Military

(1) Monitor. This option consists of watching the crowd's progress and development by control force teams. Monitoring helps the commander to gauge the crowd's activity and intent in relation to the larger civil disturbance and possibly to influence the crowd through persuasive means. While monitoring activities will be used throughout the crowd control operation, this option is particularly suitable for large, nonviolent demonstrations where more decisive action is not possible because of crowd size or where the strength of the situation would increase. This option is also suitable as a temporary measure pending the arrival of additional control forces. Techniques for fulfilling this option include passive observation of the crowd and the communication of interest and intent to leaders.

(2) Disperse. This option consists of action taken to fragment a crowd and is especially applicable to small crowd situations in a congested urban environment. Its selection should include the consideration that such dispersion may increase and spread lawlessness rather than reduce it. Therefore, the commander should establish control over the routes of dispersal, and area or areas into which he plans to disperse the crowd; provide security for those facilities which might become likely targets for small groups; and be prepared to follow up the dispersal operation with the apprehension of small groups still active in the area. Techniques for fulfilling this option would include the proclamation, show of force, use of crowd control formations, and use of crowd control agents.

(3) Contain. This option consists of restraining a large number of persons within the area that they are presently occupying, thereby containing any further aggressive activity. This option would be suitable in a college campus situation, to prevent demonstrations from spreading out to surrounding communities, and to prevent unauthorized personnel from entering the campus. Containment would also be the suitable option where the systematic apprehension of crowd members is considered. Crowd control formations make up the primary technique for this option.

(4) Block. This option consists of the physical denial of a crowd's advance upon a facility or area which is the potential or actual target of dissident activity. Crowd control formations, principally the line and barricades, are the most appropriate techniques for this option. Barricades, such as vehicles, concertina wire, and water-filled barrels can be erected to block or channelize the movement of the crowd. These devices, when used in combination with troops and other crowd control techniques, are useful in accomplishing the options of containment or blocking.

(1) Observation. This consists of deployment of persons or teams to the periphery of a crowd for the purpose of monitoring its activity. It includes gathering data on crowd size, location, mood, and reporting on the developing situation. This technique includes posting persons on strategic rooftops and other high terrain overlooking the crowd. This latter measure provides additional security to control force personnel should they become committed to other crowd control operations. Such a team may be composed of an expert marksman, a radio operator, and an observer equipped with binoculars. Care must be taken to assure that committed control forces are aware of the locations of such teams to prevent their being mistaken for sniper elements.

(2) Communication of Interest and Intent. In certain situations, effective communication with crowd and mob leaders and participants may enable the commander to control the situation without resorting to more severe actions. When planned and organized demonstrations, marches, or rallies within the disturbed area are announced, the control force commander in coordination with local authorities should meet with organizers of the activity in order to communicate the interest of the control forces. The following matters, as appropriate, should be discussed.

The task force commander and local authorities should also communicate to the activity organizers their intent to cope with violence, unlawful actions, and violations of restrictions imposed on the activity. It is intended that, by this communication between activity organizers and control force personnel, the demonstration, rally, or parade will occur without incident through the mutual cooperation of all concerned. The intentions of control forces will not be effective if delivered as an ultimatum. A limited, begrudging dialogue with activity organizers reduces the opportunity for authorities to learn the plans of the demonstrators. It must be remembered that if this communication is not effected, the activity organizers might well hold the demonstration in defiance of local authorities, thereby creating a potential for violence that might not have existed if this technique had been employed.

(3) Channelization. Pressure can be brought to bear on the dissident leadership to channel the crowd into an area which will minimize the disruption when the following requirements are met:

(4) Diversion. When communication exists with the dissident leadership, consideration may be given to efforts to divert the leadership of the crowd itself from its stated or obvious objective. The diversion should support the objectives of the control force either by reducing the strength of the crowd situation or motivating the crowd to seek an area more easily controlled by the control force.

(5) Cooperation. Decreasing the potential disruption of the crowd activity may be accomplished by an active attempt on the part of the control force to obtain cooperation of the dissident leadership. Whenever there is an attempt by the crowd leadership to seek permission and cooperation of the local government, every effort should be made to maximize this cooperation by demonstrating an attitude of facilitation. This may be accomplished by helping the leadership to organize a peaceful demonstration while establishing guidelines which will minimize the impact of the demonstration on the community.

(6) Selection of Force Options.

(1) Looting. When dealing with persons involved in looting, extreme care and adherence to the principle of minimum force must be observed. Looting may start at any time or place as an isolated incident and spread quickly throughout the affected areas. Looting is not limited to any particular sex or age group; it includes the very old, the very young, women, and children. For example, many children may be looting without any idea of how serious their actions are. In the control of looting, unit leaders must recognize that deadly force is not authorized.

(2) Anti-looting. Unit commanders must be familiar with anti-looting measures which can be taken by civil authorities, such as boarding up broken or unbroken windows, covering windows with photo-luminescent particles, and by the prompt posting of looting penalty proclamations. Anti-looting actions that can be taken by military forces include the establishment of foot and motor patrols, the posting of fixed guard posts, and the lighting of likely areas for looting. Guards at fixed posts will be briefed not to leave their posts to pursue individual looters on foot, but to remain on post and prevent looters from approaching their areas of responsibility. All guards must be briefed that looters will not be fired upon nor will deadly force be used to catch looters.

(3) Protected or Sensitive Commercial Establishments. A main consideration in the conduct of civil disturbance operations is to prevent liquor, drugs, weapons, and ammunition from falling into the hands of rioters. Therefore, liquor stores, drug stores, sporting good shops, pawn shops, and hardware stores are main targets for looters and must be kept under close observation by means of foot and motorized patrols. Normally, businesses of this type must be identified in advance and included in emergency plans.

(4) Arson. Arson is generally defined as a crime of purposely setting fire to a building or property. Acts of setting fire to buildings, property, etc., often follow disturbances. Certain situations may arise in controlling arson where the use of deadly force is authorized and necessary.

(1) Saturation Patrolling. Alert, aggressive patrolling deters the assembly of crowds, provides data on the developing situation, and creates a psychological impression that the control force is everywhere. Patrols are particularly valuable in preventing overt arson and for prompt reporting of fires and other violence. Whenever possible, patrols should be used with existing civil police patrols to concentrate forces and provide for a military/civilian communication capability. This gives the troops the advantage of early area familiarity and provides civil police aid to the military patrol members. Patrol routes for mounted and dismounted patrols should be varied, both as to patterns and times, to prevent snipers, arsonists, and looters from being able to select a safe time to conduct their activities. Patrol members must stick to proper standards of conduct and fair treatment of civilians at all times; they must realize that they are performing an important community relations function as well as a control function. Depending upon the nature and location of the civil disorder, several types of patrols can be used effectively.

(2) Imposed Restrictions. Except in the unlikely event of martial law, federal military forces will not have the authority to impose restrictions such as a curfew on the civilian population. Certain restrictions, however, may be imposed by civilian authorities to help in the control of lawlessness. Military leaders should be prepared to recommend which restrictions are of substantial value in comparison with the burden of enforcement. The most commonly used restrictions include:

1. Coordination of the initiation, enforcement, and termination of a curfew.

2. Public announcements of the beginning and ending of curfews. Civilian authorities make these announcements through local mass media, pamphlets, and public address systems to ensure maximum exposure.

3. Curfew exemptions and guidance on who should receive them, including written authorization or passes.

4. Provision for the apprehension and disposition of curfew violators.

(1) Immediate Action. The individual soldier or control force unit or team that discovers an explosive device should:

NOTE: DO NOT, AT ANY TIME, HANDLE THE DEVICE.

(2) Secure the Area. After the individual soldier or control force unit or team has taken the immediate action, steps should be taken to secure the area. If the control force unit or team is capable, they may be used to secure the area. The senior member of the element responsible for securing the area should consider the following:

(1) Activate the telephone tracer system.

(2) Discover and record through appropriate conversation with the caller:

NOTE: See Figures 2-3 and 2-4 for FBI Bomb Data Sheet.

(3) Inform the appropriate personnel of the threat (EOD or local police bomb unit).

(1) Alert. Notify the necessary control force elements, fire and medical service personnel, utilities personnel (water, gas, and electricity), and EOD units and direct them to report to a staging area near the threatened facility.

(2) Isolate. Establish roadblocks or checkpoints as necessary to keep unauthorized personnel out of the area. Isolation should take place at a safe distance from the area to prevent danger from an explosion.

(3) Evacuate. The senior occupant of the building makes the decision to evacuate. Control forces may only make a recommendation to evacuate. If the decision is made to leave, it should be done in an orderly fashion using a bomb evacuating plan, a fire plan, or appropriate announcements and directions to building occupants. Such a plan should name a building or area which provides shelter from the elements. Care must be taken not to create panic. Before leaving the building, occupants should check their immediate locations for any unusual or out-of-place objects or packages. Employees should be advised to take their briefcases, overcoats, and like items with them as they leave.

(4) Organize Search Elements. Selected occupants of the building (familiar with its layout) and control force personnel should be organized into search elements. They should be equipped with communications.

(1) Preventive measures include convincing local members of the importance of security. This consists of selling them on the importance of creating a security atmosphere through the installation of lighting, alarms, gates, and other measures. Once a disorder has started, increased surveillance, through saturation patrolling, and stationary guard posts, and isolation of the affected area by the use of barricades and roadblocks will help in controlling arson. Patrols are especially effective in preventing overt arson, in giving notification of the location of fires and conducting spot checks of persons acting in a suspicious manner or searching for materials and devices used to set fires. Roadblocks and barricades reduce the movement of persons in the affected area and also provide an opportunity for searches of suspicious persons for materials and devices needed for arson. Control force commanders may find it helpful to develop lists of known and suspected arsonists from the files of civil law enforcement agencies and distribute this data to all control force personnel. Consideration should be given to forming specially trained teams or arson experts such as specialists from police, fire and insurance agencies to investigate promptly all acts of suspected arson and attempted arson and to help control forces at the scene of arson incidents.

(2) Weapons fire may be required to prevent acts of arson which would cause loss of human life or destruction of facilities vital to public safety and conduct of government. However, only the minimum necessary force should be used, and commanders are required to carefully supervise gun fire directed at arsonists.

(3) Some general methods for controlling the use of accelerants as starting devices for fires are as follows:

(1) Troops committed to civil disturbance control operations must be well-trained and rehearsed in the quick action that must be taken to stop sniper fire. Actual termination of the sniper should be accomplished by a special reaction team. The success of this team would depend upon the quantity and quality of prior planning and the proper preparation for handling such incidents. (See Figure 2-5)

(2) Immediate Action. The individual soldier or control force unit or team that encounters sniper fire should accomplish the following:

(3) Do not, during any of the immediate action steps, return the fire unless a positively identified target is available and the requirements for the use of force can be met. If firing is necessary, it is accomplished by a selected marksman acting on orders from an officer or the senior person present and with instructions to shoot to wound. The military leader must make every effort to prevent a disorganized mass return of fire that will likely endanger innocent persons. When crowd control formations are being used,the threat of sniper fire increases. Members of the control force should be aware, however, that persons in the crowd may try to disrupt the formation by the use of loud noises, such as fireworks or bursting paper bags. Members of the control force should be alert to such tactics to prevent disruptions during attempts to maintain order.

(1) Isolate. Notify all control force units not committed to the termination of the sniper to stay clear of the danger area. Establish roadblocks or checkpoints to keep unauthorized personnel out of the area to block the escape routes of the sniper. Isolation should take place far enough away from the danger area to prevent exposure to sniper fire.

(2) Evacuate.

(3) Observe. Establish observation posts on rooftops and in windows or adjacent high buildings. Communications should be provided to the observers. A selected marksman, under appropriate orders, may also be used with the observation posts.

(4) Support. Be prepared to provide necessary support to the special reaction unit. Such support may include:

(1) Establishment of a Command Post. The command element of the team should establish a central location for the coordination of all elements. Communications should be set up and maintained with the force securing the area and with observation posts. In addition, continuous communications between the action and security elements must be maintained once they are deployed so that the progress of the search team can be monitored and so that the cover team does not mistake persons in the search team for the sniper.

(2) Deploy the Security Element. In order to observe sniper actions and all exits, the security element should be positioned outside the immediate area. In addition, the security element should establish a preferred route of entry into the area or building for use by the action element. The security element's selected marksman should be positioned at a location giving him the best possible observation and field of fire. If necessary, the selected marksman may fire at the sniper or snipers when they can be positively identified as snipers, when they are continuing fire, and when the requirements of the use of deadly force are met. This fire should be accomplished only by the selected marksman under the guidance and orders of the commander.

(3) Prepare the Action Element for Entry Into the Area or Building. Preparation should include:

(4) Prepare and Issue Warnings and Instructions to the Sniper. The sniper should be given enough time to surrender on his own.

(5) Attempt to Force the Sniper Into the Open. In open terrain or when meeting a sniper in a small unoccupied building, use crowd control agents in an attempt to force the sniper into the open where he can be taken into custody with less risk. Before using crowd control agents directly into the sniper's location, saturate the areas and rooms adjacent to the sniper. This will prevent him from using unaffected areas.

(6) If the sniper cannot be forced out, commit the action element to the area or building.

(7) Search the Area or Building. A systematic search for the sniper must be conducted.

(8) Apprehend the Sniper. Whenever possible, the actual apprehension of the sniper is left to the civil police with help provided by military forces.

(1) Gather, Record, and Report Data. Each functional element of the control force, regardless of size, acts as a source for providing vital data upon which commanders at all levels can base their decisions. Additionally, the requirements imposed for after-action reports, investigations, and other administrative or judicial actions make it desirable that detailed unit journals or logs be kept by each separate operating element. Consideration should be given to naming a person in each squad or platoon to act as a recorder for the purpose of keeping an accurate journal of the unit's activity. Personnel named to act as recorders should be equipped with appropriate recording devices and a camera as a minimum.

(2) Apprehend Law Violators. The apprehension of the individual law breaker is a vital function during confrontation management operations because of the legal consideration involved; however, civil police should make the actual apprehension whenever possible. When military forces detain or take a civilian into temporary custody he will be turned over to civil police as soon as possible. The apprehending individual will be required to complete DA Form 3316-R, Detainee Turnover Record, at the collection point. Use of this form is prescribed in the DA Civil Disturbance Plan. This form, when properly completed, can provide civil authorities with all the basic data required in case of prosecution. It further provides for proper control of those persons detained.

(3) Maintain Communications. Effective communications between all control force elements, both within the military chain of command and with other law enforcement agencies, must be assured. Radio equipment may require extensive interchange between military, state, and municipal agencies to provide for cross-agency communications. Other planning considerations are the provision for alternate means, such as commercial radios, pay telephones, and visual signals.

(4) Maintain Mobile Reserves. The control force commander and subordinate commanders must have the ability to respond to unexpected requirements and to influence adverse situations. To this end, mobile reserve forces should be set up and kept in readiness. Mobile reserves should be located at secure locations close to the disturbed area to permit employment within minutes. The reserve force must be reconstituted quickly upon commitment.

(5) Inform the Public. To deter the spread of rumors and false data, the control forces must ensure the public is informed of the true nature and purpose of the measures being imposed upon them. This is particularly important where dissident elements are known to be presenting false or distorted data. Procedures must be set up to give news media persons access to the disturbed area and to the facts; if they are denied this opportunity, their news coverage will likely be based on speculative or false data. Additionally, rumor control centers operated by the control force may be required to deter the spread of word-of-mouth rumors.

(6) Firefighting Task Operations.

(7) Process detained personnel.

(8) Anti-looting measures.