operates in the single-channel nets shown in Figure 7-17. Radio sets must be arranged so that split operations, dispersion of assets, and other ECCM techniques are not hindered while also providing flexibility.

(2) The DIVARTY wire communications system combines wire circuits and multichannel circuits. (See Figure 7-18.) The extent of the system depends upon movement of the DIVARTY headquarters and its subordinate units. Priority circuits are those established for the conduct of fire and for fire support coordination and planning. To set up the required circuits, DIVARTY uses the wire laying assets of the headquarters battery and any attached or reinforcing FA brigades.

(a) Normally, DIVARTY installs lines to all of its subordinate units. To establish circuits to the DS battalions, the wire teams of the DIVARTY communications platoon--

  • Lay field wire circuits to the DS battalions.
  • Connect the DS battalions through the multichannel system established at each of the supported maneuver brigades.
  • Use a combination of both methods.

Figure 7-17. DIVARTY radio net structure in the heavy division.

Figure 7-18. DIVARTY switchboard wire diagram.

(b) Installation of a traditional DIVARTY wire system can be affected by the size and conditions of the battlefield. Signal plans must identify circuit priorities for the DIVARTY wire teams--ensuring continuous circuit availability to all subordinate units may be impossible. The division multichannel system can relieve the demand for long distance tactical wire circuit installation. However, detailed coordination between the DIVARTY signal officer and the division signal officer is essential.

(c) DIVARTY uses minimal wire communications in the light division. The rapid movement of artillery batteries, plus their wide dissemination on the battlefield, precludes the use of wire teams. Wire is used for internal wiring at headquarters locations.

(3) The forward communications company of the division signal battalion provides the DIVARTY with one multichannel terminal for access into the division telephone system. Installation of the terminal is the responsibility of the terminal team. This team will install two lengths of 26-pair cable between the terminal and the DIVARTY switchboard. In most cases, however, the DIVARTY communications platoon shares this responsibility. Normally, cable installation has top priority because it links DIVARTY with its subordinate units and fire support element (FSE) throughout the division.

(a) The terminal may locate a long distance away from the DIVARTY headquarters. Field wire or cable ties in circuits installed at the headquarters.

(b) Multichannel systems are ACUS. Additional basic circuits are installed by wire. However, the fire control circuits are sole user installed over the multichannel system and should be backed up with field wire circuits when possible.

e. The GS battery gives range to the DIVARTY's effectiveness in the light division. The battery operates with two battery computer systems (BCSs) so the split-gun configuration can be employed with this eight-gun battery of M-198. (See Figures 7-19 and 7-20.)

Field Artillery Battalions

The FA can provide continuous fire support for the commander's scheme of maneuver. FA is capable of suppressing direct and indirect fires of the Threat. Effective fire support depends on good communications at every level. The FA commander relies on the communications system to control the elements of the command and to coordinate their fires.

a. Successful communications for TACFIRE is the key to the FA fire and direction system. TACFIRE receives targeting information, allocates firepower, computes ballistic firing data, and sends fire commands to firing units. TACFIRE communicates with standard contemporary radio (FM, IHF), wire, and multichannel communications. The TACFIRE communications control unit (CCU) allows integration of any communications on any net. The CCU allows rapid netting reconfiguration. This provides the FA a rapid, high speed, data communications capability. This unit greatly increases the speed and distances over which messages can be sent.

b. The communications system of the FA battalion must satisfy both internal and external needs. Observers and FIST headquarters must transmit calls for fires and corrections over great distances without delay. The fire support officer (FSO) and fire direction center (FDC) must coordinate the attack on targets and quickly send fire commands to the weapons. External communications provides interface over long distances with higher headquarters, reinforcing units, and other diverse elements.

c. Each armored and mechanized (A/M) infantry DIVARTY has three 155-millimeter self-propelled battalions, one target acquisition battery, one composite 8-inch Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) battalion or one MLRS battery, and one HHB DIVARTY. Each FA battalion has a communications platoon with radio and wire sections, a communications platoon leader (assistant signal officer), and a battalion signal officer in its HHB. The battalion signal officer is a member of the commander's staff. This staff officer advises the commander and staff on ECCM, signal security, COMSEC, signal maintenance, communications training, and site location. The signal officer plans, coordinates, and supervises the installation of the battalion's communications system.

Figure 7-19.DIVARTY GS battery, firing platoon headquarters in the light division.

Figure 7-20. DIVARTY GS battery, firing platoon fire direction center (FDC) in the light division.

d. Each light infantry DIVARTY has three 105-millimeter battalions, one 155-millimeter battery, and one HHB DIVARTY. Each battalion has a communications platoon in its HHB, a communications section in each firing battery, and a battalion signal officer. The battalion signal officer advises the commander and staff on ECCM, signal security, communications training, and site location. The battalion signal officer plans, coordinates, and supervises the installation of the battalion's communications system.

e. The communications platoon consists of a communications chief or platoon sergeant, a platoon headquarters, a RATT section, and unit level communications maintainers, operators, and radio mechanics. The platoon installs and maintains the communications for the battalion CP, the battalion trains, and the communications links to supported and subordinate units.

f. The communications systems in the FA battalions have different capabilities and limitations. Radio (FM, IHF), wire, messenger, and visual signal systems should complement each other. Total dependence should not be placed on any one system. Reliability and flexibility of communications are increased by using all systems. The battalion communications system must be secure, easily displaced, and quickly reinstalled.

g. The typical single-channel radio nets in the FA DS battalion and the GS battalion are shown in Figures 7-21, 7-22, and 7-23.

h. The size of the battalion wire system depends on the time and resources available. Battlefield dynamics often prevent the installation of an entire wire system. The battalion signal officer must prioritize the wire circuits of the battalion. The question is whether the installation of a particular circuit will allow a reduction in radio subscribers. Generally, the wire system duplicates the radio nets of the battalion. The installed wire becomes the primary communications. Wire circuits to subordinate batteries reduce the radio traffic load on the nets. If the battalion is performing a DS mission, circuits to the brigade CP and brigade FSO should be established. CUs have access into the brigade switchboard for communications with battalion FSOs and FIST chiefs and into the division multichannel system. The access provides the FA battalion FDC with a link through the multichannel to the DIVARTY TOC. Four wire teams are assigned to a DS artillery battalion communications platoon. (See Figures 7-24 and 7-25.)

Figure 7-21. FA battalion DS radio net structure.

Figure 7-22. Cannon battery radio net structure.

Figure 7-23. MLRS battery radio net structure.

Figure 7-24. DS battalion telephone and circuit distribution diagram.

Figure 7-25. Intrabattery wire system.

(1) Three of the wire teams are responsible for establishing wire communications with the three firing batteries.

(a) First priority is the line from the battalion TACFIRE to each battery computer system. These lines transmit firing data and fire missions.

(b) Second priority is the line from the battery command switchboard to the battalion command switchboard. This is a voice circuit used for command and control as well as administrative and logistical traffic.

(2) The fourth wire team sets up supporting-to-supported unit communications.

(a) First priority is the wire line from the battalion TACFIRE to the brigade FSO's variable format message entry devices (VFMED).

(b) Second priority is a line from the battalion TACFIRE to the multichannel shelter at the brigade headquarters extension or support extension (whichever is closer) to pick up a prerouted digital circuit to the DIVARTY TACFIRE.

(c) Third priority is a voice circuit between the DS battalion switchboard and the brigade or signal extension node switchboard for ACUS access throughout the brigade and division telephone system.

(3) Other lines within the DS battalion CP are installed by the user or subscriber.

The Division Support Command in the Heavy Division

DISCOM is the major subordinate command that provides CSS to the division.

a. The DISCOM has a headquarters and headquarters company/material management center (HHC/MMC), a main support battalion, three forward support battalions, and an AMC. The DISCOM CP is usually located in the division rear area. The HHC/MMC and the main/support battalion are normally located in the DSA.

b. The DISCOM units in the DSA normally access the area communications system through the signal battalion DISCOM/Div Rear CP node. In some cases, the main support battalion may not be colocated with the DISCOM CP and tie in through various switchboards based on tactical laydown. The AMC ties into the area system based on location, normally the division airfield.

c. The FSBs access the division communications system through signal extensions. These signal extensions are installed and operated by the forward communications company of the division signal battalion.

d. The division command operations company of the division signal battalion provides a signal extension node at the DISCOM CP/Div Rear CP. (See Figure 7-26.)

Figure 7-26. DISCOM extension.

e. The division signal battalion provides communications services to the FSB. Other units in this area also receive services from the signal extension node. (See Figure 7-27.) The signal extension at the DISCOM CP provides division-level communications services to DISCOM and to its battalions. However, DISCOM operates an internal communications system partly through its single-channel radio nets for command and control. (See Figure 7-28.)

f. The internal CP wire communications of the division support command is partially installed by a wire team from the signal support operations platoon of the division signal battalion. Much of the installation of wire and phones must be done with organic assets. Elements of DISCOM in the division forward areas are connected by the DISCOM units with cable or wire to the extension. Figures 7-29, 7-30, and 7-31 depict the wire system for DISCOM, each of its battalions, and the division materiel management center (DMMC).

Figure 7-27. Brigade support extension FSB and brigade trains.

Figure 7-28. DISCOM radio net structure.

Figure 7-29. DISCOM HHC/MMC wire system.

Figure 7-30. Main support battalion wire system.

Figure 7-31.FSB wire system.

The Division Support Command in the Light Division

a. The HHC of the DISCOM is located in the DSA. It commands and controls organic and attached units and provides planning, direction, and supervision of logistics and medical support elements in support of the division. The DMMC is located in the DSA and materiel management net to supervise supply and maintenance operations. The three forward area support coordination officers (FASCOs) are organic to the DISCOM HHC; one operates in each BSA. They coordinate logistics and medical support for units operating in each brigade area. (See Figure 7-32.)

b. The maintenance battalion has a headquarters, a main support company, and three forward support maintenance companies. The headquarters and main support company are located in the DSA. The forward support companies are located in the BSA. The battalion provides DS maintenance management and operations for the division and Class IX support less aviation and medical.

(1) Maintenance support and capabilities depend on consolidated organizational maintenance, with the bulk of the maintenance being consolidated in the DSA. Although the BSA performs minimal DS, there is heavy use of repairable exchange, maintenance exchange item (MEI), and operational readiness float (ORF). Maintenance priorities are to discard, exchange, evacuate, and finally, fix in division.

(2) The communications nets within the maintenance battalion provide command and control for internal operations. (See Figures 7-33, 7-34, and 7-35.)

c. The support battalion has a headquarters and headquarters detachment (HHD) and supply company, a transportation motor transport company, and three forward supply companies. The forward supply companies are located in the BSA. The rest of the battalion is located in the DSA. The battalion provides DS supply for Classes I, II, III (packaged and bulk), IV, and VII. It also supplies ground transportation for distribution of supplies and equipment; water supply and distribution; and three ammunition transfer points (ATPs) in the BSA for transloading ammunition from corps transportation vehicles to using unit vehicles. When augmented, the battalion also provides graves registration (GRREG) and clothing exchange and bath (CEB) services.

(1) The support battalion is usually located within the DSA. The support battalion uses the DISCOM communications network set up by the division signal battalion.

(2) The headquarters and supply company provide command and control over the operating and support units assigned or attached to the battalion.

(3) One forward supply company is located in each BSA to conduct DS for Classes I, II, III, IV, and VII supply operations.

(4) The transportation motor transport (TMT) company is usually located close to the support battalion headquarters. The TMT company provides transportation for unit distribution of Classes II, IV, and IX supplies and for troops in support of division operations. The company command/operations net maintains control of truck platoons. (See Figures 7-36, 7-37, and 7-38.)

Figure 7-32. Light DISCOM HHC/MMC wire system.

Figure 7-33. Main support company, maintenance battalion wire system.

Figure 7-34. Forward support maintenance company maintenance battalion LID.

Figure 7-35. Headquarters and light maintenance company wire system, maintenance battalion.

Figure 7-36. HHD wire net diagram, support battalion.

Figure 7-37.Forward supply company wire net diagram, support battalion.

Figure 7-38. TMT company wire net diagram, support battalion.

d. The medical battalion has a headquarters and support company and three forward support medical companies (FSMCs). The headquarters provides divisionwide support for preventive medicine, mental health, optometry, and medical supply (Class VIII) and maintenance management and operations. The medical support companies have identical organizations providing unit and division level health service on an area basis. One company is located with the battalion in the DSA. The three forward support companies are located in the BSA. All companies provide treatment, holding, and evacuation. Aeromedical evacuation is conducted by corps units IAW the division medical battalion. (See Figures 7-39 and 7-40.)

e. The transportation aircraft maintenance company (TAMC) provides aviation intermediate maintenance support and aircraft repair parts supply support. (See Figure 7-41.)

f. The AMC is located in the DSA or near the division airhead or airfield. It provides DS to the division for aircraft, aircraft armaments, avionics, and aircraft peculiar items of grand support equipment.

g. Communications support for the DISCOM and its subordinate units is achieved by several means. It depends on the signal battalion to provide multichannel area system to tie together its divisionwide command, control, and functional requirements for the passage of voice, data, and facsimile traffic. The HHC DISCOM and its battalion provide switchboard operated by the command communications company. Each unit of the DISCOM has an organic wire system for internal communications and ties into this area system depending on the tactical laydown. Those DISCOM elements that operate forward in the brigade area tie into the area system through the FASC extension located in the BSA. Internal DISCOM wire systems are shown in Appendix C. The DISCOM also uses CNR for command, control, and rear operations. The radio nets are shown in Appendix C.

The Air Defense Artillery Battalion

As the proponent for the air defense battlefield operating system (BOS), ADA has the main responsibility for air defense of friendly forces across the battlefield. ADA translates the responsibility into a four fold mission: Ensure the combined arms team retains freedom of maneuver, protect critical command and control nodes, sustain the battle, and kill the enemy aircraft the first time.

a. Threat air attacks are conducted by fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft, cruise missiles, drones, remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs), tactical ballistic and air-to-surface missiles, airborne jammers, and airborne and airmobile assault forces. The attacker selects air routes based on terrain, weather, and allied air defense capabilities. The heavy and light ADA battalion provides short-range air defense (SHORAD) coverage for critical assets in the division. The ADA battalion is organized with an HHB and four firing batteries. The battalion defends division assets in support of the division commander's air defense concept of the operation.

b. The ADA battalion provides the light division the majority of its air defense. The ADA battalion has an HHB and three firing batteries. The reduced size of the ADA battalion is based on the minimal size of any Threat air activity in the initial stages of a low-intensity conflict.

Figure 7-39. Battalion headquarters and support company wire diagram, medical battalion.

Figure 7-40. FSMC wire diagram, medical battalion.

Figure 7-41. TAMC wire net diagram, DISCOM.

c. Command, control, and coordination are essential for successful employment of air defense within the division. The ADA battalion commander must have secure and speedy communications with staff and subordinate commanders. Therefore, the battalion is designed with internal communications that allows the battalion commander to direct operations and provide early warning information. The battalion also operates in external communications nets, which allow the commander and other battalion elements to keep abreast of division operations. The battalion has a retransmission frequency and the communications platoon operates the battalion FM retransmission station. (See Figure 7-42.)

d. The ADA battalion signal officer serves on the battalion staff and directs the headquarters battery communications section. The signal officer plans and supervises the battalion communications system and coordinates integration into the division system. The communications chief assists the signal officer and is the first line supervisor of the communications section.

e. The battalion headquarters battery and each firing battery have a communications section with radio operators and radio mechanics. This section installs, operates, and maintains the battery communications system.

f. Frequent and rapid moves to keep up with the displacements of supported units make single-channel radio essential in the ADA battalion. Firing batteries and their fire units are positioned from the battle's forward edge to the division's rear boundary. Because of the distances involved, field wire lines are not usually installed between the battalion headquarters and its batteries. However, telephone communications are available to the ADA units through supported units.

g. Each ADA firing platoon installs wire circuits to its fire units from the platoon switchboard when possible. (See Figure 7-43.) In turn, the ADA battery installs wire circuits to each platoon from its switchboard. The battery also ties into the switchboard of the supported unit. If an ADA platoon is too far from its battery headquarters for direct wire lines, it ties into the nearest signal extension. In that case, the battery headquarters also ties into the nearest extension or area signal node. The completed system provides each unit, from the firing unit to the ADA battery, access to the division telephone system. It also provides unit-to-unit access.

h. The ADA battalion headquarters has access to the division communications system through a multichannel terminal team provided by the division signal battalion. The terminal team sets up near the ADA battalion CP and installs a multichannel system. This system provides the ADA battalion switchboard access into the division ACUS. (See Figure 7-44.) Cable furnished by the division signal battalion is installed by the terminal team and ADA battalion communications section personnel.

i. The ADA battalion operations section also has ACUS access to the airspace management elements at division main.

Figure 7-42. ADA battalion radio net structure in the heavy/light division.

Figure 7-43. Wire system for the heavy division ADA battalion.

Figure 7-44.Wire diagram for the light division ADA battalion.

j. Logistical operations are coordinated through the ADA administrative and logistical net.

The Engineer Battalion

The engineer battalion's mission is to provide mobility, countermobility, and survivability on the battlefield. The engineers are needed to defeat the Threat. Additional engineer battalions and engineer companies, from corps and adjacent divisions, can operate in the division area at one time.

a. Mobility aids friendly battlefield movement by reducing or negating the effects of natural or man-made obstacles on units or supply movement. Subtasks of the engineer battalion during mobility operations include--

  • Breaching and removing obstacles.
  • Supporting deliberate river crossing operations and building assault bridges for short gaps.
  • Preparing and maintaining essential combat routes for communications and supply.
  • Clearing debris in built-up areas.
  • Breaching and clearing mine fields.
  • Controlling area damage.

b. Countermobility slows the Threat by disrupting and disorganizing its force and provides time, space, and survivability for maneuver and fire forces. Engineer obstacles reinforce the terrain's natural strength to reduce Threat mobility and make the Threat vulnerable to our direct weapon and observed indirect weapon fires.

c. The engineer battalion aids survivability of friendly forces by providing specialized equipment and materials to prepare primary and secondary battle positions, to dig in key weapon systems, and to assist command, control, and logistics operations.

d. The division engineers allocate units and equipment to forward engineer companies based on the tactical mission. They also allocate support to the maneuver brigades in coordination with the division commander and G3.

e. Command and control within the engineer battalion is done by single-channel radio. However, access into the division communications systems is available through a multichannel terminal provided by the signal battalion at the battalion headquarters. A RATT terminal is also provided by the signal battalion for access into the division level RATT net. An organic SSB voice radio is used to access the division HF voice net.

f. The engineer battalion has a communications section with a tactical communications chief, radio and switchboard operators, and unit level communications maintainers to install, operate, and maintain organic signal and associated equipment. It has retransmission capability. The communications section operates the retransmission station to extend the battalion nets.

g. The battalion signal staff officer has operational control of the battalion headquarters communications section. The signal officer is the staff supervisor over each company communications section and is directly responsible to the battalion commander for all communications.

h. Figures 7-45 and 7-46 show the engineer battalion radio net structure. Figures 7-47, 7-48, and 7-49 show the wire system for the engineer battalion.

The Military Intelligence Battalion

The MI battalion provides intelligence, EW, and counterintelligence support to the division. Battalion assets include interrogators, counterintelligence personnel, ground surveillance radars, and EW systems such as TEAMPACK, tactical jamming (TACJAM), and TRAILBLAZER. The MI battalion detects important Threat nets, intercepts its traffic, and employs direction finding (DF). Locating the Threat and intercepting its messages at critical periods contribute directly to the success of combat operations. The commander receives critical battlefield information and intelligence and directs ECM to hamper Threat communications. The MI battalion has a headquarters and headquarters service (HHS) company, a collection and jamming (C&J)company, an intelligence and surveillance (I&S) company, and an EW company (heavy division only). The HHS company has a communications platoon with RATT and telecommunications center sections. The platoon installs, operates, and maintains organic systems at the MI battalion TOC. The platoon also has a signal maintenance section to provide unit and intermediate forward maintenance on organic signal equipment. The communications section of the C&J company and the EW company install and maintain RATT systems and radio retransmission at the forward deployed SIGINT/EW platoons.

a. The battalion signal officer supervises communications personnel and manages assets. A communications chief assists the signal officer. The signal officer, as a special staff officer to the battalion commander, advises the commander on all signal matters. This includes--

  • Establishing priorities for communications in support of tactical operations.
  • Developing signal operations plans.
  • Coordinating communications requirements within battalion staff elements.
  • Coordinating EW Threat capabilities with the battalion operations section.

Figure 7-45. Heavy division engineer battalion radio net structure.

Figure 7-46. Light division engineer battalion radio net structure.

Figure 7-47. Wire system for the heavy division engineer battalion.

Figure 7-48. Light division engineer battalion wire diagram.

Figure 7-49. Light division engineer company wire diagram.

b. The MI battalion provides internal command and control through single-channel radio communications. The division signal battalion provides additional signal support through the division multichannel system. The forward communications company provides the MI battalion a multichannel terminal to access the division multichannel system and a RATT terminal to access the division GP RATT net.

c. Extensive radio communications within the battalion for command, control, and coordination exist in addition to the external FM/voice/data radio nets entered by the MI battalion. These internal nets must be operated to collect and disseminate intelligence for the division. There may be less capability in divisions other than heavy. (See Figure 7-50.)

(1) The MI battalion command and operations net (FM) is used by the MI battalion commander for command, control, and coordination.

(2) The MI battalion operations net (FM) is the principal operations net in the MI battalion. It is used for the asset tasking, coordinating, and tactically controlling deployed IEW elements. The MI battalion operations net is used for asset tasking of IEW company teams and GS counterintelligence and interrogation teams. Counterintelligence and interrogation teams report to the division tactical operations center support element (DTOCSE) using division ACUS communications (for example, multichannel and GP RATT systems).

(3) The MI battalion administrative and logistics net coordinates CSS requirements internal to the MI battalion. Its primary subscribers are the maintenance teams of the battalion HHS company and service support platoons or elements found in each of the operating companies of the MI battalion. The service support platoons or elements deploy with their parent company headquarters task reorganized as an IEW company team. Colocated with the company team headquarters section, the service support platoon or element provides communications with the MI battalion trains for the company team commander.

(4) The MI battalion C&J tasking and reporting nets (FM) are used for SIGINT and EW tasking and reporting and for passing technical data to the deployed C&J platoons. Due to the distances between stations, a retransmission capability may be required for effective FM communications. The intelligence electronic warfare surveillance element (IEWSE) at the brigade CP monitors the C& tasking and reporting net for elements in the brigade sector to provide rapid reporting of combat information and intelligence derived from SIGINT to the brigade S2.

(a) In addition, C&J tasking and reporting nets (RATT) connect the TCAE to each C&J platoon for record traffic. Each C&J platoon terminates a TCAE NCS HF RATT net. A separate full duplex net exists for each C&J platoon.

(b) Upon receipt of missions from the TCAE via the FM or RATT tasking and reporting nets, the transcription and analysis (T&A) team will task subordinate teams of the platoon via the C&J platoon's internal tasking and reporting net. Each inner C&J platoon operates such a net.

Figure 7-50. MI battalion radio net structure.

(5) SIGINT tasking and reporting nets (RATT and FM) connect the TCAE to the SIGINT processing platoon analysis section for record traffic and operational taskings and reporting. The primary net, RATT, is wired to the primary master control station (MCS) of the TRAILBLAZER system to permit automatic transmission of DF reports from the computer of the primary MCS to the TCAE. The FM net is used only when the HF RATT network is inoperable or when a backlog of operational traffic exists. UHF data links connect the TRAILBLAZER MCS to the outstations. A data link will also connect the noncommunications intercept teams when upgraded equipment is fielded.

(6) The flight platoon operations section is tasked by the TCAE for Quick Fix missions. Mission tasking and technical data to support this tasking is provided to the platoon operations center over the Quick Fix flight platoon tasking and reporting net before to mission execution to allow maximum operational time by SIGINT and EW operations while aloft. SIGINT and EW operators within the Quick Fix aircraft provide immediate tactical reporting to only those priority collection tasks stated in the tasking message using on-board UHF and VHF communications systems netted with the TCAE. For data collected of a general information and intelligence nature, reports are normally provided at the conclusion of the Quick Fix mission to allow maximum time for collection operations. As a general rule, when Quick Fix SIGINT and EW operators are communicating reports while aloft, they must cease collection operations.

(7) The MI battalion uses wire to communicate between elements internal to the TCAE, between elements at the battalion TOC, and between the battalion TOC and trains. The battalion wire system also interfaces with the division multichannel system providing access to other units within the division multichannel system. The MI battalions main switchboard is located at the MI battalion TOC. The AN/MSC-31 communications operations center is positioned and manned by the MI battalion's communications platoon to serve as the battalion's main integrating communications center. It provides access from the internal SB-22 switchboard to the division main switchboard through the division multichannel system by way of its interface with the AN/TRC-145(V) radio terminal. Figure 7-51 depicts the wire lines to and from the battalion's main switchboard, which connects sections and elements of the battalion. The headquarters section of the HHS company provides an SB-22 switchboard for the battalion trains locations. This switchboard is in the trains operations center set up by the S4 and XO. It is connected by wire or cable to the MI battalion main switchboard at the TOC or to the nearest unit switchboard. The SB-22 switchboard provides communications between the battalion trains and other CSS organizations and staff within the division. The TCAE employs an SB-22 switchboard for telephone communications internal to the TCAE.

Figure 7-51. MI battalion wire system diagram.

Long-Range Surveillance Detachment

The LRSD provides the division commander with human intelligence (HUMINT) about second echelon and follow-on Threat forces in the division's area of interest, about 50 kilometers (31 miles) forward of the FLOT. Mission requirements for the LRSD are determined by the G2 in coordination with the other staff sections; they reflect the division commander's priority intelligence requirements (PIR) and intelligence requirements (IR). LRSD transmits its information back to the LRSD operations center closely located to the Div Main CP where it will be evaluated. LRSD teams use sophisticated communications equipment to transmit their findings to the LRSD operations center. LRSD uses IHFR. Future planning envisions TACSAT communications augmenting and complimenting IHFR. LRSD is organic to the MI battalion at division. Figure 7-52 shows division LRSD IHFR.

The Military Police Company

The MP company provides essential support to tactical commanders. This support is concentrated on MP combat operations and combat support operations. MPs expedite the forward and lateral movement of combat resources. They evacuate Threat prisoners of war from forward areas. The MPs provide security for the main CP, and they operate IPW collection points. The MPs will often represent the initial response force against the Threat in a command's rear area. Flexible employment of MP units enable them to respond to the constantly changing tactical situation.

Figure 7-52. Division LRSD IHFR net.

a. The MP company depends on the signal battalion area and extension nodes for the following communications services:

  • NRI.
  • Telephone.
  • Teletypewriter and facsimile.

b. The MP company communications chief aids the commander in planning communications. The communications chief supervises communications in the company. The company has a unit level communications maintainer for organizational maintenance. Figure 7-53 shows the MP company radio net structure.

c. The MP company installs its own limited telephone communications within the CP and has access to the division telephone system through a wire line the MPs install to the nearest signal extension (usually DISCOM). If an MP platoon or squad supports a brigade, it has access to the division telephone system through the switchboard of the supported brigade. The primary linkage is through FM and IHF radios. (See Figure 7-54.)

Figure 7-53. MP company radio net structure.

Figure 7-54. MP company wire diagram.

Chemical Company (Nuclear, Biological, Chemical)

The chemical company provides staff support, equipment decontamination, and smoke in the division AO. The decontamination platoons are attached to or placed in DS of the brigades. More than one platoon may be in support of a brigade, particularly when a brigade conducts the main attack. Platoon-size operations are the preferred methods of employment. When not assigned a smoke mission, the smoke platoon is located with the company headquarters near the division main or the tactical CP. When used, the smoke platoon is attached to or in DS of the supported unit. The chemical company depends on the signal battalion signal centers for NRI and record traffic services. The chemical company relies heavily on FM radios for communication. (See Figure 7-55.) The company is not authorized a communications chief. However, a unit level communications maintainer is authorized for organizational maintenance. The chemical company installs limited telephone communications within its CP area and accesses the division telephone system through the nearest signal center. When a platoon supports a brigade, it has access to the division telephone system through the switchboard of the supported brigade.

Figure 7-55. Chemical company radio net structure.



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