FM 11-50: Combat Communications Within The Division (Heavy and Light)

CHAPTER 2
The Divison Signal Battalion

A division has only one signal battalion to provide the ACUS for the division. The division commander and staff rely heavily on the division signal battalion communications network. Since sophisticated weapon systems are becoming more dependent on communications means, the integration of these information systems on the battlefield places more responsibility on signal units. Effective signal support is a combat multiplier; it makes possible coordinated engagements against larger Threat forces. Control of the division and success on the battlefield depend heavily on the effectiveness of the signal battalion.

Mission

The division signal battalion--

Installs, operates, and maintains the division ACUS.
Provides the division commander and his staff with signal support(that is, IMA) and staff assistance to plan and control division automation, visual information, and the BIS.
Provides internal CP communications at all echelons of the division headquarters including the division main command post (Div Main CP), division tactical command post (Div TAC), and division rear CP (Div Rear CP).
Provides DS COMSEC repair and logistics for the division to include the administration of the division COMSEC material account.

Design Concept

The division signal battalion installs the division headquarters command and control system. The system is designed based on the following:

Common-user trunking. This eliminates point-to-point; however, long local circuits on an area signal node switchboard may be used during jumps until local switching is reinstalled at the extension node.
Automatic or semiautomatic switchboards. This allows the subscriber to dial the number; however, some units will still have manual switchboards that must be considered during planning.
LOS multichannel systems. These are the standard division signal battalion multichannel terminals.
Messenger responsibility. There is no messenger service on a division scale and no internal record traffic system. When division messenger service is required, the division signal office is responsible for determining routes and schedules. The division G3 is responsible for tasking division units for vehicles and personnel. To compensate for the lack of a record traffic system, user-owned and -operated terminals are relied on to transfer messages through the ACUS. Subscribers dial the intended recipient and send the message. Key unit personnel with appropriate security clearance who travel between CPs could also carry the bulk traffic (for example, overlays).
Facsimile and communications terminals available for record traffic service in the division through the secure multichannel network. The commonuser dial-and-send capability eliminates brigade and separate battalion communications centers.
Shared CP wire installation responsibilities. Staff personnel and headquarters soldiers will connect their own phones to the provided distribution box (J-1077).
Pulse code modulation (PCM) cable installation based on time available, tactical situation, and the commitment of multichannel terminal equipment. The cable installation sections of the signal battalion will provide limited cable installation.
Contingency and liaison support through RATT terminals. One general purpose division RATT net can be split into two nets: operations/intelligence (O/I) and administrative/logistics (A/L). This will be phased out when Mobile Subscriber Equipment (MSE) is fielded to each major division/corps.

Host Nation Communications

Local host nation telephone networks reduce traffic on tactical systems. They also increase the planning and operational ability. These operational advantages outweigh the costs of paying for host nation facilities.

Command group to local authorities.
Public affairs office to local nationals.
Theater logistics centers to corps logistics centers.
Transportation, to include rail, water, air, and movement control offices, to local counterparts.

b. Host nation telephone networks are also used for--

Battle planning, integrating, backup, leased circuits.
Deployment control.
Signal battalion use of host nation telecommunications systems.
Div Rear CP.

Corps Signal Interface

The corps signal brigade provides assets to integrate the corps area system with the division by installing a multichannel link between two division area nodes and two corps area signal nodes. These interfaces are now automated because the SB-3614A (product improved) works with the AN/TTC-39A by providing automatic dialing throughout the corps areas.

Net Radio Interface

The division signal battalion establishes net radio interface (NRI) stations at various signal extensions nodes. NRI permits radio calls to be integrated with the ACUS and vice versa. NRI also provides subscribers a means to overcome the distances between units on the battlefield. The coordinating instructions of the division SOI tell how to place NRI calls.

Signal Node Network

The division signal battalion installs, operates, and maintains the division's multichannel communications network. A signal node is a group of signal facilities at a junction point of a communications system where the flow of communications is managed, controlled, and directed. A signal node may contain switching (automatic, semiautomatic, or manual), a communications nodal control element, relay, and multiplexing equipment for external communications. The multichannel network is built around area signal nodes and extension nodes. Area signal nodes serve a geographic area. Extension nodes are signal assets from the signal battalion that supports unit headquarters or CPs. Teams of signal personnel who control these nodes form a habitual relationship with the users, but receive all technical control from the area signal nodes. The extension nodes interconnect with one or two area signal nodes while all area signal nodes are interconnected. Figure 2-1 shows the nodal symbols.

Figure 2-1. The nodal symbols.

The division main command post (Div Main CP).
The division tactical CP (Div TAC).
The division rear command post (Div Rear CP).
Division artillery (DIVARTY).
Each of the three maneuver brigade headquarters.
Each of the three brigade support areas (BSAs).
The air defense artillery (ADA) battalion.
The military intelligence (MI) battalion.
The aviation brigade (AB).
The engineer battalion (only in the heavy division).
Area signal nodes.
An adjacent division on the right facing the forward line of troops (FLOT).

Currently, in the division signal battalion, the predominant LOS multichannel equipment is the AN/TRC-145. The AN/TRC-145 processes analog signals and provides secure voice and teletypewriter or facsimile circuits for divisional elements. The AN/TRC-113 multichannel radio repeater provides extended range through relay capability. Multichannel assets allow the signal battalion highly flexible communications on an integrated battlefield with numerous CP displacements. It must be emphasized that the area signal nodes are division signal battalion assets and serve no local CP. The siting and displacement of any area signal node is not constrained and is at the discretion of the signal battalion commander through coordination with the division G3.

c. The area signal nodes of the heavy division signal battalion terminate the following systems:

(2) Area signal node 2 terminates LOS multichannel systems from each maneuver brigade headquarters, Div TAC, Div Main CP, DIVARTY, engineer battalion, an adjacent division system, and nodes 1 and 3.

(3) Area signal node 3 terminates LOS multichannel systems from each BSA extension node, DISCOM, DIVARTY, ADA battalion, aviation brigade (AB), and nodes 1 and 2. The interconnection of the area nodes increases the alternate routing capability and creates the ACUS.

d. The area signal nodes of the light division and the air assault division signal battalions terminate the following systems:

(2) Area signal node 2 terminates LOS multichannel systems from each maneuver brigade headquarters, Div TAC, Div Main CP, Div Rear CP, DIVARTY, MI battalion, an adjacent division, and node 1.

f. The area signal nodes provide reliable alternate routing, systems control, and continuity during displacements. Using more than one node ensures multichannel continuity between the maneuver brigade headquarters and the tactical CPs during division movement by routing circuits through the other area signal nodes. Division headquarters staff elements colocate needed assets with another extension during the Div Main CP movement. When the Div Main CP completes its move and regains control, the Div TAC and the other area signal nodes alternate movement with no break in communications support. Using more than one node adds to battlefield flexibility, mobility, and survivability of the division communications system.

System Management

Managing the division communications system involves planning, analyzing requirements, designing and modifying systems, keeping records, and controlling quality. The division signal office, SYSCON, signal site operations, and chain of command perform these tasks.

b. The ADSO and staff, in coordination with the battalion S3, perform battlefield analysis and initial tactical planning. The ADSO also coordinates the communications support requirements of all units in the division area and prepares the signal annex to the division operations order. The ADSO controls the issue of SOI and manages automation. Communications requirements are the basis for the ADSO's directives and orders.

c. The battalion S3 and operations staff function as the SYSCON and as part of the division signal office. They design, modify, and manage the division communications system based on the current situation and/or priorities of communications. The SYSCON functions include designing systems and circuits, engineering, keeping records, reporting, managing frequencies, and supervising. The SYSCON also allocates and controls signal battalion communications resources and monitors the status of systems and circuits.

d. The signal site operations are the implementing arms of the SYSCON; they maintain and control systems and circuits. The signal site operations are subordinate to the division SYSCON. They manage the communications node locally and technically control the circuits and systems that terminate at or pass through the node. Signal site operations personnel monitor, test, report, maintain, patch (route and reroute), and supervise local circuits. Systems management functions are done in the operations facility by the platoon leader and assistants. The technical control functions are done in the patch facility by tactical circuit control personnel. The signal site operations personnel follow standing operating procedures (SOPs) and other directives from the SYSCON.

Allied Signal Interface

Standardized allied interface requires strict adherence to established procedures. The various national mixtures are endless. The problems in the radio voice spectrum have been solved by frequency alignment and liaison teams.

b. The responsibility to terminate communications service to the subscriber goes from higher to lower, left to right, and supporting to supported when equipment is not interoperable. For example, the German AutoKo-Netz system cannot interface with current US division equipment. When the Germans are on the left, they must terminate and extend their system into the nearest area node. This involves a German signal extension in addition to the US Army signal extension.

Division Signal Officer

The DSO coordinates all communications and automation with the general staff. The functions of the DSO are advisory, coordination, plans and orders, staff supervision, liaison, and training.

b. The DSO advises the division commander, staff, and all division units on tactical information management. This includes employment of signal troops, availability of communications facilities and their required augmentation, COMSEC, and how location of division CPs affects communications. This information may first pass through the chief of staff or general staff officers according to division SOP.

c. The DSO coordinates with the division staff. The DSO is included in all staff planning to present the communications aspects for tactical operations and automation resources. (1) The DSO coordinates with the G1 on the following:

Assignment of signal personnel throughout the division.
Personnel matters involving strength, replacement, and morale.
Movement, organization, operation, internal arrangements, and space allocation for the headquarters or CPs.
Internal operation and other administrative functioning of the headquarters.
Administrative support requirements of division communications activities.

(2) The DSO coordinates with the G2 on the following:

COMSEC and counterintelligence in communications.
Interpretation of Threat signal documents.
Evaluation of Threat signal equipment.
Other special signal support for intelligence operations.
Divisionwide training and knowledge of EW defense procedures.
Evaluation of meaconing, intrusion, jamming, and interference (MIJI) reports.

(3) The DSO coordinates with the G3 on the following:

Overall tactical information activities.
Manipulative communications deception and tactical electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM).
Organization and signal equipment of division units.
Division personnel training in communications activities.
Information use in combat operations.
Selection of CP locations for the divisional headquarters.
Physical security of signal installations.
Preparation of signal annexes to the division SOP and division operation plans. This includes paragraph 5 of the division operations order.
Preparation of the EW annex to the division operations order. This annex pertains to manipulative communications deception, ECCM, and command, control, and communications countermeasures.
Issue and assignment of radio frequencies.

(4) The DSO coordinates with the G3/G4 to establish priorities for issue of critical signal supplies and equipment.

(5) The DSO coordinates with the G5 on the following:

Utilization of local communications facilities.
Interpretation of communications aspects of treaties.
Military use of local civilian communications facilities, supplies, and equipment.
Military support of civilian communications.

(6) The DSO coordinates with the DISCOM commander on the following:

Issue of critical signal supplies and equipment.
Maintenance of communications and automation equipment.
Preparation of the signal portion of the division administrative order.
Communications requirements for the Div Rear CP and its subordinate units.
Priority of signal support repair.
Issue of automation assets to include personnel, based on G3 priorities.

(7) The DSO coordinates with unit commanders and other DSOs on the following:

Signal personnel training.
COMSEC and ECCM.
Technical aspects of information equipment and systems.
Additional information support.
Signal maintenance or communications maintenance.

d. The battalion commander commands, directs, and supervises the division signal battalion efforts to accomplish the mission. The early phase of every combat operation requires detailed signal planning and coordination. The DSO uses the following written instructions and orders to ensure proper planning, coordination, and supervision in signal matters:

(1) Signal estimate.

(2) Signal plans.

(3) Signal portion, paragraph 4, division operations order.

(4) Paragraph 5, division operations order.

(5) Signal annex to division operations order.

(6) Signal portion of the division administrative order.

(7) Signal battalion operation order.

(8) ECCM portion of EW annex to the division operations order.

(9) SOI.

(10) SOP.

The first eight must be prepared for particular operations. The SOI and SOP must always be kept current.

e. Normally, the DSO has staff supervision throughout the division of the following:

Installation and operation of tactical communications and automation facilities.
Satisfying requirements for visual information, records management, and printing and publications.
COMSEC regulations, training, accounting, disposition, and control.
BSM (to include CNR).
Cryptographic logistics support to all division units.
Providing circuits for automatic data processing within the division.
COMSEC maintenance for the division.

f. The DSO conducts liaison with the signal officers of higher headquarters, adjacent headquarters, and MI battalion. The DSO also performs staff and coordinating functions in the division.

(1) The DSO consults the DTOC support element (DTSE) on the following:

Technical directives.
SOP and SOI matters.
Routes of signal communications and locations of signal centers in the communications system.
Tactical plans for future operations.
Requirements for signal personnel and equipment.
Use of local communications facilities.
Manipulative electronic deception and ECCM.
BSM (to include CNR).

(2) The DSO consults adjacent headquarters (DTSE unit commanders and signal officers) on the following:

Signal support for the operation.
Establishment of lateral communications.
Tactical plans for impending operations.
Changes anticipated in current operations.
BSM (to include CNR).

(3) The DSO consults the MI battalion on the following:

Manipulative electronic deception.
ECCM.
EW plans, operations, and annex.
COMSEC.
Frequency utilization.

g. The DSO must train the following:

All assigned signal units of the division.
Skill qualification training and testing.
Division-level communications training such as division RATT or FM radio training.

Assistant Division Signal Officer

The ADSO represents the signal battalion commander in most division staff actions. The ADSO and office are a part of the signal battalion, but work on the division staff. Table 3-1 outlines the ADSO section personnel. Appendix A discusses the responsibility of signal personnel in brigade, division artillery, and maneuver battalions. The ADSO--

Supervises the division signal office.
Represents the signal battalion commander in division headquartersactions.
Assists the DSO in planning division information systems operations and signal support for tactical operations.
Assists in preparing the signal annex of the division operations order and plan.
Assists in detailed planning for preparation of the signal portion of the division SOP.
Provides signal assistance to other division headquarters staff elements.
Assists in planning automated systems and the division telephone directory.
Controls the allocation of radio frequencies and provides radio (except multichannel) frequency management for the division.
Controls host nation and allied signal interface.
Manages/controls actions and responsibilities of the Information Services Support Office (old administrative services branch/division).

Signal Section Personnel

a. The radio officer has staff supervision over all radio communications established in the division. The radio officer works for the ADSO, but coordinates closely with the signal battalion S3 during preparation of multichannel systems diagrams. However, the radio officer does not coordinate use of frequencies or allocation of frequencies to multichannel systems. (This is the duty of the S3.) The radio officer provides the S3 with current and future division unit locations and circuit requirements. The S3 prepares the radio relay diagrams. The radio officer--

Prepares and issues radio net diagrams for the division nets.
Maintains a radio frequency utilization register and map to ensure accurate and up-to-date radio frequency assignment for all systems except multichannel.
Supports the division tactical CP as the ADSO representative.
Prepares items of the division SOI relating to radio matters.
Coordinates frequency assignments to aid frequency compatibility within the division and with adjacent divisions.
Is responsible for distribution of frequency information associated with the Single-Channel Ground and Airborne Radio System (SINCGARS) and other frequency-hopping equipment.
Coordinates with corps for hopsets and transmission security codes.
Implements transmission security policy within the division.

b. The telecommunications technician operates in the division signal office section. This warrant officer--

Manages all operational COMSEC matters concerning security and development of COMSEC aids, inspections and COMSEC operations, plans, and policies.
Develops, changes, and updates the division SOI. The SOI, once developed, is requisitioned through the corps signal office from the National Security Agency.
Is responsible for communications and cryptonetting within the division.
Is responsible for distribution of transmission security keys (TSKs) associated with SINCGARS and other frequency-hopping equipment.
Works with the ADSO or G3 to ensure COMSEC assets meet mission requirements.
Implements COMSEC policy within the division.
Performs command COMSEC facility inspections.
Is responsible for COMSEC investigations and reports.
Establishes priorities for issue of COMSEC materiel.

c. The signal operations chief is the senior NCO in the signal section. This NCO--

Supervises the other enlisted members of the section.
Establishes ADSO field operations.
Performs administrative functions of the section.
Assists the DSO and ADSO.
Operates the signal office in the absence of section officers.

d. The frequency management NCO assists the radio officer in frequency assignment in the division and assists in the maintenance of the radio frequency utilization register and map.

e. The automation officer--

Serves as the automation staff officer in the division while being assigned to the division signal office.
Serves as advisor to the division commander and staff on automation policy and technical matters.
Plans, coordinates, and supervises the development of automation policy and procedures.
Plans, programs, and budgets for automation resource (people and dollar) requirements.
Manages automation resources, maintenance programs, and logistics support.
Performs analysis and makes recommendations pertinent to automated systems life-cycle management processes and force modernization needs.
Works with the ADSO or G3 to ensure automation assets meet mission requirements.
Implements automation policies within the division.
Is responsible for automation inspections and reports.
Establishes (or coordinates through the G3) priorities for issue of automation materiel.

f. The assistant automation officer manages or supervises a specific automated system or node in a data or communications network within the division. This officer provides detailed technical direction and advice to all echelons on the installation, operation, and maintenance of automated systems, teleprocessing systems, and data communications supporting BAS. The assistant automation officer applies the automation theory to the design, implementation, and successful interoperation of hardware and software for automated telecommunications and teleprocessing systems.

g. The data processing technician--

Provides staff oversight of all automatic data processing (ADP) operations in the division.
Directs and coordinates production activities of the electronic data processing element, to include functional or machine design applications, programming, or operation of ADP equipment.
Analyzes, plans, and manages the development, testing, evaluation, and modifications of automation.
Plans and coordinates activities of data processing personnel engaged in programming, wiring, and debugging programs.
Establishes work standards.
Supervises coding and machine processing of data and develops training programs.
Interprets policies, purposes, and goals of ADP activity to subordinates.
Participates in decisions regarding personnel staffing, allocation of ADP resources, security of automated data systems, and equipment acquisitions.

h. The data processing NCO--

Provides staff oversight and supervises operation within the division.
Serves as principal NCO in the data processing section.
Supervises systems analysis, programming machine operations, security of automated data systems, and related activities.
Plans, organizes, and conducts technical inspections.
Prepares reports and recommendations for improved methods and procedures.
Supervises preparation of studies, reports, and records relating to systems analysis, programming, machine operations, systems security, and other data processing fields.
Coordinates and integrates operations of electrical input and output equipment with operation of electronic equipment.
Prepares operating schedule.
Controls work flow, assigns projects, establishes priorities, and maintains follow-up.
Instructs in procedures and in unusual and complex cases.
Establishes production controls and standards.
Determines personnel, equipment, and supplies required.
Provides liaison with activities support or supporting data processing systems activities.
Prepares instructions and interprets data processing reports and programs.

Division Signal Office Functions

Conceptually, the division signal office has three functions: planning, operations, and systems integration.

a. Through planning, the division signal office--

Determines the division information systems requirements.
Develops and manages information management resource procurement strategies to allocate the division information systems resources.
Validates user requirements in direct response to the tactical mission.
Plans all tactical information systems in support of the division command and control systems.
Integrates automation and signal plans with tactical operations.
Determines preferential service requirements.
Prepares the division tactical information management plan.
Prepares the signal portion of the division SOP.
Prepares diagrams and map overlays.
Provides the signal battalion S3 with direction and guidance for establishing the division communications system.
Prepares the division telephone directory.
Assists units with Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP).
Coordinates and controls the allocation of radio frequencies to provide (except multichannel) frequency management for the division.
Develops the division information systems contingency plans.
Plans and coordinates training requirements and contracts for training, equipment, and materials related to tactical information systems.
Develops division level integrated information policies for all tactical information media such as radio, telecommunications, and ADP equipment.
Assigns discrete frequencies and ensures adequate spare frequencies are available to support tactical air (TACAIR) and US Air Force support to ground forces.

b. The operations function includes staff supervision of the division information systems resources. The signal office--

Provides staff supervision of performance of engineering and control functions for BAS and information system networks.
Coordinates with the signal battalion S3 during the preparation of network plans and diagrams.
Provides the signal battalion S3 with current unit locations, organizational status, hilltop data, and circuit and data requirements.
Coordinates network connectivity.
Reviews network layout development.
Reviews the availability of automation and communication resources.
Establishes signal battalion area responsibilities and adjusts nodal responsibilities.
Maintains and provides information systems and communications networks status information, including hardware, software, personnel, and training.
Coordinates radio terminal and relay locations.
Coordinates and controls host nation and allied information systems interface.
Manages all operational COMSEC matters on security, inspections, investigations, operations, plans, and policies.
Works with the ADSO and G3 to ensure COMSEC assets meet mission requirements.
Develops, updates, and distributes the division SOI.
Is responsible for data, voice, and record copy communications and cryptonetting within the division.
Assists in preparation of the signal annex of the division operations order.
Provides staff supervision of information system training.
Manages tactical information systems resource programming and budgeting.
Determines information systems security requirements IAW AR 380-380.
Coordinates with adjacent, allied, and divisional assets for land management.

c. The systems integration function is key to effective integration of division information systems resources. In executing this function, the division signal officer--

Manages force integration of the division information systems resources.
Works issues on information systems equipment and personnel requirements analysis due to modification table of organization and equipment (MTOE) changes by higher headquarters initiatives.
Works issues on planning and coordination with higher headquarters for information systems upgrade, replacement, elimination, and integration within division units.
Plans the integration of the division BAS and other information systems.
Acts as the focal point for the control, distribution, and implementation of applications software and incremental change packages for signal automation and Battlefield Automation System (BAS) (not including weapons systems with embedded computers).
Provides staff supervision of analysis and programming support and troubleshooting of automated systems.
Coordinates with the DISCOM system support section for CSS proponent automated systems and STAMIS and with the appropriate functional area node for programming and analyst expertise and technical supervision for that particular BAS.
Provides automatic data processing (ADP) training program supervision and execution.
Develops policy and procedure for provision of ADP services.
Provides staff assistance in ADP related areas.
Provides guidance in the design and development of command information systems. While there are no assigned designers/developers for such systems, the requirement may be recognized to do some developing. The DSO provides guidance to his chain of command.
Monitors unique application program development.
Ensures unique programs are not developed when existing applications provide for the functional requirements.
Assists division units in development of unique application programs.
Provides for continuity of operations planning for automated systems and coordinates execution of continuity of operations planning when required.
Provides staff supervision for the maintenance of tactical data bases within the division.
Plans integration of data bases of newly assigned or attached units.
Provides automated resource security training program.
Develops and manages division cryptonetting and COMSEC keying material requirements.

Division COMSEC Operations

The DSO retains responsibility for all COMSEC operations, plans, security, and logistic matters within the division. Two warrant officers serve as the division COMSEC officer and COMSEC custodian. The COMSEC custodian must be a graduate of the standardized COMSEC custodian course.

a. The division communications security technician is the principal advisor to the division commander on all COMSEC matters within the division. He is the controlling authority for all divisional headquarters cryptosystems. He is responsible for implementing COMSEC policy and plans, force modernization actions, integration of COMSEC systems into the division, cryptofacility inspections, crypto-operations, COMSEC training, and cryptosecurity matters. The communications security technician is also the division cryptographic custodian and reports directly to the DSO.

b. The division COMSEC custodian and the alternate custodian are responsible for all COMSEC materiel management, resupply, and maintenance actions for the division. This includes cryptosystem accountability records, reports, equipment readiness, modification work order applications, and any other division COMSEC materiel. All administrative and maintenance personnel needed to maintain and support the division central office of record (DCOR) are under the control of the division COMSEC custodian. The custodian reports directly to the DSO.

c. The division establishes a single COMSEC account. The signal battalion, MI battalion, and other division elements operate as subaccounts, as required. Staff elements are issued COMSEC materiel on hand receipts. The DCOR is formed from within the division signal battalion with staff supervision exercised through the DSO.

(1) The DCOR maintains staff supervision over the division COMSEC assets and reports to the corps central office records (CCOR) office, as required. The DCOR uses the Army COMSEC Commodity, Logistical and Accounting Information Management System (ACCLAIMS) Level IV software through the COMSEC Materiel Control System.

(2) The DCOR receives, stores, processes, distributes, and controls all division COMSEC materiel destined for division subaccount and hand receipt holders. The DCOR is equipped to deploy with all divisional COMSEC materiels required (operational readiness float (ORF), authorized stockage list/ prescribed load list (ASL/PLL), contingency/reserve COMSEC materiels, and records).

(3) The DCOR moves to the signal battalion headquarters at the direction of the commander during deployment. From its operations facility, the DCOR performs COMSEC operations, stores bulk division reserves, and distributes COMSEC materiel. The facility also houses the automated COMSEC accounting capability for the division.

(4) The signal battalion COMSEC logistics maintenance facility provides COMSEC repair for classified COMSEC equipment. The appropriate support battalion provides controlled cryptographic item repair. Intermediate DS COMSEC maintenance requirements are coordinated for units within, or passing through, the division area of operations (AO).

(5) The distribution system for COMSEC materiel to the division is the Defense Courier Service during peacetime. Since the Defense Courier Service will not deliver or receive material at division level during deployment (contingency, war), a sealed bulk shipment distribution point is established at the CCOR to support the DCOR's requirements.

(6) All COMSEC repair personnel are provided exportable COMSEC maintenance cross-training packages to ensure that assigned COMSEC repairers are qualified to repair all divisional COMSEC assets at the DS level.

Signal Battalion Executive Officer

The executive officer (XO) is principal assistant and advisor to the battalion commander. The XO--

Serves as battalion second in command.
Supervises the battalion administrative operations.
Frees the commander for operational supervision.
Stays informed on logistical and tactical situations.
Supervises the battalion staff in execution of responsibilities and ensures element coordination.
Represents the commander in his absence.
Reviews staff instructions and SOP for policy conformity.
Recommends security and defensive measures for installation of the battalion.
Supervises and plans for battalion movement, including reconnaissance for new locations and alternate areas.
Plans and directs rear operations and area damage control activities of the battalion.
Is commander of signal battalion rear area.

Signal Battalion Command Sergeant Major

The battalion Command Sergeant Major (CSM) is the commander's senior enlisted assistant. The CSM assists the commander in matters involving NCOs and soldiers and often assists the adjutant in administrative matters. The CSM maintains close and continuous contact with the first sergeants and with the division CSM. Working closely with the S3, the CSM, in concert with senior NCOs in the battalion, develops individual soldier's skills and testing programs. As the chief enlisted person in the battalion, the CSM works with the S3 on NCO development and schools.

Signal Battalion S1

a. The battalion S1 is responsible for administration of the headquarters and for coordinating the administration of signal units organic and attached to the battalion. Responsibilities include--

Supervising operation of the battalion Personnel and Administration Center (PAC) in the combined battalion administrative and logistics section to include administrative and personnel matters involving transfers, assignments, promotions, demotions, and personnel classifications.
Processing recommendations for citations, honors, and awards; supervising the leave program; and coordinating with the division unit ministry team for religious support.
Preparing instructions relating to records and reports.
Receiving and processing replacements.
Supervising the arrangement and movement of battalion headquarters.
Supervising postal services.
Publishing and distributing administrative orders and directives.
Ensuring required publications and forms are obtained and distributed.
Maintaining the unit journal, policy files, and radiation exposure data.
Maintaining unit history.
Organizing the partnership program.

b. Key personnel of the division signal battalion S1 staff are the PAC supervisor and the senior Army career counselor.

(1) The PAC supervisor operates under the supervision of the S1 and functions as the staff personnel advisor, coordinator, and supervisor. The PAC supervisor--

Assists individuals in handling personal affairs.
Processes personnel management actions (strength changes, levies, appointments).
Prepares and maintains suspense cards.
Initiates actions (efficiency and evaluation records).

(2) The senior Army career counselor works under supervision of the battalion CSM and advises enlisted personnel on career development.

Signal Battalion S2/S3

a. The battalion S2/S3 has staff responsibility in organization, operations, training, plans, and intelligence and is assisted by the operations and intelligence section. The S2/S3 officer--

Recommends changes or additions to equipment and personnel in the signal battalion organization.
Allocates battalion resources for the mission.
Allots frequencies to multichannel systems within the network.
Supervises the battalion SYSCON.
Ensures operational readiness.
Keeps current on status of critical military occupational specialty (MOS) in the battalion through coordination with the S1.
Coordinates with the S4 on equipment and supplies.
Assigns unit missions and employment.
Prepares orders, estimates, diagrams, and SOP.
Recommends location of CP.
Prepares and supervises the battalion training program.
Develops and distributes training aids.
Develops training facilities.
Allocates training ammunition in coordination with the S4.
Conducts battalion field training exercise and CP exercise training.
Conducts inspections and tests.
Prepares intelligence SOP, estimates, and reports.
Disseminates intelligence information to battalion units.
Obtains and distributes maps.
Supervises physical security.
Supervises classified information and security clearance programs.

b. Key personnel of the operations and intelligence section are the two assistant S3s, the operations sergeant, the intelligence sergeant, and the senior chemical staff NCO.

(1) The assistant S3's office is normally in the SYSCON. The assistant S3--

Assists the battalion S3 in staff supervision and coordination of battalion operational activities.
Prepares and distributes training charts, reports, circuit and traffic diagrams, line route maps, intelligence data, and other technical operational matters (battalion SOI, SOP, estimates, and operations orders).
Coordinates battalion activities involving operation, training, and intelligence as directed by the S3.
Maintains status of battalion communications capabilities.
Supervises the preparation and implementation of the battalion physical security and COMSEC plans.
Supervises skill qualification test programs.
Supervises school programs.

(2) The operations sergeant--

Assists the S3 in preparing plans and policies for operational,intelligence, and technical-type training programs and acts as training NCO.
Assists in establishing and operating the SYSCON.
Assists in use of SOP, supervision of mission assignments, and the relocation of units.
Provides technical assistance in planning, engineering, and supervising battalion communications systems.
Drafts operation order.

(3) The intelligence sergeant--

Collects data on the weather, the terrain, and the Threat and evaluates their effect on the mission.
Maintains the security clearance program.
Determines requirements for and procures maps.
Assists senior chemical staff NCO in supervising battalion nuclear, biological, chemical (NBC) monitoring and surveying operations.
Plans, prepares, and assists in supervising intelligence training programs.
Aids in SYSCON operations.

(4) The senior chemical staff NCO--

Coordinates with the intelligence sergeant to collect, prepare, and disseminate NBC operations data.
Performs necessary calculations involving NBC predictions.
Supervises NBC training within the battalion and prepares portions of estimates, orders, and SOP relating to NBC.
Monitors and surveys NBC operations.
Supervises the 54E who supervises the crew operating the headquarters and headquarters company (HHC) power-driven decontaminating equipment.

Signal Battalion S4

Key logistics personnel are the S4 and the battalion supply sergeant. Key sections are the battalion signal maintenance section and the battalion motor maintenance section.

a. The battalion S4 or logistics officer has staff responsibility for planning, coordinating, and supervising battalion logistical operations and facilities. The S4's major areas of responsibility are the logistics elements of the combined battalion administrative and logistics section, electronic maintenance, and the dining facility. Other responsibilities include--

Supervision of the logistics and supply section.
Administration of supply activities.
Supervision of petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) distribution and resupply procedures.
Staff supervision of unit-level supply activities.
Preparation of logistical estimates and appropriate portions of SOP, plans, and orders.
Staff supervision of the battalion electronic maintenance section and maintenance section.
Supervision of the battalion logistics control point/administrative logistics operations center (BLCP).

b. The battalion supply sergeant works under supervision of the battalion S4 and supervises the supply specialists and clerks. The supply sergeant supervises battalion-level supply and the preparation of requisitions, supply reports, and readiness reports. The supply sergeant inspects company areas for required supplies to support initial war or contingency missions (7 through 10 days).

c. The battalion signal maintenance section provides DS maintenance of organic signal equipment. This includes COMSEC equipment for the entire battalion and organizational maintenance of signal equipment of HHC. This section is supervised by the battalion S4 and the signal systems maintenance technician. Maintenance facilities with storage are provided for the repair authorized in the section. These facilities are at the BLCP. The signal repair technician provides technical guidance on signal maintenance to all supported units and technical expertise in operating the signal maintenance section. Repair persons in the signal maintenance section are under the direct supervision of the NCOIC. The battalion signal maintenance section uses Standard Army Maintenance System (Version I) (SAMS I) to manage the battalion DS maintenance mission.

d. The battalion motor maintenance section has personnel and equipment necessary for staff supervision of maintenance on wheeled vehicles, power generators, air conditioning equipment, and maintenance performed within HHC. The automotive maintenance technician and motor sergeant give battalion-level supervision of maintenance performed at subordinate unit levels. They ensure compliance with battalion wheeled vehicle and power generator maintenance policies and provide technical expertise. This section is under staff supervision of the battalion motor officer and is normally at the BLCP.

e. The signal battalion logistics and service support are separate demands. The control of circuitry, planning, and system design restricts the ability of the battalion SYSCON to control logistics. The battalion XO and S4 control the logistics from a control point designed to support, service, rearm, recover, and repair. This point is the BLCP.

(1) The organization is near an area signal node. The location allows HHC, the battalion motor officer, the battalion signal maintenance, the wrecker, and the XO to support the signal extension and isolated sites. The logistics demand requires a coordination point closer to the battalion than DISCOM.

(2) Each company establishes a CP operation; however, the dispersion of the battalion requires company commanders to move constantly. An area signal company may have 3 primary sites plus 12 relay and 6 retransmission sites. The forward communications company has 6 primary and 6 additional separate headquarters. The command operations company can have 5 signal locations.

(3) This enormous dispersion demands close analysis of company command locations. The area signal company commander locates at an area signal node opposite that of the SYSCON and moves to other sites as needed. The forward communications company commander's CP locates at a central BSA or area signal node as the situation dictates. The command operations company commander locates as the situation dictates, preferably in the Div Main CP area or in the Div Rear CP. Regardless of the location of company commanders, the BLCP should be the focal point for coordinating logistics.

(4) Class III support for remote signal nodes may require the BLCP to consolidate battalion assets.

Division Signal Battalion Capabilities and Limitations

a. The division signal battalion can provide--

Area signal nodes.
Multichannel LOS communications. This links area signal nodes, DivMain CP, Div TAC, DIVARTY, Div Rear CP, MI battalion, engineer battalion (heavy division only), ADA battalion, AB, three maneuver brigades, three BSAs which include their appropriate forward support battalions (FSBs), adjacent divisions, and corps area systems. This includes multichannel LOS relay capability to terminate NLOS systems and to extend distances.
Technical control of the entire network from the area signal nodes.
Automatic telephone and switching facilities for trunk and local telephone subscriber circuits.
Cable and wire installation teams. These teams install internal cables and local telephone circuits, and extend indigenous communications as determined.
NRI stations at Div Main CP, Div TAC, Div Rear CP, and three brigade support extensions for FM radio access to the division telephone system.
Single-channel retransmission stations. These stations provide VHF/FM radio relay capability for division level FM voice nets, as well as, signal battalion command/operations, engineering, and administrative and logistical nets.
Telecommunications centers for the Div Main CP and Div Rear CP.
The integration of the BAS (that is, ATCCS).
RATT terminals for the division GP net.
DS COMSEC repair and logistics for the division.

b. The battalion depends on division units for the following:

Personnel and administrative services.
Finance services.
Unit level medical support.
DS motor maintenance.
Engineer equipment maintenance.
Public affairs.
NBC support for total decontamination of personnel and equipment.
Supplemental transportation.
Religious support.
Legal services.
Supplemental defense of isolated relay or retransmission operating sites.
Photographic support in coordination with corps signal office.
Aviation support.
Messenger service support. (See paragraph 3-3b(1).)
Printing and publications support (for example, corps and local DOIM).

c. The battalion depends on division aviation assets for continuous support and command and control of dispersed sites. Aircraft can transport maintenance contact teams to replace critical equipment and perform site reconnaissance.

Nuclear Operations Communications

a. Multiple means of communications, from the president and the secretary of defense to the individual with custody of the nuclear weapons system, are required for positive control of all nuclear weapons.

(1) The positive control system includes two-man access rules that have unique security requirements. Nuclear systems brought into an area must be accompanied by the appropriate control and communications capability.

(2) Continuous communications links must be maintained into the worldwide military command and control system (WWMCCS) through tactical, strategic, or a combination of communications systems.

b. Electronic systems are vulnerable to electromagnetic pulse (EMP). Especially vulnerable are systems that use microelectronics with low operating voltages typical of modern electronics and computers. EMP is a high voltage, extremely short duration burst of energy generated by large (megaton) nuclear bursts. EMP is not normally associated with tactical nuclear weapon yields.

c. The systems should be analyzed for vulnerability. They should be protected from direct exposure. Equipment not in use can be buried or sandbagged (a minimum of 4 meters (13.2 feet)) as an expedient means of shielding against EMP. Plans should provide for rapid repair when nuclear operations are anticipated. Continued operations may require replacing power fuses and any lightning or other high voltage surge protection devices, or the entire set. Built-in hardening of system equipment or shelters must be maintained.

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Military

CHAPTER 2 The Divison Signal Battalion

CHAPTER 2
The Divison Signal Battalion