IN 0802 - Lesson 1/Learning Event 1

LESSON 1

FIRE SUPPORT PLANNING AND COORDINATION

TASK

Identify the principles, responsibilities, procedures, and organization for fire support planning and coordination at the company/team and battalion/task force levels.

CONDITIONS

Given the subcourse material for this lesson, a training scenario, and extracts as applicable, the student will complete the practice exercise at the end of this lesson.

STANDARD

The student will demonstrate his comprehension and knowledge of the task by identifying the principles, responsibilities, procedures, and organization for fire support planning and coordination at the company/team and battalion/task force levels.

REFERENCES

GENERAL

Fire support planning and coordination are functions of command. The maneuver commander is assisted in performing these functions by the senior field artillery representative present at the supported force headquarters. These functions are separate and distinct requirements that occur concurrently at all levels of the team/company to corps. Fire support planning is determining how to use the available fire support resources. Fire support coordination is that action needed to make the plan happen.

Learning Event 1:
IDENTIFY THE RELATIONSHIP THAT EXISTS BETWEEN THE MANEUVER COMMANDER AND THE SUPPORTING FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATOR (FSCOORD), THE ROLE OF THE MANEUVER COMMANDER IN FIRE SUPPORT PLANNING, AND THE PRINCIPLES OF FIRE SUPPORT

An effective relationship between commanders and their fire support coordinators (FSCOORDs) from corps to company/team is essential. This relationship must exist at all times, particularly at the company, battalion and brigade levels. Successful combined arms teamwork can be achieved only by careful assignment of experienced field artillery (FA) personnel as fire support team (FIST) chiefs and battalion and brigade fire support officers.

Every effort must be made to ensure that FISTs and fire support elements train with their supported maneuver units on a continuous basis, not just for field exercises or live fires. Only through this kind of association can the full potential of maneuver and firepower be realized.

This dedication to the combined arms team is the only way to ensure the complete integration of maneuver and firepower. This association must be firmly established before the battle is joined. Applying the tactics, techniques, and procedures for fire support planning and coordination must become second nature to the maneuver commander and to field artillerymen. Without this dedicated approach, we will not be prepared to meet the demands of the AirLand Battle.

FIRE SUPPORT AND THE MANEUVER COMMANDER

The maneuver commander must understand his fire support system and how to integrate it with his maneuver forces. The FSCOORD must understand the needs of the force throughout the battle and the technique for running the fire support system at full efficiency.

The maneuver commander integrates all fire support and maneuver assets to maximize combat power for the combined arms team. As he develops his battle plan for the employment of maneuver forces, he must:

Visualize how he will use his fire support resources.

Decide which subordinate echelon he will weight with fire support.

Designate what targets to attack with what fire support means.

Designate priorities for engaging targets and allocating fire units.

The maneuver commander is ultimately responsible for the integration of all fires with maneuver. The FSCOORD is his principal assistant to ensure that a fire support plan is developed, that all available fire support is considered, and that the maneuver plan is enhanced.

The payoff of this joint planning effort is the realization of total force potential. Combat power must not be wasted through piecemeal application of a poorly operated combined arms team.

The commander's battle planning begins when he receives a mission and continues throughout the execution of that mission (figure 1). Evaluating, refining, revising, and deciding how to accomplish his mission is a dynamic process. During this process, the commander constantly seeks the most efficient and effective application of all his resources to generate maximum combat power. The commander includes the FSCOORD in every step of his decision-making process.

The commander must have all necessary information on available fire support. To ensure this, the FSCOORD begins his planning when the commander announces the mission to the staff. On the basis of the commander's intent, the FSCOORD anticipates maneuver requirements and deduces the fire support mission.

During the combat decision-making process, the commander and his primary staff officers require information about the fire support system in order to accurately develop their estimates. The commander can get the information directly from those special fire support staff officers (liaison representatives) in the fire support element (FSE) (naval gunfire liaison officer ([NGLO], air liaison officer [ALO], etc.). However, he relies on the FSCOORD to collect and correlate this information.

The FSCOORD must be prepared to report this information early in the process. Information he provides the commander includes:

How the characteristics of the area of operation (observation and fields of fire, cover and concealment, obstacles, key terrain, avenues of approach [OCOKA], terrain, weather, and other pertinent factors) can affect fire support operations.

How the enemy's capabilities can affect fire support operations.

The friendly fire support situation (status of guns, close air support, FISTs, etc.).

This information provides a basis for a later report on the anticipated difficulties the fire support system may experience in supporting the operation. The FSCOORD also briefs the commander on how the personnel, logistics, and civil-military operations will affect fire support operations. Finally, he identifies the difficulties the fire support system will encounter in supporting the operation.

The information-gathering/planning process described above is not all-inclusive. Each commander will have different requirements. As the FSCOORD strengthens his relationship with the commander, he may tailor these initial reports according to the commander's habits and operational style.

Commander's Estimate

The commander's estimate is a method, or tool, used to collect and analyze relevant information that will help him to formulate the best possible plan of action for a particular operation. This estimate answers the question, "How will I apply my resources to best accomplish my mission?" It produces the "design" of the battle plan.

During the battle, the commander is constantly anticipating, estimating, and evaluating the situation. Under battlefield conditions, the estimate process is less formal, producing rapid, sound decisions on the basis of immediate information and needs. At brigade and lower levels, the estimate process normally is verbal rather than written.

As the commander is preparing his estimate, primary and other applicable staff officers are also compiling their estimates. During this estimating process, the FSCOORD constantly provides current fire support information, as needed, to the commander and his staff. The FSCOORD is especially active in the development of the operations estimate by the S3/G3. For each course of action developed by the S3/G3, the FSCOORD provides fire support resource information. Concurrently, the FSCOORD and his staff (at FA battalion and higher levels) should prepare a supporting commander's estimate of the situation. This is to ensure complete analysis of the mission from the fire support perspective.

After completion of the estimates, the staff briefs the commander and provides recommendations on the best way to accomplish the mission. Included in the briefings are all courses of action that were considered and/or developed.

Wargaming

The commander then wargames each course of action to see how the battle will progress. He visualizes the battle in depth to determine how deep attacks can support his plan. He mentally fights each action, up to and including mission accomplishment. This helps him to determine the risks involved and the probable success of each course. Of course, different commanders will have different staff officers present during the wargaming process. A common solution, however, is for the commander to have the S3/G3, the S2/G2, and the FSCOORD with him. It is during the wargaming process that the FSCOORD makes his greatest contribution to the planning effort.

As the commander wargames, the FSCOORD provides the most current information for applying all elements of the fire support system. He also recommends the best method to apply fire support in concert with his other resources. While the commander fights games to determine factors critical to success, the FSCOORD mentally:

Attacks emerging targets with the most effective system.

Determines the task/requirements for all fire support system elements.

Considers proper distribution of assets for close support of maneuver elements, for counterfire, and fire interdiction fires.

Visualizes indirect fire unit movements required to follow the battle flow.

Considers logistical needs and their impact on the battle.

The process continues with the commander examining all possible actions to ensure that he has determined all factors critical to success. All members of the staff, of course, help in their areas of expertise.

When wargaming is complete, the FSCOORD will have determined which course of action can best be supported from the viewpoint of the fire support system. The FSCOORD must advise the commander if a course cannot be supported or requires additional fire support. This should be rare, since the commander will have involved his FSCOORD throughout the major steps in the decision-making process.

After wargaming and analyzing all courses of action, identifying their advantages, disadvantages, and risks, the commander decides which course of action to follow. He then restates it and elaborates on his concept of the operation in his completed commander's estimate. Included is his decision on who performs elements of the mission and his intent during all phases of the operation. His concept and intent form the basis for paragraph 3a, Concept of Operation, in the operation order.

The commander's staff, to include the FSCOORD, now has the necessary information to prepare operation plans/orders.

PRINCIPLES OF FIRE SUPPORT

The principles of fire support are the framework for an automatic thought process that the FSCOORD follows to ensure the most effective use of available fire support assets.

These principles will apply at all levels of commands, no matter what fire support assets are available. Some of these principles may be more applicable to either fire support planning or fire support coordination, but all must be applied to ensure effective fire support. These fire support principles are discussed in the following paragraphs.

Plan Early and Continuously

One principle of fire support is to plan early and to continue planning throughout the operation. To effectively integrate fire support with maneuver, planning must begin when the commander states his mission and provides his command guidance. Whenever the commander's guidance is needed during the planning of an operation, the FSCOORD should solicit that guidance from the commander. Planning is continuous and keeps pace with the dynamics of the battle. Both close and deep targets must be considered.

Exploit All Available Targeting Assets

The FSCOORD must ensure that target information from all available resources at his echelon is rapidly evaluated and routed to the appropriate fire support delivery agency. He must ensure that the acquisition requirements of the fire support system are identified.

Consider the Use of All Lethal/Nonlethal Fire Support Means

Each FSCOORD considers the attack means available at his level and higher levels. He also considers the command guidance for the use of available means in the present battle and in future battles.

Use Lowest Echelon Capable of Furnishing Effective Support

Fire support is delivered by the lowest level having effective means available. The FSCOORD must decide what is needed. If his own assets are inadequate, he must request additional fire support from the appropriate echelon.

Use the Most Effective Means

Normally, requests for fire support are sent to the agency which has the most effective means. The FSCOORD considers the nature and importance of the target and the likelihood of its staying in its current location. He also considers the availability of attack means and the results desired. It is often necessary to use secondary assets to temporarily fix the target (tgt) until a more effective means can attack it. An example of this is a situation in which air support is the most desired means but is about 20 minutes away. In this case, indirect fire weapons can fix the target until aircraft arrive.

Furnish Type of Support Requested

Usually, the fire support requester is in the best position to know what is needed. However, the FSCOORD is in position to weigh the request against the commander's guidance on priority targets and the current and future needs for fire support. If a request for fire support is disapproved, the FSCOORD stops the request and notifies all concerned. When possible and necessary, he substitutes a new fire support means and alerts the agencies that are to provide and to receive the support.

Avoid Unnecessary Duplication

A key task for the FSCOORD is to ensure that duplications of fire support are resolved. Also, he must ensure that only the minimum force needed to get the desired effects are used on a single target.

Consider Airspace Coordination

The target trajectories of indirect fire weapons are hazardous to friendly aircraft operating in the area. The FSCOORD provides input about fire support use of airspace to those agencies and personnel engaged in airspace management. At division and corps, air defense and aviation liaison representatives often collocate with fire support elements to enhance the exchange of information. At lower levels, such coordination may include forward air controllers, naval gunfire (NGF) spotters, aerial observers, and other airspace users.

Provide Adequate Support

Another important fire support principle is to provide adequate support. The mission of the force and the commander's guidance determine the amounts and types of fire support needed for success. The FSCOORD recommends, and the supported commander approves or alters, the fire support allocations that will best meet his needs. The FSCOORD must clearly inform the maneuver commander when adequate resources are not available to support his plan.

Provide Rapid Coordination

The FSCOORD must know the characteristics of the various fire support weapons. He must also have immediate information on the availability of these means. He must stay abreast of the battle as it develops in order to attack both planned targets and targets of opportunity. This is to ensure that coordination channels are functioning smoothly. Considerations for rapid coordination include:

Exact locations of supported maneuver units.

The scheme of maneuver of the supported force.

Supported commander's guidance/standing operating procedures (SOP).

Fire support coordinating measures in effect.

Rules of the host nation, if appropriate.

Although planning is done regardless of boundaries and friendly locations, the execution (coordination) of the fire support must always take these realities into account. To ensure responsive and safe fire support, the FSCOORD must continuously use and update all types of fire support coordinating measures.

Provide for Flexibility

The FSCOORD must anticipate and provide for future contingencies. On-order missions and the careful positioning of indirect fire means give the commander flexibility in responding to changing battle conditions.

Provide for the Safeguarding and Survivability of Friendly Forces/Installations

Several measures can be used to accomplish this principle. Some of them are:

The use of fire support coordinating measures.

The use of restricted firing positions to eliminate or reduce firing signatures.

Consideration of the location of friendly forces during target analysis.

In implementing this principle, safety measures must not become so restrictive that they unduly degrade the effectiveness of fire support.

You have just learned that a special relationship must exist between the maneuver commander and the FSCOORD. You have also learned the fire support principles to be used in planning and coordinating fire support.

The next learning event will describe the characteristics of fire support planning and coordination.

Learning Event 2:
IDENTIFY THE CHARACTERISTICS OF, AND FSCOORD RESPONSIBILITIES FOR, FIRE SUPPORT PLANNING AND COORDINATION

Fire support planning is the continuous process of analyzing, allocating, and scheduling fire support. The goal of fire support planning is to effectively integrate fire support into battle plans to optimize combat power. To accomplish this goal, fire support planning is performed concurrently with battle planning.

FIRE SUPPORT PLANNING

The planning process determines how fire support will be used, what types of targets will be attacked, when, and with what means. Planning must be flexible enough to accommodate the unexpected in combat. Fully integrated fire support results only when the FSCOORD is an aggressive contributor to the maneuver commander's planning sequence and decision-making process. This planning involves much more than planning targets and choosing the proper weapon/ammunition combination. Fire support planning also includes:

Allocating and positioning fire support assets.

Tactical battlefield deception.

Survivability.

Survey.

The use of target acquisition and communications assets.

Flexibility.

Target priorities.

Intended effects of the fire support.

Good fire support planning facilitates rapid change. It anticipates the massing of fires, changes to the force mission, realistic movement times, resupply, target acquisition, and the replacement of entire units. Good fire support planning is flexible.

Priorities

The vast array of targets anticipated on today's battlefield creates competing demands for fire support. Usually, there are more demands than fire support can respond to. To avoid an overload of the system, the supported commander sets priorities on how to use his fire support to meet those demands most critical to his mission. He states his priorities for the allocation of assets, positioning of surface-to-surface means, constraints to provide for future actions, and guidance on the attack to specific types of targets.

Generally, targets are prioritized according to their potential danger to the mission. Specifically, priorities are given those targets that can:

Prevent the execution of the plan (priority 1).

Seriously interfere with the plan (priority 2).

Cause serious interference later (priority 3).

Cause limited interference (priority 4).

The targeting process, to include the target value analysis technique, enables the FSCOORD to recommend target priorities to the maneuver commander.

Guidelines for Desired Effects

Once the maneuver commander has set his target priorities, he issues further guidance, with the advice of his FSCOORD, on the effects he wants to achieve on each target. His decisions are based on ammunition and delivery means available. The effects he requires on a target are expressed, by category, as suppression, neutralization, or destruction.

Suppression. Suppression of a target limits the ability of the enemy personnel in the target area. Firing a high-explosive shell with a time or variable time (VT) fuse creates apprehension or surprise and causes tanks to button up. The effects of suppression fires usually last only as long as the fires are continued. Suppression fires are used against likely, suspected, or inaccurately located enemy firing positions.

Neutralization. Neutralization of a target knocks it out of the battle temporarily. Experience has shown that 10 percent or more casualties may neutralize a unit. The unit will become effective again when casualties are replaced and equipment is repaired. Neutralization fires are used against targets located by accurate map inspection, by indirect fire adjustment, or by a target acquisition device.

Destruction. Destruction puts the target out of action for a prolonged period of time. Depending on the type, morale, and discipline of a unit, 30 percent or more casualties will normally render a unit ineffective. Direct hits are located by accurate map inspection, by indirect fire adjustment, or by target acquisition device.

Categories of Fire Support Planning

The depth and complexity of fire support planning depends on how much time is available and the echelon at which the planning occurs. Planning for contingencies and planning at higher echelons are normally very detailed and are outlined in explicit planning documents. At lower echelons, planning during battle is more spontaneous. Irrespective of the echelons, the FSCOORD at the next higher echelon will provide the initial planning guidance either verbally or in a written document. Whether he receives written or oral guidance, the FSCOORD must ensure that targeting guidelines, attack guidance, and other fire support demands are met. Many of the actions that occur in response to battle situations are established in SOPs and in fragmentary orders (FRAGOs). Depending on the time available and the echelon at which planning occurs, the planning may be formal or informal.

Formal Fire Support Planning. This is a deliberate process that usually flows from higher to lower echelons. Formal planning (figure 2, view A) involves a detailed consideration of what fire support is available, how to get it, and how to integrate fire support and maneuver. This type of planning deals with specific operations. At brigade and higher levels, formal planning usually results in a written fire support plan. It is disseminated from higher to lower headquarters as part of the commander's operation order.

Informal Fire Support Planning. This is a far more dynamic process that responds to the immediate problems on the battlefield. Generally, it flows from lower to higher echelons and occurs primarily at the maneuver company and battalion levels. Informal planning (figure 2, view B), like formal planning, is a product of the situation, the time available, and the echelon at which it occurs. Because it is a spontaneous process tied to the immediate needs of the force, informal planning is normally done orally rather than in writing.

FIRE SUPPORT COORDINATION

Fire planning is of little value if the coordination necessary to ensure the successful execution of a battle plan cannot be accomplished. Fire support coordination is the continuous process of implementing fire support planning and managing the fire support assets that are available to a maneuver force.

Fire support facilities (which will be discussed in learning events 3 and 4 of this lesson) provide channels through which fire support is planned and coordinated. These facilities have immediate access to all available fire support means: the division artillery tactical operations center (TOC), the corps artillery TOC, the fire direction centers for indirect fire weapons, supporting ships, and air support action agencies. The goal of fire support coordination is to address those actions necessary to expedite the timely attack of targets and simultaneously provide safeguards for friendly forces.

Fire Support Planning and Coordination Responsibilities

At each echelon, the FSCOORD and FSE personnel are advised on the use of the various fire support means by liaison representatives from those elements providing the means. At maneuver battalion and higher level command posts, advisors are available as shown in figure 3.

The FSCOORD at each echelon plans and coordinates as discussed below.

Planning Responsibilities. In planning, the FSCOORD:

Anticipates mission requirements so he can advise the command how to best use fire support.

Assesses the fire support means available and, on the basis of that assessment, recommends priorities of fire and allocation of fire support.

Ensures the effective use of all agencies that can provide target information.

Studies the enemy situation and force mission and recommends what targets to attack and how to attack them.

Makes necessary plans to offset the unexpected and to expedite changes.

Plans the use of all fire support agencies as they contribute to the overall fire support plan.

Determines coordinating measures that will best facilitate maneuver actions and provide safeguards to protect friendly elements.

Develops and coordinates an efficient, fully integrated, fire support plan.

Coordination Responsibilities. As part of his coordination responsibilities, the FSCOORD:

Anticipates changes dictated by the developing battle and recommends revision of the fire support plan.

Directs the fire support attack of targets in the priority established by the commander.

Tasks the most effective fire support means to attack targets.

Coordinates all fire support in the commander's zone or sector.

Ensures the safeguarding of friendly elements.

Ensures continued flow of targeting information.

You have just learned about the planning and coordination of the different fire support elements. In the next learning event, you will learn about the fire support and observation/lasing teams, and their functions at the company/team level.

Learning Event 3:
IDENTIFY THE ORGANIZATION, EQUIPMENT, COMMUNICATIONS, DUTIES AND FIRE SUPPORT PLANNING AND COORDINATION FUNCTIONS OF THE COMPANY/TROOP FIRE SUPPORT TEAM (FIST) AND OBSERVATION/LASING TEAMS

Fire support coordination facilities are established at each level of maneuver command, company through corps. The fire support coordination facility is established and supervised by the FSCOORD of the given echelon of command, the facility is staffed and equipped by representatives from each fire support asset responsive to that echelon.

The learning event will discuss the company/troop level fire support team, their equipment, and how they plan and operate fire support.

THE COMPANY/TROOP FIRE SUPPORT TEAM (FIST)

Supporting field artillery provides the FIST to all company-sized ground maneuver elements of a force. Usually, these teams are attached to supported companies/teams upon deployment and stay with these units for the duration of hostilities. Each FIST is equipped and trained to provide:

A full-time fire support advisor/coordinator. This is the company fire support officer (CO FSO).

An observation capability.

A communications link to all available fire support.

Full-time liaison for supporting field artillery.

FIST Personnel and Equipment

There are two types of FISTs. The organization of the FIST depends on the type unit that is supported. For infantry and mechanized infantry companies, a FIST consists of a three- or four-man headquarters and three two-man platoon forward observer (FO) parties. Tank companies and armored cavalry troops have only the four-man FIST headquarters. The FO function is performed by maneuver personnel (tank commander).

NOTE

When additional or replacement FISTs/FOs are required, they are provided by the direct support (DS) battalion. Precautions should be taken to avoid splitting established fire support teams/fire support sections.

In addition to the field artillery (FA) personnel, a forward air controller (FAC) and/or a firepower control team (FCT) may operate with the FIST personnel.

To facilitate FIST activities on the battlefield and to provide mobility commensurate with the supported force, each FIST is equipped according to the type of force supported; that is, mechanized infantry, armor, and airborne.

The Fire Support Team Vehicle. An important item of equipment found with mechanized infantry and armored FISTs is the fire support team vehicle (FISTV). The FISTV greatly enhances the ability of the FIST to provide fire support to the maneuver company. It enables the FIST headquarters to acquire and lase targets for terminally-guided munitions and to coordinate fire support for the company from within the armor protection of the carrier.

The FISTV's laser capability is used for range finding and for designating targets for attack with precision guided munitions. These capabilities bring a new dimension to fire support. The type of laser designator that is employed with the FISTV is the ground/vehicular laser locator designator (G/VLLD) AN/TVQ-2.

The G/VLLD. The G/VLLD provides a ground observer with three important capabilities:

Ability to designate stationary or moving point targets at ranges up to 5 kilometers.

Ability to determine observer-to-target range to an accuracy of ± 5 meters at ranges up to 10 kilometers.

Ability to determine accurate azimuth and elevation angle data that, when coupled with distance data, can be used to significantly reduce target location errors.

The G/VLLD has several other valuable characteristics, such as its ability to interface with the digital message device (DMD) (figure 4B).

The G/VLLD is also equipped with an AN/TAS-4 thermal night sight. This sight allows the operator to use the system during periods of limited visibility and battlefield obscuration.

Digital Message Devices (DMD). Both the FIST headquarters and the platoon FO parties of light and heavy forces are equipped with two-way digital message devices. The DMD transmits and receives in digital bursts over any standard Army communications equipment. The DMD is portable and battery-powered. It is easily attached to a AN/PRC-77, an AN/GR-160, an AN/VCR-46/47, single-sideband (SSB) radios, or WD-1 field wire.

Five categories of messages providing a total of 29 message formats are available with the DMD. They allow digital transmission of any operational message an observer would need to send. The categories are: standard fire request, adjustments of fire, registration, intelligence, and information. (For further information, see TM 11-7440-281-12P.) The FIST DMD has been developed with four communication channels. It serves as a communications relay point that permits the FIST headquarters to review, edit, and forward calls for fire from the FOs to the appropriate fire support assets (figure 4A). The FIST DMD is organic to infantry, mechanized infantry, and armored FIST headquarters.

The personnel and equipment for the different types of FISTs are shown in table 1 below.

FIST COMMUNICATIONS CONTROL METHODS

Communications methods for FIST control of forward observers vary according to table of organization and equipment (TOE) constraints. One of the following situations will exist:

FIST headquarters will have FM voice capability only (no digital equipment).

FIST headquarters will be equipped with the FIST DMD.

FIST headquarters will be equipped with the single-channel DMD.

The options available in each of these situations are described in the following paragraphs.

FIST Headquarters with FM Voice Capabilities Only

The FIST headquarters with FM voice capabilities only has three options for controlling fire requests from its forward observers. These options are valid for FISTs of all types regardless of specific equipment authorization/availability. They are the only options for FIST control that apply to light infantry division forces and other similarly structured light forces.

Option 1. The FO can initiate calls directly on any assigned net (figure 5). This option is highly responsive if requests are few. Traffic density on any particular fire direction (F or FD) net could preclude use of this decentralized option.

Option 2. The FIST headquarters predesignates a primary net for each FO (for example, heavy mortar, FD) (figure 6). The use of any other means of fire support requires the FO to coordinate with the FIST headquarters. This option is highly responsive when the type of fire requested by the FO remains unchanged. A change in the type of fire requires additional transmissions. This option provides positive control by the FIST headquarters, which prevents fire support net overload. It is a compromise between centralized and decentralized control.

Option 3. The FO requests specific fire support through the FIST headquarters, which directs the FO to the appropriate FDC (figure 6). While less responsive than either option 1 or option 2, option 3 provides the FIST headquarters with the most positive centralized control.

FIST Headquarters Equipped with the FIST DMD

When the FIST headquarters is equipped with the FIST DMD, three communications options exist for controlling fire requests from DMD-equipped forward observers.

Review Mode. When the FIST DMD is placed in the review mode, all message traffic from the FO is addressed to the FIST DMD. On receipt of a message, the FIST DMD holds the message until the FIST DMD operator calls up the message, modifies it if he desires, and transmits the message to the fire support asset selected by the FIST headquarters. If the FIST DMD is in the review mode, a message returning from the selected fire support asset proceeds in a similar manner. It is addressed to the FIST, is stopped at the FIST DMD, and is sent on by actions taken by the FIST DMD operator. The receive message queue can store 16 messages.

Automatic Mode. When the FIST DMD is placed in the automatic mode, a link is established in the subscriber table between an FO and one of the fire support assets. When a call for fire initiated by the FO is addressed to the FIST DMD, the FIST DMD immediately re-addresses the message to the assigned fire support asset and forwards it to that asset on the appropriate net with no action required by the FIST DMD operator. If the FIST DMD is in the automatic mode, responses from the fire support asset return in a similar manner.

Fire Request Approval Mode. When the FIST DMD is placed in the fire request approval (FRA) mode, a link is established between the FO and the fire support asset. This link is terminated at the conclusion of the transmission by the transmission of an end-of-mission (EOM) message. For example, when an FO addresses a call for fire to the FIST DMD, the FIST DMD stops the message and holds it until the operator calls up the message, reviews it, and sends it on to the appropriate destination. On transmission of the message to the selected fire support asset, a link is established so that all transmission will continue to flow as in the automatic mode until one of the parties sends an EOM message.

FIST Headquarters Equipped with the Single-Channel DMD

A FIST headquarters equipped with the single-channel DMD has two options for controlling fire requests.

Option 1. The FIST headquarters may use a voice/digital mode of operation (figure 7). In this mode, the FO notifies the FIST headquarters of a fire request by voice, on the company fire control (CFC) net. The FIST headquarters then directs the FO to the proper fire net. The FO begins his fire mission with either a voice request to the mortars or a digital request to the FA fire direction center (FDC). Voice requests for fire from armor or infantry personnel are passed over the CFC net. The FIST headquarters ensures that voice traffic is not placed on the FA fire (digital) net. The decentralized mode of control is used only during surge periods of the battle when the FIST headquarters is inundated with activity.

Option 2. The FIST headquarters requires the FO to use only voice requests for fire (figure 7, above). The FIST headquarters composes and transmits all FA fire missions by using its DMD. This option can be applied to all FIST headquarters modes of operation. Option 2 differs from option 1 in that the FIST headquarters converts voice requests for fire into digital requests for FA fire. The advantage of this option is that it allows the FO to operate in voice nets only (CFC or battalion heavy mortar FD), which the FO can preset on his AN/GRC-160 radio. Option 2 allows the FIST HQ to efficiently manage company fire support assets with its single-channel DMD. In the digital world of the tactical fire direction system (TACFIRE), subscribers must continually inform the system of their entry into or departure from the digital net. Option 2 eliminates this requirement. This option centralizes all digital requests at the company level. It is the option used primarily by armored cavalry platoon leaders and sergeants.

FIST COMMUNICATIONS NETS

At the company level the primary means of communication is usually dictated by the situation. Tactical voice radio is used most of the time; however, wire circuits should be installed when practical. The FIST communications nets are described in the following paragraphs.

Maneuver Battalion Heavy Mortar Fire Direction Net (FM)

The FIST chief can operate in this net for heavy mortar support.

Company Fire Control (CFC) Net (FM)

The FIST headquarters is the net control station (NCS) for the CFC net. All fire requests from observers other than artillery observers (for example, armor platoon leader) are received on this net. The forward observers can also use the CFC net to send requests for fire to the FIST. After receipt of the fire request, the FIST chief may:

Direct the non-FA observer to another fire net to request fires.

Act as a relay between the requester and the provider of fires.

Move to a position from which he can handle the mission himself.

If company mortars are available, the FIST sends requests for mortar fire on this net.

DS Battalion Fire Net (Digital)

This net is the primary link from the FIST to TACFIRE. All requests for artillery fire will be sent to the DS battalion on this net.

Company Command Net

The company command net is used by the company commander to control the actions of his subordinates. It is not used to transmit fire requests except in an emergency when no other net is available. Any time the FIST chief is physically located away from the commander, he is required to monitor this net to receive instructions concerning the use of fire support and to keep abreast of the company's operation.

DS Battalion Command/Operations Net (Voice)

This net may be used for fire support coordination requirements as necessary. The maneuver battalion/brigade FSOs are stations within this net. FIST chiefs operate in this net for coordination purpose when the battalion FSO directs them to do so.

Degraded Net Priorities

The FIST chief must decide what radios are to be used to monitor the nets on the basis of the tactical situation. In some cases, full communications may not be available because of human limitations or insufficient equipment. When such restrictions preclude adequate monitoring of all nets, nets will be monitored in the following order of priority:

DS battalion fire net. (FISTs always operate in this net.)

Company command net (if the FIST chief is separated from the commander).

Company fire control net (with platoon FOs and 60-mm mortars on it, when available).

Maneuver battalion heavy mortar fire direction net.

COMBAT OBSERVATION/LASING TEAMS (COLTs)

One combat observation/lasing team (COLT) is organic to each of the three direct support battalions of a mechanized infantry or armored division. COLTs are organic to each direct support battalion in both infantry and light infantry division forces. COLTs (table 2) will be placed under the control of a FSCOORD, from company to brigade level, to augment the lasing capability of the FIST.

DUTIES OF THE FIST IN COMPANY LEVEL FIRE SUPPORT PLANNING AND COORDINATION

The FIST provides fire support planning assistance to the company. The FIST must be familiar with the capabilities and limitations of all fire support systems that may be available to the company.

Fire Support Planning

During preparation for a combat operation, most of the FIST's time is spent in planning. The fire support officer (FSO) should always accompany the commander to plans and orders briefings at battalion. Similarly, the platoon FOs should accompany the platoon leaders to company-level planning sessions. The company commander is responsible for the combat power generated by his company. However, the company fire support officer is responsible for the fire support input to the company commander's plan.

While the company commander is developing his concept of the operation, he and the CO FSO will discuss the fire support requirements. It must be emphasized that these actions are taken informally and concurrently. The CO FSO does not wait for the commander to complete the scheme of maneuver, but inputs fire planning as the scheme of maneuver is being developed. The CO FSO will do most of the company's fire planning. He may also receive planned targets and target information from his platoon observers.

The CO FSO will then complete the company fire plan and brief the commander to obtain his approval. The company commander may alter the plan or approve it as is. The final decision is made by the commander. When the plan is complete, the CO FSO will ensure that targets are passed to the FSE at the maneuver battalion level. This is where all fire support plans are consolidated and integrated into the battalion scheme of maneuver.

In addition, the FSO must ensure that the platoon FOs and platoon leaders are familiar with the fire plan. Overlays should be provided to them and to the company commander. The FSO will plan targets beyond without regard to weapons

ranges or capabilities. As the units move forward, priorities may be modified to ensure coverage forward. Again, it must be emphasized that this fire planning process is informal. Most of it takes place orally.

Fire planning is probably the most important task of the CO FSO. Because the modern battlefield is complex, lethal, and confusing, success would be nearly impossible without a proper fire plan to provide fire support of the quality and

quantity needed.

The CO FSO may perform either deliberate or quick fire support planning, depending on the time available. In either case, targets must be placed into the fire planning channels as soon as possible so that they can be processed at the fire direction center/fire support element.

Deliberate Fire Support Planning. Deliberate fire support planning techniques are used when the situation is relatively well developed and time permits detailed step-by-step procedures.

As the planning process begins, the CO FSO develops targets based on the company commander's guidance, the terrain, and the tactical situation. The CO FSO assigns numbers to the targets from a block of numbers assigned by the battalion fire support officer. The sources of these targets may include the platoon FOs, direct observations, combat patrols, maneuver unit ground sensors, the maneuver commander, and the maneuver battalion FSO. The CO FSO then briefs the company commander on a plan for fire support for the company's operation.

When targets have been approved, the CO FSO transfers them to a target list. This informal document contains information needed by the receiving fire direction center (FDC) to quickly identify, process, and complete technical firing data for the indicated targets. The target list is then provided to the battalion FSO to facilitate coordination. It may be hand carried, transmitted by secure voice means, or transmitted through the FIST DMD to the battalion FSE. When the CO FSO transmits the target list to the battalion FSO by means of the FIST DMD, the targets can then be rapidly consolidated and transmitted to the DS battalion computer where the targets are scheduled for firing.

Target lists received by the battalion FSO from the CO FSOs are consolidated, and duplications are eliminated. CO FSOs are then informed of target list deletions, corrections, and/or modifications, to include changes in attack means.

Quick Fire Support Planning. Quick fire support planning techniques are used when time is limited. These techniques are standardized. They are extremely flexible. As in deliberate planning, the CO FSO develops targets and assigns target numbers to them. In quick fire support planning, however, the CO FSO assigns targets (and possibly a schedule of fires) to the most appropriate fire support means available to support the operation. In fast moving situations, targets may be developed/planned by the battalion FSO and passed to the CO FSO.

The battalion FSO coordinates fires while the CO FSO orchestrates the fire plan. In this type of fire support planning, the available time does not usually permit evaluation of targets on the target list, nor does it allow for consolidation with targets from related fire support coordination agencies.

In an operation for which quick fire support planning is conducted, a field artillery battery may be directed to provide fire support. The designation of a battery simplifies direct planning and coordination between the FIST and battery commander/FDC.

The quick fire support plan also applies to battalion and brigade levels of command. Battalion and brigade FSOs must be familiar with the techniques of quick fire support planning.

Fire Support Coordination

Essential to the successful execution of the fire support plan is fire support coordination. To facilitate fire support coordination, the FIST must:

Advise the commander on all fire support matters. This is primarily the job of the FIST, but the platoon FOs with the platoon leaders may do this on a limited scale, commensurate with their knowledge and experience.

Resolve any fire support conflicts that may arise during the planning and execution of the operation. Actions taken to avoid possible conflicts may include:

Ensuring that planned fires are not employed to the detriment of maneuver direct fire weapons.

Ensuring that the available platoon FOs use assets to the best advantage.

Competing for assets, and priorities of fire for those assets, when the company mission changes to a more difficult or more dangerous one.

Attack targets in a timely manner with the most suitable fire support means available.

Coordinate the operations of the platoon observers.

As the eyes of the artillery, the FIST must continually survey the battlefield. Observation of the battlefield and adjustments of indirect fires are traditional duties of the artillery observer. These jobs are more difficult now because of the introduction of new weapons and the increased mobility of threat forces. There will be numerous targets on the battlefield. Therefore, it is sometimes a matter of locating the most dangerous target among those that are present and ensuring that it is engaged first.

The FIST is an important target acquisition source in the division. The FIST members will pass targeting information to the FDC. This is done as soon as possible to ensure timely dissemination of the information and firing on suitable enemy targets.

Of particular importance to the division artillery is information of a counterbattery nature. This information concerns the enemy's indirect fire system. This information may be obtained through reports on shelling in the vicinity of the company position. It may also be obtained through actual sightings of enemy mortars, artillery, and observation posts. The FIST must also keep the artillery and mortars informed of the maneuver situation.

Such information is vital with respect to priorities of fire and to the safety and survivability of the company itself. The FSO has the most up-to-date intelligence and knowledge of the plans and missions of the artillery and mortar units. It is important that the FSO advise the company commander of any change in available fire support assets.

In addition to requesting and adjusting field artillery, mortars, and naval gunfire support, the FIST is responsible for controlling close air support (CAS) in emergency situations. The FIST will normally assist a ground or airborne forward air controller (FAC). The company fire support sergeant must be able to act as a CAS guide and request/control CAS in the absence of a FAC, the CO FSO, or company fire support. The A-4, A-7, A-10, AV-8, and F-16 aircraft can be controlled over FM frequencies. However, communications with all other aircraft must be relayed through the battalion tactical air control party or airborne FAC. The FIST is concerned not only with controlling the actual attack of the target. He must also keep the aircraft pilots informed of enemy antiaircraft weapons in the area. Also, he must warn pilots if there is any possibility of the aircraft flying through a contamination cloud of either chemical agents or nuclear fallout. The goal of the FIST is to provide responsive, effective fire support to the maneuver company. With this goal in mind, the FIST chief must use his personnel and equipment assets to best accomplish the fire support tasks. The options for doing this not only depend on the tactical situation but, more importantly, on the knowledge and ingenuity of the FIST.

CO FSO

The CO FSO is the fire support coordinator (FSCOORD) at company level; he is responsible for fire support management at that level. He bases his actions on the needs of the supported force and on guidance from the maneuver force commander. The primary duties of the CO FSO are to:

Serve as the FSCOORD for company/troop matters.

Direct all types of fire support (primarily FA, mortars and CAS).

Integrate fire support into battle plans.

Resolve fire support conflicts, and eliminate duplication of effort within the company's zone of action.

Assign target numbers.

Plan, coordinate, and execute fire support in accordance with command guidance and the battlefield situation.

Cue target acquisition assets attached to DS battalions when necessary.

Keep FOs and the battalion FSO informed.

Locate targets.

Manage lasing operations.

Report battlefield information.

Advise the supported maneuver company commander on fire support matters.

Establish and maintain CO FSO communications.

Supervise the establishment and effectiveness of CO FSO communications.

Serve as a FA liaison to supported units.

Supervise, train, evaluate, and rate enlisted members of the team.

Coordinate CO FSO activities.

Operate the ground/vehicular laser locator designator (G/VLLD) when necessary.

Be readily available, by physical location or by radio, so that the maneuver commander can quickly influence the battle with fire support assets.

Fire Support Sergeant

The fire support sergeant is the CO FSO's immediate assistant. As such, he must be able to perform the duties of the CO FSO and to:

Prepare terrain sketches.

Coordinate team activities as directed by the CO FSO.

Supervise the maintenance of team equipment.

Prepare and maintain fire support documents, records, and reports.

Operate the FIST DMD and the G/VLLD.

Establish and maintain FIST communications.

Assist and substitute for the CO FSO.

Supervise enlisted members of the team.

Call for, adjust, and/or direct all types of fire support.

Advise the supporting FA unit of the supported unit's plans.

Supervise the establishment and effectiveness of FIST communications.

Conduct and evaluate FIST training.

Perform other FIST tasks as defined by the CO FSO.

Fire Support Specialist

The fire support specialist helps the CO FSO and the fire support sergeant in the performance of their duties. The primary duties of the fire support specialist are to:

Help in fire support planning and coordination.

Perform observed fire procedures.

Prepare and maintain situation maps and overlays, and recognize and use map signs and symbols.

Keep FO parties informed.

Help set up, operate, maintain, and displace FIST equipment.

Operate and maintain communication equipment.

Assist in lasing targets.

Prepare and disseminate target lists.

Monitor requests for fire support.

Keep the CO FSO informed.

Forward Observer (FO)

At platoon level, except in tank companies and armored cavalry troops, the FO acts as the eyes of the field artillery and mortars. As the maneuver platoon's fire support representative, the primary responsibilities of the FO are to locate targets and call for and adjust indirect fire support. To facilitate these actions, the FO must always be familiar with the terrain over which his platoon is operating and with the tactical situation at hand. Also, the FO must:

Inform the FIST headquarters of platoon activities and the fire support situation.

Prepare and use situation maps, overlays, and terrain sketches.

Call for, adjust, and direct fire support.

Operate as a team with the radiotelephone operator (RATELO).

Select targets to support the platoon's mission based on an analysis of mission, enemy, terrain, troops available, and time available (METT-T).

Select observation posts (OP) and movement routes to and from them.

Establish and maintain communications as prescribed by the CO FSO.

Operate the DMD.

Determine and report the six-place grid coordinates of his location each time he moves.

The FO's success is based primarily on his familiarity with the terrain over which his supported platoon operates. Study of, and observation over, the zone of action of the supported force are necessary to acquaint the FO with his area of fire support responsibility. To facilitate his terrain knowledge, he can draw a terrain sketch consisting of prominent terrain features such as hills, bodies of water, buildings, roads, and depressions. Direct observation is the preferred method of studying the terrain. However, if direct observation is not advisable because of the tactical situation, a map reconnaissance is required.

To provide the right type of fire support at the correct time, the FO must be aware of the current and projected tactical situations. This is easier if he completely understands the force's scheme of maneuver. Joint maneuver and fire planning should be the standard method of planning.

In addition to being familiar with the terrain and the scheme of maneuver, the FO must also know the enemy's tactics and techniques, as well as his equipment capabilities and limitations. This knowledge will help the FO maximize the capabilities and minimize the limitations of the firing assets available to support him.

The tank commander is the FO for tank platoons and armored cavalry troops. He must be able to call for and adjust fires and make maximum use of planned targets to simplify calls for fire.

Radiotelephone Operator (RATELO)

As a member of the FO party and the FIST headquarters (HQ), the RATELO must be able to perform the duties of the FO at the maneuver platoon or those of the fire support specialist at the FIST. He must also be able to set up, operate, and maintain the FO or FIST headquarters' equipment.

In this learning event, you have learned the company/troop fire support team, their personnel, equipment, communications, and observation/lasing teams. You have seen how they function together. In the next learning event, you will learn how the battalion/task force fire support section is organized and functions.

Learning Event 4:
IDENTIFY THE ORGANIZATION, EQUIPMENT, COMMUNICATIONS, AND FIRE SUPPORT PLANNING AND COORDINATION FUNCTIONS OF THE BATTALION/TASK FORCE FIRE SUPPORT SECTION, AND THEIR FIRE SUPPORT PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS AND PROCEDURES

At battalion and higher level, fire support coordination is provided by the fire support element. The fire support coordination facility must be located either with or near the maneuver operations center to permit the rapid exchange of information. Liaison representatives from other services may also be located at the fire support element.

THE BATTALION FIRE SUPPORT SECTION

A full-time fire support section (FSS) operates at each maneuver battalion-size headquarters. It establishes and maintains the fire support element (FSE) for the battalion. The FSO is in charge of the FSS. He is the principal advisor to the force commander on fire support matters. As such, he supervises the FSE and the activities of representatives from other fire support systems available to the force.

Supporting field artillery provides the fire support sections for infantry, mechanized infantry, and tank battalions. Each cavalry squadron (air to ground) may have an FSS organic to its headquarters and headquarters troop (HHT). The FISTs and FSSs for the battalion of the combat aviation brigade (CAB) are organic to the battalions/squadrons of the brigade. In the air assault division, the FSSs for the air cavalry squadron and attack helicopter battalion are organic to division artillery headquarters and headquarters battery (HHB).

The battalion FSE is located with the operations element of the supported force. This allows fire support to react quickly to the needs of the supported unit. Key personnel in or collocated with a maneuver battalion FSE during the planning and/or execution of the operation may include:

The FSO.

A representative from the heavy mortar platoon.

An air liaison officer (ALO).

A naval gunfire liaison officer (NGLO).

A supporting engineer platoon leader.

The battalion chemical officer.

The battalion or task force S3 air is not a full-time member. However, he has responsibilities that cause him to function as a member of the fire support element. The representatives from the fire support agencies are the links to their supporting weapons systems. The location of these individuals within the FSE allows the FSO to keep each agency informed and to quickly pass requests for their fires.

Personnel and Equipment

Table 3, below, shows the composition of battalion fire support sections, by type.

COMMUNICATIONS

Each fire support section establishes and maintains communications with both the supported unit and the supporting field artillery. Assigned radios with variable format message entry devices (VFMED) are the primary means of communication; however, wire communications should be used whenever practical. The VFMED with ancillary equipment is a two-way device providing for encryption, transmission, receipt, acknowledgment, and decryption of messages. The VFMED permits the FSS to transmit and receive information from a TACFIRE computer and to use its processing capabilities.

The VFMED is not a computer. It has a line printer, so hard-copy messages can be received. The FSS also is issued a FIST DMD. This gives the FSO or his representative the capability to monitor fire requests and fire missions on a real-time basis, even when he is away from the FSE. He can inject his guidance before a mission is fired. When the FSO is not located at the FSE, he can use the CO FSO DMD, when available, to communicate with the digital system.

BATTALION/TASK FORCE-LEVEL FIRE SUPPORT PLANNING AND COORDINATION

As the maneuver battalion FSE, the fire support office has access to field artillery, heavy mortars, air support, and perhaps other fire support means for which planning and coordination are needed (figure 8).

Planning and Coordination Procedures

The fire support officer at the maneuver battalion FSE monitors requests for fires from the FISTs under his supervision. Target lists from the FISTs are consolidated and duplications are eliminated. The consolidated list is distributed to all the FISTs. When the fire support means available at the company level are inadequate, the FSO coordinates requests for additional fire support. The FSO also plans fires in accordance with the task force commander's guidance. Normally, the FSO will plan targets in depth and other targets that were not planned by the FISTs but are within the battalion's zone of action. This fire planning by the FSO begins on receipt of the maneuver battalion's mission and before the FSO's briefing to the FISTs or submission of the targets by the FISTs to the FSO. When a mission is received or generated, the FSO analyzes the target to determine if, when, how, and with which means it should be attacked. He does this on the basis of attack guidance provided by the commander.

Attack guidance is that information specified by the commander, and magnified by his operations staff and FSCOORD, to detail how and when targets should be attacked. It includes any restrictions on engagement, use of munitions, or use of fire support means. Targets are grouped into those that should be attacked immediately (even if other attacks have to be interrupted), those that should be engaged as acquired and as assets become available, and those that should be planned for future scheduled fires. Targets may be protected from destructive fires to enhance deception or to permit collection of information.

The FSO's efforts result in the battalion fire support plan. Once the FSO has developed the fire support plan, he briefs the battalion commander/S3 to obtain approval or further planning guidance. The battalion FSO then completes coordination with affected agencies (to include the close support battalion, all FISTs, and the brigade FSO). As a minimum, the FSO will transmit a complete consolidated target list to each FIST.

AMMUNITION CONSIDERATIONS

Ammunition capabilities must be considered in the development of both the scheme of maneuver and the fire support plan. Conventional and improved conventional munitions (ICM) are planned at the limits of visibility to disrupt enemy assault formations. With Copperhead, the coordination of these fires is particularly important. Their effects must not interfere with designator lines of sight during the critical Copperhead engagement period. During the planning process, the task force commander issues target attack guidance.

This guidance is incorporated in plans and orders by the task force (TF) staff and FSO and is communicated to company/team commanders and their CO FSOs. They disseminate the plans and orders to the platoon leaders, G/VLLD operators, and attached combat observation/lasing teams (COLTs). When a COLT is attached to a maneuver battalion, the FSO, using the maneuver commander's guidance, may either emplace it himself or further attach the team to company level under the control of a FIST. The FSO makes a reconnaissance of the terrain in and around the engagement areas selected by the task force commander. On the basis of this knowledge of company/team battle positions, engagement areas, and the proposed battery (btry) positions furnished by the brigade FSO or DS artillery battalion S3, the task force FSO coordinates Copperhead footprint coverage. Using the task force commander's attack guidance, the FSO coordinates the CO FSO's selection of preliminary Copperhead aimpoints (figure 8).

Mortar Employment Considerations

When the heavy mortars of the battalion are selected to attack a target, the FSO assigns the mission directly to the mortar platoon fire direction center and notifies the FIST in whose zone the target lies.

Naval Gunfire and Close Air Support Employment Considerations

The selection of naval gunfire or CAS to attack a target requires a concise directive to the NGLO or ALO at the fire support element. These liaison representatives communicate the requests to their respective agencies. A request for an immediate air support mission is sent by the ALO directly to the air support operations center (ASOC) at the corps headquarters or to the airborne command and control center (ABCCC). Intermediate fire support elements (brigade and division) monitor the request, acknowledge its receipt, and intercede only to disapprove or amend the requests. Requests for preplanned air fire support go through Army channels to the S3 air at corps. When air support is requested, the FSO must initiate a request for suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD) fires to support the friendly aircraft. This request will include locations of known or suspected enemy surface-to-air defenses around the target.

Having tasked a specific fire support means, the fire support officer coordinates the linkup of the attack means with an appropriate FIST, aerial observer, forward air controller, or NGF spotter.

The fire support officer must coordinate with the appropriate fire support facility to attack targets outside battalion boundaries or within the constraints imposed by other fire support coordinating measures.

Automated Field Artillery Planning Considerations

When field artillery is selected to attack a target, the battalion FSO uses the VFMED or FIST DMD to request and coordinate fires. Fire request and coordination channels are the same in both digital and manual environments. When digital means are used, although the FSO can no longer monitor fire requests made on the DS battalion fire direction net, he is still informed of all the fire missions by a message of interest (MOI) to him. The TACFIRE computer MOI function automatically transmits copies of all fire requests sent by the FSO's assigned observers. The FSO can then intervene verbally if he wishes to cancel or change the mission. The FSO also receives copies of any fire requests made in his unit's zone of action. In this way, fires across unit boundaries can be rapidly coordinated.

BATTALION/TASK FORCE SPLIT TOC OPERATION

As an option for command group employment at the battalion/task force level, a commander may temporarily control operations from a forward (tactical) command post. To do this, he may use a command group. Its composition will depend on the situation and the desires of the commander. When the task force commander is forward, the field artillery FSO will go with him to expedite fire support operations. The fire support sergeant will remain at the TOC (main CP) to plan, coordinate, and shift fires/fire support coordinating measures. Effective communications must be established linking fire support personnel who have gone forward with those at the main CP. When the fire support element (FSE) is equipped with a FIST DMD, the fire support personnel forward with the command elements should carry the device. This will facilitate digital communications and access to TACFIRE. The FSO may also intercede at any time by means of voice radio to issue instructions to the FSE or to make modifications based on the tactical situation. This includes instructions to supporting heavy mortars. Given current force structures, the maneuver commander must prioritize battalion-level FSS use. This is because present force structures do not facilitate fire support planning and coordination for prolonged periods of time during split operations. Such limitations should be passed to the commander in the form of staff estimates.

CONCLUSION

During this lesson, you have learned the fire support planning and coordination are functions of the maneuver commander; the elements of the fire support team organization and employment of FIST communications; the duties of FIST and the battalion fire support element personnel; the requirements and techniques of company-level fire support and battalion/task force-level fire support planning and coordination. If you feel comfortable with your knowledge in these areas, you can test yourself by completing the practice exercise.

Practice Exercise 1

Military

LESSON 1

FIRE SUPPORT PLANNING AND COORDINATION