IN 0484 Chptr 2 EDITION A

LESSON 2

OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF LRSU OPERATIONS

OVERVIEW

Lesson Description: During this lesson you will learn the operational environments and characteristics of LRSU operations.

Terminal Learning Objective:

Action:	Identify the operational environments and characteristics of the Long-Range Surveillance (LRSU) operations.
Condition:	Given the subcourse material contained in this lesson.
Standard:	The student will demonstrate his knowledge and comprehension of the task by identifying the operational environments and characteristics of Long-Range Surveillance Unit (LRSU) operations.
Reference:	FM 7-93 1987

INTRODUCTION

Long-Range surveillance unit operations are greatly affected by the environment. The climate can affect the ability of the teams to move and to communicate. Certain environments require special equipment and training merely to survive. This places additional stress on the LRS team. It affects the characteristics of LRS operations.

Long-Range surveillance unit missions differ from other missions in that they are highly clandestine. They require stealth and avoidance of contact with the enemy. Their purpose is to collect information. Communications are critical to their success. This lesson discusses the environments in which teams may be required to operate. It also addresses how the teams execute their mission and obtain support.

Learning Event 1:
IDENTIFY THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS OF LRSU OPERATIONS

LRS teams are affected by the environment in which they operate. The conditions met in the jungle are different from those found in the Arctic. Adverse weather and difficult terrain also affect LRS operations. You must be aware of these conditions when involved in LRS operations. Adverse weather and terrain conditions affect team capabilities. Extremes in temperature, humidity, and elevation, for example, affect the lift capability of transporting aircraft. Atmospheric conditions affect radio transmissions. Specific field manuals describe military operations in jungles, deserts, mountains, cold weather, and urban areas. This learning event provides a brief overview of their effect on LRS. Planning and conducting LRS operations in these environments requires special consideration of these effects.

JUNGLE OPERATIONS

Operations in dense jungle increase the importance of the LRS teams, due to restricted ground and air observation. Information provided by electronic surveillance systems is also limited. Helicopters are usually the best means of transporting teams because of their maneuverability and ability to land in small areas. Helicopters also have the capability of hovering. Only a limited number of landing areas are available in the jungle. Delivery and recovery of teams using ropes and rope ladders from a hovering helicopter is often necessary. However, they face increased hazards because it is difficult to detect enemy intercept forces along the routes. Parachute drops are often difficult because of the terrain and high trees. Waterways provide a means of surface movement and an aid in navigation. Radio ranges are reduced by the screening effect of dense vegetation and steep slopes. This increases the requirement for current data on the sky-wave and ground-wave frequency limitations for the area of operations. FM 90-5 contains additional information on jungle operations.

DESERT OPERATIONS

LRS operations in the desert are difficult. The limited amount of vegetation makes concealment difficult. Extensive sand areas are a barrier to mobility. In sand deserts, cover is restricted. Sand also has an adverse effect on equipment, including radios and individual weapons. Visibility can be suddenly reduced to almost nothing due to sand storms. Most deserts are characterized by temperature extremes between day and night. This has a debilitating effect on both personnel and equipment. Heat waves and the brilliant sunshine affect observation. On the other hand, the fields of observation are often excellent. Movement is usually restricted to darkness. The use of animals and vehicles can enhance mobility. Navigation on the desert is often difficult due to the lack of readily identifiable terrain features. Additional training in land or air navigation and terrain orientation procedures may be necessary. The shortage of water is a major problem. Radio communication is usually excellent. FM 90-3 contains additional information on desert operations.

MOUNTAIN OPERATIONS

Irregular mountain terrain generally provides good concealment and cover. Observation varies from good to poor, depending on terrain and vegetation. Observation posts (OPs) set up near ridges and peaks may provide broad areas of observation. At the same time, there may be many blind spots because of the terrain irregularity. Aircraft movement of teams is often limited by altitude capability, erratic wind conditions, and lack of acceptable landing sites. Communications are often difficult. Therefore, relay stations are often needed between the teams and the base stations. FM 90-6 contains additional information on mountain operations.

COLD WEATHER OPERATIONS

In extreme cold, teams are hampered by the need to maintain body warmth. In deep snow, teams operate on skis or snowshoes. Dogsleds or ski-mobiles can also be used. During the pre-infiltration phase, long-range weather forecasts are very important. Deep snow provides good concealment for observation posts. It also makes the orientation and concealment of moving teams difficult. Radio communication is seriously affected by magnetic storms, auroral effects, and ionospheric disturbances. Proper selection of frequencies is very important. Ice and snow crust qualities may be a determining factor when assigning a mission to the surveillance team. Trafficability and load-bearing qualities are often critical. They are so important that a team mission may be needed to determine them. Survival is difficult in extreme winter conditions. The extreme cold affects both men and equipment. The team establishes a warming area for extended operations. Northern summer conditions bring about long periods of daylight. It also provides a number of water obstacles and marshy areas. Using boats designed to navigate the northern waterways increases the mobility of the teams. These are used when aircraft or ground operations are restricted. Northern winter conditions have the opposite effect. There are extensive periods of darkness. The water and marshy areas freeze over. This ice often has a high load bearing capacity. It is also extremely treacherous and can give way without warning. FM 90-11 (Northern Operations), when published, will contain information on cold weather operations.

URBAN OPERATIONS

As the world population continues to grow, the likelihood of conducting operations in urban areas increases. Europe, a primary theater of concern, is already densely populated. Urban areas are a mixture of natural and man-made features. The mixture constantly changes. You cannot assume that the city center is the more urban. Berlin and Paris are both noted for large park areas in the center of the city. City suburbs are also noted for alternating farm land and towns. Man-made features provide excellent cover and concealment. At the same time, they restrict visibility. LRS operations in urban areas may be hampered by the presence of civilians and refugees. Areas containing a substantial population are usually avoided. In major cities, communications may be affected by the mass of the buildings. FM 90-10 and FM 90-10-1 provide additional information on operations in urban areas.

COUNTERGUERRILLA OPERATIONS

LRSUs assigned to each corps or division have the potential of being employed in a low-intensity environment. This includes counterguerrilla operations. Factors that may differ in a counterguerrilla environment are:

More team movement may be required to get information on the enemy.
Teams may be less oriented toward the opposing force order of battle and more towards guerrilla activity.
Operations are more likely to be over restrictive terrain, such as jungles, mountains, and urban areas.
Foot movement may become the primary method of infiltration.

This learning event described some of the special considerations for planning LRS operations in selected environments. In such areas, planning and operations are modified to meet the environment. Team survivability against the elements is often a key factor. LRSUs anticipating deployment into these environments require special orientation, training, and equipment. All of these are only modifications to the basic procedures used in LRS operations. The next learning event discusses these basic characteristics and their execution.

Learning Event 2:
IDENTIFY CHARACTERISTICS OF LRSU MISSIONS, HOW THEY ARE EXECUTED, AND THE PHASES OF LRSU OPERATIONS

LRS team operations provide information needed by corps and division commanders to fight the AirLand Battle. This information assists commanders in developing and selecting courses of action. It assists them in making logical decisions on how they will fight the battle. The success of LRSU operations depends on getting and reporting combat information in a timely manner. At the same time, the team must avoid detection. This learning event describes the characteristics, execution, and phases of LRSU operations.

MISSION

Surveillance is the primary mission of LRS operations. LRSUs are trained, organized, and equipped to enter enemy territory to gain information. Teams maintain surveillance for a specified period, or until the required information is collected. Each team records pertinent data in a surveillance log. The mission of LRSUs is not to engage the enemy.

CHARACTERISTICS

The operational characteristic of the LRSUs is that they are highly clandestine. They are dependent on stealth, cover, and concealment. Their intent is to avoid contact with the enemy forces and/or local population. They operate deep in enemy areas to obtain timely information and intelligence. LRSUs have restricted mobility in their areas of operations. The size of their surveillance area is limited. It must be a small area, have a specified route, and a specific location or installation. The team equipment and supplies are limited to what can be manpacked or cached.

EXECUTION

Small, highly-trained teams conduct LRS operations. They infiltrate and exfiltrate enemy rear areas. The teams use air (helicopter or fixed-wing aircraft), parachute, ground (vehicle or foot), water (surface vessel or submarine), or a combination of these methods, to deploy. During retrograde operations, or withdrawal of covering forces in defensive operations, the teams may be employed in a stay-behind mode.

Once inserted, the teams in a stay-behind role set up a clandestine patrol base or a hide position. This position provides security, cover, and concealment. An OP is then set up. Usually, this is done under the cover of darkness or limited visibility. The OPs are located where they can provide maximum coverage of the specific point, route, or area to be observed. Contact is made between the OPs and the clandestine patrol base primarily during the hours of darkness or other limited visibility. However, OPs will at times, get information that must be reported at once. In such cases, a team member goes to the clandestine patrol base to report the information.

Combat information reported by the OPs is usually consolidated at the clandestine patrol base. Data is sent to the LRSU operations section by secure, rapid communications devices. Data-burst transmission improves communications security and reduces transmission time. Messages are sent at predetermined times or as immediate spot reports. To reduce the possibility of detection, various methods are used. The teams use alternate transmission sites, directional antennas, and terrain masking techniques. Some areas are monitored by sensor devices emplaced by the teams. These devices normally transmit their signal to a receiving station in the corps or division rear.

PHASES

Most LRS operations can be divided into phases in which specific activities take place. However, it is not unusual for the LRSU to be involved in more than one phase at the same time, while controlling or supporting already deployed teams. Phases of LRS operations are planning, insertion, execution, extraction, and recovery.

Planning Phase

This phase includes planning done before the team leaves the operations base for the mission. It also includes team preparation in the isolation area.

Contingency Plans. Each LRS operation requires specific contingency plans for the following:

Escape and evasion.
Inflight abort.
Downed aircraft.
Emergency resupply.
Emergency extraction.
Loss of communications.

Control Measures

Selected control measures are used to assist in controlling the team during a mission. These include the following:

Time of departure and return.
Points of departure and re-entry.
Checkpoints.
Routes.
Forward lines of own troops (FLOT).
Phase lines.
Restrictive fire areas.

Isolation Activities. Detailed planning is vital to ensure mission success and team survival. Upon receiving the warning order, the team begins an intensive preparatory phase, in isolation, at the operations base. The team receives its initial briefing there.

The isolation area is a secure place in which committed teams do their planning and preparation. To prevent mission compromise, there is a separate area for each team preparing for deployment.

The team leader, and at least the assistant team leader, receive the mission briefing from the commander. It could come through the operations section. The team leader receives the mission packet at the beginning of the briefing. This ensures that he understands all facets of the operation. New and relevant data can be added to the packet. Mission packets normally include:

The operations order, maps, and overlays.
An intelligence update.
Intelligence indicators.
Terrain, weather, and visibility data.
Photos and data about the LZ or DZ.
Photographs of the operations area.
The isolation time schedule.
Blank manifest cards (DA Form 1306, AF Form 96).
Overlay paper.
Observer report pads.
One-time pads or other crypto material.

At the end of the briefing, the surveillance team leader begins his planning. If possible, he conducts a visual reconnaissance of the area of operation. At the same time, the assistant team leader supervises the initial equipment and personnel preparation. The TOC personnel are available for coordination during the isolation phase.

The team leader uses specific steps in planning, preparing, and executing LRS missions. These procedures should be fully understood, yet flexible enough to adapt to any situation. The specific planning steps are:

Receive and Study the Mission. Identify the essential tasks required to execute the mission. Study the strengths, locations, dispositions, and capabilities of both friendly and enemy forces that may affect the team's mission.

Plan the Use of Time. Make a written schedule for required actions. Use the reverse planning technique.

Study the Terrain and the Situation. Use a map and aerial photos to study the terrain and the situation. Analyze the cover, concealment, observation, obstacles, key terrain features, avenues of approach, and withdrawal routes.

Assign Tasks to the Team Members. Each team member is given specific tasks. This avoids duplication of effort and ensures that all tasks are accomplished.

Select and Request Equipment (routine and special). The team leader determines what equipment is required for the mission. In many cases, it will require special equipment. This is especially true in operating in special environments.

Continue Coordination. Constant coordination is required with the various support elements. The team leader must make sure that needed coordination is effected.

Issue a Warning Order. The team leader issues a warning order to the team. This provides the team members the information they need to accomplish their preparation.

Make a Tentative Plan Based on Analysis of METT-T. A tentative plan should be made based on METT-T analysis. The plan may be changed as required, until departure.

Reconnoiter. If visual reconnaissance is not possible, the aerial reconnaissance photos should be studied. This is done to confirm, clarify, and supplement information gained from the maps and other sources. At a minimum, a map reconnaissance is conducted.

Complete Detailed Planning. The tentative plan is changed based on the information from the reconnaissance. As preparation proceeds, the team leader refines his planning.

Brief the Operation. The standard operation order sequence should be used. It is shortened and simplified to fit the team situation. Visual aids (terrain models, chalkboards, and sandtables) should be used, if available. If not, improvise to ensure that the team understands the orders.

Supervise and Inspect. The team leader supervises his team through the entire preparation phase. This is done to ensure timely completion of the required tasks. He then conducts inspection to make sure that:

Only the required equipment is taken for the mission.
All equipment is functional, complete, properly secured, and evenly distributed.
All members are camouflaged properly, understand the mission, and are mentally prepared.
No written material is taken on the mission.

The team leader also checks all of the communications equipment with a base station. This is done to ensure that it is functional.

Rehearse. The team leader conducts rehearsals as soon as possible after briefing the operations order and making inspections. The full uniform and equipment required by the mission will be worn or carried during rehearsal. The more complex the procedures are, the greater the need for detailed rehearsal. Rehearsals are conducted on terrain and under conditions close to those in the operational area. All possible contingencies are included. Simulated casualties among key people should be enacted. Their duties will then be assumed by other team members. Throughout the rehearsal, team members are asked specific questions about the mission. Sand table briefings, map studies, and photograph examinations are used as much as possible. Standard rehearsals should include:

Off-loading procedures at points of insertion.
Assembly following insertion.
Movement formations.
Lost-man drill.
Security halt procedures.
Actions at possible danger areas.
Procedures for entering the teams sites (patrol base, OPs, objective rally points [ORPs], caches, etc. ).
Reaction drill for aircraft flyover (friendly or enemy).
Actions on enemy contact (chance, near/fire, ambush, sniper, air attack, indirect fire, and flares).
Loading procedures at the extraction site.
Special actions (as required).
Tracking-evasion techniques
Use of new or unfamiliar equipment.

Hold a Briefback. When mission planning is complete, the team gives a briefback of the entire mission to the commander and/or the operations section. A suggested briefback format is contained in Sample Format #2 at the end of this lesson.

The commander and/or the operations section are able to make sure that the team fully understands the mission. It also makes sure the team is prepared for the mission. The commander and/or operations section suggest changes in the plan, if necessary. Team member questions are also answered.

Make Final Inspection. The team leader conducts a final inspection. This is the last step carried out before the team leaves the isolation area. Personnel, personal equipment, and mission equipment are inspected at this time. Special emphasis is given to those items that were noted for correction during the initial inspection and rehearsals. The team leader questions the team members again to reinforce the critical areas of the mission.

Insertion Phase

The insertion phase extends from departure through team arrival at the infiltration site.

Movement to the Departure Area. The departure area is where the team will be picked up for delivery by the transporting unit. If the infiltration is on foot, it is a departure to the passage point near the FLOT. Teams can be infiltrated or exfiltrated by land, sea, or air, or by a combination of them. The most common method is by air insertion, usually by helicopter. LRSUs avoid, as much as possible, setting patterns that the enemy could exploit.

Stay-Behind. The stay-behind method is used during retrograde operations. It is also used for withdrawal of covering forces in defensive operations. Stay-behind has the highest chance of success of all insertion methods. It is easier to remain undiscovered than if the team moves by air or land to reach the surveillance area. When possible, the hide site and the surveillance site should be same. This minimizes movement and possible detection by the enemy. In addition, supplies and special equipment can be prepositioned most easily. This allows for extended operations.

Infiltration. The first critical phase of an LRS operation is infiltration. This is because the team movement is through heavily defended terrain where sophisticated detection devices are used. The method of infiltration is selected based on METT-T. The depth of penetration and the mission priority are also critical factors. The best method is the one that reduces the possibility of detection. Security and secrecy of movement must not be sacrificed for convenience. The team must maintain the advantage of operating by stealth, regardless of the infiltration method used. Therefore, certain basics apply to every infiltration operation.

Intelligence. Operational plans are based on timely and accurate intelligence. The controlling headquarters provides the current and specific details on the surveillance area and infiltration routes from all sources. These sources include friendly units, other services, and special agents. Special emphasis is placed on enemy information gathering capabilities. Special attention must be paid to the enemy's capability to detect infiltrating forces. The location and capabilities of the air defense radar and weapons systems are critical.

Deception. Plans are made to deny the enemy knowledge of the team's infiltration. They are also used to deceive him as to the location or intent of the operation. OPSEC procedures are critical in this effort. The following operations contribute to LRSU deception plans:

Feints, false insertions, and other cover operations (such as airstrikes, ground attacks, and air assault operations).
Use of multiple routes and means of infiltration.
Electronic countermeasures and false transmissions.
Selection of unexpected means of infiltration, times, places and routes.
Speed and mobility will help deceive the enemy.
Diversionary fires to direct the enemy's attention away from the team.
Multiple airdrops, water landings, or both, to preclude detection of the team.
Dispersion of infiltration craft (air or water) if more than one, both in time and location.
Landing a force in an area closer to other potential targets, rather than to the actual targets, to deceive the enemy.
Leaks of false information to deceive the enemy.
False landings or insertions.
Diversionary actions, such as airstrikes in other areas, to distract the enemy from the real target area.
Increased reconnaissance flights over false areas, to confuse the enemy.

Speed and Mobility. Speed is essential to limit the amount of time required to insert the team. Individual loads must be tailored to enhance speed and mobility. These items are balanced with the mission related items necessary to achieve mission success. If possible, the team should carry only what they need immediately. They should cache the rest to be retrieved as needed.

Stealth. Stealth must be emphasized to avoid detection or interception by the enemy. Places of emphasis are movement techniques, time of insertion, routes, and the distance from the insertion area to the patrol base.

Suppression. Every effort is made to suppress enemy detection devices, weapons systems, and command and control facilities. This is done by electronic jamming or by suppressive fires. These efforts lessen the enemy's capability to discover the team during infiltration. Deception techniques contribute to suppression activities.

Security. Security measures are constantly stressed. OPSEC procedures are always in effect. The use of these techniques and procedures is emphasized during the preparation phase. This includes security of rehearsal and training sites. It also includes open use and procurement of special equipment, including maps of the objective area. Some measures that may be used to assist in maintaining security are:

Restrict access to the isolation area during planning.
Brief details of the operation to the team only in the isolation area.
Limit the knowledge of planned operations to those with a true "need to know. "

STANO Considerations. Maximize the use of STANO equipment to detect and avoid enemy forces and their detection devices. Passive night vision devices aid in achieving rapid assembly and reorganization. Teams use these devices to help control and speed up movement, and to cross difficult terrain.

Rehearsals. Rehearsals must parallel, as closely as possible, the actual conditions of infiltration or exfiltration. Conduct rehearsals on terrain that is similar to that in the surveillance area.

Sand Tables. In the planning phase, sand tables are very effective for orienting people to unfamiliar drop zones and surrounding terrain. The use of sand tables and terrain models enhances orderly and rapid assembly. They are used during the issuance of prejump orders and briefings. Their use gives team members greater familiarity with the area.

Air Insertion. Air insertion is the fastest way to infiltrate. Surveillance teams and equipment are delivered by parachute, fixed-wing aircraft, or helicopter. Parachute techniques include both static line and free-fall. Fixed-wing aircraft deliver teams either by parachute or airlanding. Teams are delivered by helicopter by airlanding, rappelling, or parachuting.

Special Factors. There are several special factors to be considered when planning an air insertion.

Suppression of enemy air defense may be necessary along the infiltration corridor. Suppression of enemy capabilities, that may interfere with the insertion of the team, are essential. A variety of sophisticated countermeasures can be applied against enemy equipment. Strikes are made against known enemy positions, as required. Assistance may be provided by artillery, aircraft, or naval gunfire.

There are two primary danger areas, the perimeter (frontier) area and critical target areas behind enemy lines. The enemy usually uses many of his most advanced weapons systems and air defenses along the perimeter. Troop concentrations, military installations, and control centers are among critical target areas.

The majority of the enemy's detection devices and air defense weapons are usually at or near the point of entry. Fire support, smoke screens (even at night), and suppressive measures may be critical. Special equipment may be required to counter the enemy's STANO effort, regardless of movement method.

Fire Support is also a special factor. Artillery or naval fires are planned when the insertion area is within range. Targets are known or suspected enemy antiaircraft locations, and on prominent landforms along the route. Once beyond this area, and perhaps for most of the route, teams will be beyond the range of conventional artillery. Therefore, they must depend on air (and perhaps naval) assets for fire support.

Transportation is a critical special factor. Coordination of all aspects of the insertion with the transportation unit is essential. The team is dependent on these units to get them to, or near, the infiltration site. Maximum use of reduced visibility, tactical cover, and deception reduces the chance of detection. Drop zones and landing zones should be behind tree lines, in small forest clearings, or on other inconspicuous terrain.

Flights over enemy areas are routed over unoccupied territory as much as possible. Flights are planned to complement the cover and deception phases. Enemy air defenses must be avoided.

Factors concerning in-flight emergencies are considered, particularly during deep penetrations. The team must know the route and the checkpoints along it. Simple alternate ground assembly plans are established before boarding. In an emergency, the platoon leader decides whether to continue or to abort the mission. In the absence of the platoon leader, the team leader makes the decision. The decision is based on the factors of METT-T. Contingency plans and the distance to the target compared to the distance back to friendly lines must also be considered. Alternate plans are made for air and water rescue, if appropriate.

Special Airborne Assault Techniques. In airborne insertions during limited visibility, major emphasis is placed on the use of special delivery or navigational techniques.

The adverse weather aerial delivery system (AWADS) allows the airdropping of personnel and equipment during bad weather. This includes zero-visibility conditions. Using AWADS, insertions can be made without a pre-positioned USAF combat control team or an Army assault team. The supporting air unit requires both extensive DZ intelligence and plenty of lead time. Thorough planning and coordination is essential between all forces involved in the operation.

High-altitude, low-opening (HALO) or high-altitude, high-opening (HAHO) jumps may be made. These allow the jumpers to maneuver to a specific ground location. Midair assembly procedures may be used during these jumps.

Assembly. Surveillance teams must be able to assemble and reorganize quickly and precisely because they are subject to detection. Assembly areas and plans are developed after careful consideration of METT-T. The location of the enemy, visibility, terrain, DZ information, dispersion pattern, and cross-loading are special considerations. The number of assembly areas depends on the location and size of those available. Another critical factor is the enemy's detection capability.

In the "clock method," jumpers are briefed on the location of the assembly area(s) in relation to the direction of flight of the insertion aircraft. The direction of flight is treated as 12 o'clock.

Terrain association may be used as a back-up method to point out assembly areas. This method is disadvantageous if the unit misses the drop zone. It is also difficult to adapt to an in-flight mission change involving a new DZ.

During reduced visibility, a night vision plan is necessary during landing, assembly, and movement.

During parachute insertion, team members must be ready for enemy engagement at all times. This is especially true on the drop zone. Immediate battle drills are required to counter enemy contact on the drop zone.

Cold weather airborne insertion is difficult, but not impossible. Times allowed for cold weather insertion must be increased by at least 30 minutes.

Planning. The reverse planning process is of primary importance.

The first planning area to be considered is the ground tactical plan. This plan is developed from the mission assessment. All other planning starts from this point.

Selection of PZs or LZs requires adequate planning and coordination for effective use of air assets. Face-to-face coordination is done between the supported team and the aviation commander. The key planning factor is the tactical situation. Other factors include the size of landing points, surface conditions, ground slopes, approach, and departure directions. Also included are prevailing winds, obstacles, communications, aircraft command and control, PZ and LZ identification, and rehearsals.

The air movement plan coordinates moving the team into the zone of action. The plan's sequence supports the landing plan. Key considerations are flight routes, air movement, tables, flight formation, in-flight abort plan, altitude, and air speed.

The landing plan introduces the team into the surveillance area at the proper time and place. Rehearsals cannot be overemphasized. The team assembles rapidly, reorganizes, and leaves the insertion site.

Fire support, if available, may be artillery, naval gunfire, attack helicopters, or USAF tactical aircraft. The fire support plan must support all other plans. Supporting fires must be thoroughly coordinated with the air mission commander.

Other planning considerations are evasion, escape, and action at the last LZ. Others are downed aircraft procedures, control measures, weather delays, deception plans, and OPSEC.

Amphibious Infiltration. Water infiltration may be by surface swimming, small boat, submarine, surface craft, helocasting, or a combination. Detailed information is needed to plan and execute a small boat landing. This is the most difficult phase of a waterborne infiltration. Close coordination is required with naval support units.

Planning Considerations. Planning must be thorough. Plans are made for all possible enemy action and weather conditions that may be met while on transporting craft. The transporting unit is given information only on a need-to-know basis. In addition, information that could compromise the operation may be withheld until the mission is underway. Initial planning includes the time schedule, embarkation point, drop site, landing site, and loading.

The time schedule of all events, from the beginning to the end of the operation, is used as a planning guide. Accurate timing for each event is critical to the success of the operation.

The embarkation point is the place where the team gets on the transporting craft.

The drop site is where the team leaves the primary craft and loads into smaller boats.

The landing site is the place where the team beaches its boat, or lands directly from out of the amphibious craft.

During loading, the loads and lashings, with emphasis on waterproofing, are set up in the unit SOP. Inspections by supervisors are a must.

Beach Landing Site Selection. Selection of the beach landing site must allow for an undetected approach. When possible, select a landing site which can be approached by different directions. The site should allow infiltration without enemy detection. If sand beaches are used, the tracks and other signs that may compromise the mission must be erased. Rural, isolated areas are preferred. The coastal area immediately behind the landing-site should provide a concealed avenue of exit from the site. Other factors to be considered include:

Enemy dispositions.
Distance to the surveillance area.
Characteristics of landing and exit sites.
Availability of cover and concealment.

Tactical Deception. Plans must be made to deny the enemy knowledge of the infiltration. This includes deception operations. Enemy attention can be directed away from the site by using electronic countermeasures or diversionary fire support.

Routes. Whenever possible, the route to the drop site is planned to deceive the enemy. For example, a route used in some other type of naval operation is followed. Such naval operations include minelaying, sweeping, or patrolling. A major route change, immediately after the teams debarkation, could compromise the mission. However, an alternate route must be planned.

Navigation. Ship-to-shore navigation to the landing site may be done by dead reckoning. The course may also be maintained by compass navigation. Other methods include reference to a shoreline silhouette or radar. In some cases, a combination of methods may be used.

Actions at the Drop Site. A primary and alternate drop site must be agreed upon. The drop site should be at least 1,500 meters offshore. This will prevent compromise during loading and launching. (Some operations may permit landing directly on the shore from the transporting craft. ) If the enemy has a surface radar capability, the drop site may need to be several miles offshore, and/or electronic countermeasures may be employed.

Actions at the Beach Landing Site. To plan actions at the landing site, you must consider the following:

Actions during the movement to the beach.
Noise and light discipline.
Navigational techniques and responsibilities.
Actions on the beach.
Plan for unloading boat(s) (SOP).
Plan for disposal or camouflage of boat(s).

Actions on the Beach. Once on the beach, the team members are to move to a covered and concealed position. They conduct a brief listening halt and check for signs of enemy activity.

Upon landing, designated personnel move into covered and concealed security positions to defend the landing site.

Boats may be deflated and buried or camouflaged near the landing site or away from it. This will depend on the enemy situation, the terrain, and the time available. If the boat(s) is to be disposed of or hidden, a member is assigned to dig holes or cut brush to hide it. After disposal, certain assigned members sweep the beach to erase tracks and drag marks.

Insertion by Air from Ship. Helicopters launched from a ship may extend the range of the infiltrating teams. Helicopters may be vectored from ships to a predetermined landing zone. Once in the air, other aspects of the landing and assembling are the same as those used for air movement operations.

Helocasting. This form of insertion combines helicopters and small boats into the same operation. Its planning and conduct is much the same as air movement operations, except that the LZ is in the water. The helicopters fly at low altitude (20 feet) and low speed (20 knots) at the LZ. The team launches the boats and themselves into the water. The members then assemble, board the boats, and continue the mission.

Contingency Planning. The following contingencies must be covered in the planning stage:

Enemy contact en route.
Hot helocast site.
Flares.
Aerial or small arms attack.
Indirect fire.
Downed aircraft procedures (if applicable).
Evasion and escape.
High surf.
Adverse weather.
Separation.

Rehearsals. The team must rehearse all aspects of the amphibious infiltration. This includes boat launching, paddling, boat commands, capsize drills, beaching, and assembly.

Land Infiltration. Land infiltration from a departure point to the surveillance area may sometimes be the best (or only) way to accomplish the mission. It is the usual way when the enemy has total air superiority, or has set up effective air defenses. The LRS team can accomplish land infiltration over any type of terrain and in any climate. However, thick forests, swamps, and broken or steep terrain offer the best chance of success.

Planning Considerations. Plans for overland movement enable the team to move to the surveillance area with the least risk of detection. Planning considerations include the following.

Selecting concealed primary and alternate routes. These are based on detailed map reconnaissance and aerial photographs. Ground reconnaissance and data on the enemy situation from other sources are also used.

Avoid obstacles, populated areas and silhouetting. Also, avoid enemy positions, main avenues of approach, and movement along heavily populated routes and trails.

Select the time of infiltration to take advantage of reduced visibility and reduced alertness. Time is very important during critical phases. Critical phases include crossing borders and passing through enemy troop concentration or populated areas.

Knowledge of routes, rendezvous points (and alternates), time schedules, danger areas, and the enemy situation are critical to speed and stealth.

Centralized coordination should be provided. This ensures that all members are acting as stated in the cover and deception plans. Infiltration by land is characterized by centralized planning and decentralized execution.

Actions on Enemy Contact. Once inside the enemy territory, the team must always be on the alert. Detection is avoided while en route to the surveillance area. If a team becomes aware of the enemy's presence, it must try to move away without alerting them.

The team fights only when there is no other alternative. Contact with the enemy is broken as quickly as possible.

Following enemy contact, the team leader must decide whether to abort or to continue the mission.

The team may have to establish a temporary area or position following enemy contact. The position is for resupply, evacuation of wounded, and/or extraction.

Stay-Behind Technique. The stay-behind technique simplifies operations behind enemy lines. The team purposely allows itself to be passed by the enemy to perform a specific mission. Stay-behind operations may require the concealment or cache of extensive supplies before the enemy passes. It may also require the construction of a hide position. Other key considerations are:

Camouflage.
Noise and light discipline.
Avoidance of enemy contact.
Timing.
Rough, inaccessible terrain.
MEDEVACs.
Communications.
Linkup.
Method of exfiltration.
Evasion and escape.

Actions at the Infiltration Site. A detailed assembly plan must be developed. This plan is based on the infiltration method. It is also based on terrain at the infiltration site.

An assembly area is selected in the immediate vicinity of the infiltration site. It has to be one that can be identified at night. The assembly area is used in case individuals get separated from the team during infiltration. During parachute insertion, the assembly area is used as an assembly point.

An initial rally point is also selected. It must be identifiable at night. It is usually no closer than several hundred meters to the infiltration site. This area is set up in case the team is attacked upon infiltration, or shortly after leaving the infiltration site.

When the infiltration is complete, the team leader accounts for all people, equipment, and supplies. Injuries are treated. The team leader must decide, based on guidance, whether to continue the mission if a disabling injury occurs. He may request extraction if it is serious enough. Equipment and supplies are redistributed among the uninjured. The most critical task is verifying the team's location. This is usually done at the infiltration site. It may be done as soon as possible after leaving the site if there are no identifiable terrain features at the site.

The site is sterilized and nonessential equipment is cached/discarded. Burial away from the infiltration site is the preferred method. The cache site must be well camouflaged.

When the team leaves the infiltration site, they stop and listen for sounds of pursuit. They use the halt to become familiar with the local sounds. The team sets up a primary azimuth. Then it immediately begins collecting intelligence information and updating the maps.

Execution Phase

This phase consists of movement from the infiltration site to the surveillance area, mission execution, and movement to the extraction site.

Movement to the Surveillance Area. After leaving the infiltration site the initial entry report is transmitted. This is as required by the unit SOP. This radio report ensures that the radio is working. At the same time, the team's status is reported.

Route Selection. No matter what the means of infiltration, route selection through the enemy lines to the surveillance area is critical. Primary and secondary routes are selected based on several factors. Some are the enemy's location, detection devices, and defensive capabilities. Terrain, weather, and man made obstacles are other factors. En route checkpoints are selected to keep track of the team.

The teams operate during reduced visibility. Night observation devices are used. The team's have extensive training and land navigation skills, allowing them to rapidly traverse rugged terrain while avoiding detection.

Movement Formations. Movement formations may vary during infiltration into the surveillance area. Formation selection is based on visibility, terrain, and enemy dispositions. Movement should be covered in detail in the LRSU SOP. It is keyed to the following steps:

Team members need to maintain visual contact at a normal interval. (The interval can expand and contract, based on terrain and visibility. )
Noise and light discipline are always maintained.
Each member observes the sector of responsibility assigned to him by the team leader.
Team members react as their team leader does. (For example, when he gets down, they get down. )
The team leader positions himself where he can best control the team.
The team moves on routes that can best conceal its movement from enemy observation. It uses routes that cover its movement from direct enemy fire.
The formation closes up when moving through obstructions. (For example, darkness, smoke, heavy brush, narrow passes, and minefields. )
If the formation closes to single file, team members react as does the member to their immediate front.
The formation opens when obstructions to movement and control lessen.

Movement Security. Each team member must be security conscious. The team maintains constant 360-degree security. During movement, each team member is responsible for an assigned security sector. The team's route makes maximum use of cover and concealment. Security and/or listening halts are made as needed. Camouflage of individuals and equipment is enforced at all times.

Arm-and-Hand Signals. To reduce oral communications and assist in control, the team leader uses standard arm-and-hand signals. These signals should conform to those listed in FM 21-75 and the team SOP.

Clandestine Patrol Base Occupation. The proposed clandestine patrol base, objective rally point (ORP), and route to it, are selected during the pre-infiltration phase. This is done by map and aerial photograph reconnaissance. The team moves to the vicinity of the proposed base and sets up an ORP. The team leader and one other member reconnoiter the base site. They make sure that the site is suitable. The area under surveillance must be observable from the site at ground level. Reconnaissance of the area should be made during limited visibility. This element returns to the ORP and briefs the remainder of the team. This briefing is on the site occupation plan and their individual duties. The team then moves to the site and occupies it. They watch and listen for the enemy before starting construction.

Site Selection. The selection of the patrol base and ORP is dependent upon METT-T. The following criteria, as a minimum, are used in site selection. The site must be where the team can place the assigned surveillance target(s) under constant and effective surveillance. It must be within the range of the STANO devices that are to be used. Unrestricted observation of the surveillance area must be possible. The site must be in an area that provides concealment and entrance and exit routes. It must not be near man-made objects and dominant or unusual terrain features. It must not be in an area that is too wet, has poor drainage, or is prone to flooding. It should not be in an area that the enemy would occupy. It must not be on a skyline or against a contrasting background. Closeness to roads or trails should be avoided. The site should not be on natural lines of movement (gullies, draws, or any terrain easy for foot movement). An area in which the team could easily be trapped must be avoided. If possible, a natural obstacle to vehicles should exist between the site and the surveillance area. These are a roadside ditch, fence, wall, stream or river, or others. It should be downwind of inhabited areas, if possible. It must not be in the normal line of vision of enemy personnel in the surveillance area. It should be near a source of water.

Actions in the Surveillance Area. The primary method of employing surveillance teams is in a patrol base or a single OP. However, the terrain, mission, and location of the site may require that the team leader establish two 2-man observation posts. The team leader sets up these posts to effectively observe the area.

Noise, light, litter, and odor discipline must be maintained at all times. Curb movement (day and night) and talk only in whispers. Arm-and-hand signals are the normal mode of communication. However, if dictated by distance and vegetation, a message line may be used.

A minimum of two men are required to conduct surveillance. One observes while the other records the information in the surveillance log. The observer and the recorder switch duties about every 30 minutes. Observer efficiency decreases rapidly after 30 minutes. When using night vision devices, the observer's initial period of viewing is limited to 10 minutes. This is followed by a 15 minute rest period. After several periods of viewing, extend the viewing period to 15 to 20 minutes.

During limited visibility, two or three (normally three members may be required to set up a hasty OP. The OP will be near the surveillance area. This allows information to be collected through close-in observation and sound detection. The remainder of the team stays in the patrol base. The hasty OP site, and the route to and from it, are selected during good visibility. Movement in and out of the hasty OP site is during limited visibility. One member observes, one records, and the third maintains security to the rear and the flanks. Passive night vision devices are used to help prevent detection.

Hasty Operations Base. A hasty operations base is used only when occupation is planned for a brief period of time (generally less than an hour). It is also used in case the team unexpectedly encounters an enemy element or facility that needs surveillance.

Maximum use is made of natural cover and concealment. Man-made materials are used, as needed, to improve concealment. Movement is minimized.

Generally, two members are positioned in a place forward where they can observe and record information. Usually, this is the team leader and an observer. Other members remain to the rear and out of the direct line of enemy observation. They maintain rear and flank security.

Temporary Operations Base. A temporary operations base is used when the team will be there for more than an hour. The base is improved throughout the occupation. Maximum use is made of natural camouflage. The team and the positions must remain well camouflaged.

Three team members are positioned forward. Usually, these will be the team leader and two observers. They place the target area under surveillance and record information.

Three members will allow a three-way rotation of the observer and recorder duties. The temporary operations base is located to keep it out of the direct line of the enemy's observation. This distance normally depends on the terrain and vegetation. The surveillance element and the rest of the team are separated. The separation is great enough so that if the enemy discovers one element, the other will have enough stand-off to prevent them from being discovered. This will allow them to take the enemy under fire, and enable one or both elements to break contact. Team members in the temporary operations base guard the rear and flank of the team. A message line may be used for communications between the two elements.

Reports. Each team follows the communications procedures as outlined in the unit SOP. The team members must make sure that every effort is taken to see that communications are maintained throughout the mission. This is done by the use of directional antennas, masking, and burst transmissions.

Information collected by the team is reported as directed by the operational schedule. They do not try to analyze the information. They report what they see, based on SIR. The analysis is done by G2 personnel. Information reporting must be formatted as required by unit SOPs and the type of equipment used. However, reports should always be keyed to the key word SALUTE:

Size
Activity
Location
Unit
Time
Equipment

Other reports that the team may use are: emergency resupply, communication checks, and emergency extractions. These are formatted as required by unit SOPs.

Movement to the Extraction Site. In some cases, the patrol base may also be the extraction site. However, movement to a planned extraction site will be necessary in many operations. The principles of route selection, movement formations, and movement security must be observed.

Priorities. The length of time that a team remains in enemy territory depends on its mission, composition, and equipment. The exfiltration is critical from a standpoint of morale and mission accomplishment. Plans for extraction by air, ground, or water are made before the operation. Alternate plans are made for contingencies. During the mission, the team leader may be faced with an unforeseen situation. This demands the utmost in flexibility, discipline, and leadership. It should be clearly understood that the team's mission is primary. The survival of the team is secondary to it.

Code Words. Each team is given code words in the operation order, for use during infiltration. For example, one code word may mean that the team is at the pickup zone. Another may mean that both the primary and alternate pickup zones are compromised and to abort the extraction.

No Communication. When a team has missed a certain number of required transmissions, the operations section assumes that the team has a communications problem, is in trouble, or both. At that time, the no-communication exfiltration plan is used.

Alternates. Exfiltration of the team may be by means other than by air. It may be by land, water, or linkup with friendly forces in an offensive operation. Any of these means may also be planned as alternates. The alternates are used when the team cannot be extracted by aircraft, or to avoid capture.

Ground Exfiltration. The most desirable ways of extracting teams are by aircraft or linkup. Use of these methods may be prevented due to the security of the team, poor communications, or enemy air defense. Teams must be thoroughly trained in exfiltration techniques so that they can walk out either singly or in groups.

Extraction Phase

Extraction is done as quickly as possible after the mission is accomplished. An extraction site is always planned for, and coordinated with, supporting forces. However, the situation may call for the team leader to decide whether to use the planned extraction site, or exfiltrate. The team must be prepared to exfiltrate over a selected land route to friendly lines. This is done either as a team or in small groups. They can also exfiltrate to an area for extraction by air or water. There are several planning steps to consider.

Distances. Since LRS operations are conducted deep, the distance may prevent an all-land exfiltration. The initial phase may be by land and end in extraction by air or water.

Terrain. When selecting the extraction means, the terrain plays an important part. The extraction site must offer favorable tactical considerations and tide data. It must also offer PZ suitability and cover from enemy direct fire weapons. The team must maximize the use of the most unlikely terrain for extraction. Such terrain could be swamps, jungles, and the mountain areas.

Enemy. Enemy pressure can develop during the extraction. Detailed plans must be made for alternate exfiltrations forced by the enemy.

Evasion and Escape. Pre-infiltration planning must include an evasion and escape plan. The team leader should check all factors that deal with survival and evasion opportunities. He devises an evasion and escape plan that will provide the best chance of survival. It includes a means to return to friendly lines, given the hazards involved and the mission objectives. All members are thoroughly briefed on the evasion and escape plan.

Each mission has its own peculiar problems associated with evasion and escape. The devised plan must adapt to this unique set of problems. This plan is based on using the individual capabilities and training of the team members and their supporting air or boat crews.

The purpose of the plan is to try to save those individuals who no longer have the means to complete the assigned mission. When behind enemy lines, most successful escapes may involve, at some point, air or water movement away from the enemy-held territory.

Evasion and escape plans cover three phases:

Phase one occurs immediately after entry into the surveillance area.
Phase two occurs near the surveillance area. It allows the team to pursue its mission with a reasonable chance of success.
Phase three occurs after the mission is accomplished. It is often the most difficult time to evade and escape.

The team may be required to hide for several days. The purpose is to allow the enemy to become complacent before the team moves.

In selecting extraction sites, the danger of compromising other activities must be considered. Alternate plans must be prepared for unforeseen developments.

Extraction by Air. Extraction by air or water is favored when resources are available and their use will not compromise the mission.

Considerations. Other considerations that favor this method are when:

Long distances must be covered.
The time of return is essential.
The enemy does not have air or naval superiority.
Heavily populated hostile areas obstruct exfiltration.
The team cannot be resupplied.
Casualties must be extracted.

Techniques. There are several techniques that may be used to extract the LRS teams. They are:

Helicopter Landing. This is the best method. It allows the team to board the helicopter with their equipment in the least time.
Troop Ladder. The troop ladder is the second best method. It lets the team members board the helicopter. If necessary, the helicopter can lift off while soldiers are still on the ladder.
STABO Extraction System. The STABO personnel system allows rapid pickup of one to three persons by helicopter. Soldiers are picked up and moved while suspended on lines beneath the helicopter. They are taken to an area where the aircraft can land. The team members can then board the helicopter.
Jungle Penetrator. The jungle penetrator is used to retrieve people from areas where the helicopters cannot land. It can pick up from one to three persons at a time.
SPIES (small patrol insertion extraction system). The SPIES allows extraction of up to ten personnel by helicopter. SPIES uses one 120-foot rope with a tensile strength of 30,420 pounds. Team members use harnesses to hook into metal D-rings in the rope and are lifted out suspended on the line beneath the helicopter. They are taken to an area where the helicopter can land. The team members board the helicopter.

Land Exfiltration. This method is favored when friendly lines are not too far away. It is used when no other means of extraction is available. It is also used when the terrain provides cover and concealment for foot movement and limits the employment of enemy mobile units against the exfiltrating team. Other considerations that favor this method are when:

The areas along the exfiltration routes are uninhabited.
The enemy force is widely dispersed, or is under such pressure that it is difficult for them to concentrate against the exfiltrating team.
The enemy is capable of stopping air or water extraction.

Recovery Phase

This is the last phase of the LRS operation. It consists of the team returning to the operations base. Once there, they are debriefed, perform equipment maintenance and turn-in, and stand-down. At the end of this phase, the team begins preparing for future missions.

Debriefing. As soon as a team returns to the operations base, it is directed to a secure area to prepare for debriefing. In preparing for a debriefing, the team accounts for all team and individual equipment. They review and discuss the events listed in the team's notebook. This listing covers the period from infiltration to the return to the operations base. It also includes details of each enemy sighting.

The team prepares an overlay of the team's route, surveillance area, infiltration point, exfiltration point, and the sighting locations. The debriefing is normally conducted by operations and intelligence personnel. A communications representative debriefs the radio operator separately, after the team's debriefing. The team leader is directed to first discuss any enemy sightings since the last communications transmission. Then he gives a step-by-step discussion of every event listed in the team's notebook. He starts with the infiltration and ends with the return to the operations base. When the debriefing is over, the team is released for equipment maintenance and turn-in. Debriefing formats are usually standardized in unit SOPs.

Equipment Maintenance and Turn-in. All team, individual, and special equipment is accounted for. Team members inspect, clean, and make operator repairs on all individual and team equipment. Equipment is turned in as required. Damaged equipment and that with missing components is cleaned, tagged, and turned in. Lost equipment is reported.

Stand-down. After equipment maintenance and turn-in, the team is allowed to stand-down. How long they stand-down depends on their condition and on existing mission requirements. Teams are allowed to relax as much as possible during stand-down; however, OPSEC is still maintained. Team members must not discuss their mission with anyone.

This learning event has described the actual planning and conduct of LRS operations. As was repeatedly noted, such operations require the support of elements outside the LRSU to ensure their success. The next learning event describes that support.

Learning Event 3:
IDENTIFY THE COMBAT SUPPORT AND COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT WHICH MAY BE AVAILABLE FOR LRSU OPERATIONS

Surveillance teams have a limited self-defense capability. Special missions and critical situations may require combat support from outside the company or detachment. In addition, the LRSU may also need the following combat service support from higher headquarters.

Maintenance, supply, mess, medical, administration, finance, personnel, and chaplain.
Packing, rigging, and loading of supplies and equipment for resupply operations.
Transportation to relocate the unit.
Infiltration and exfiltration support--air, ground, and water--also may be needed.

COMBAT SUPPORT

Combat support consists of operational assistance furnished to the LRSUs by other designated units.

Aviation Support

The LRSU requires extensive aviation support. The mission, and the decision to execute that mission, often depends on the amount and type of aviation support available. This is particularly true during infiltration and exfiltration.

Air Force. Specially trained USAF crews, flying conventional C-130 aircraft, are proficient in special operations and low level (SOLL) flight. These crews can also operate using adverse weather delivery system (AWADS) and station keeping equipment.

Navy and Marine Corps. Both the USN and the USMC have units equipped and trained to support the ground forces. Many LRS operations may require their help. This may be in the form of close air support against targets in the surveillance area. It also could be in suppression missions against enemy air defense installations. Long-range helicopters from the Marine Corps may be used to support an amphibious infiltration, or to insert teams.

Army. Some Army aircraft are capable of long-range, low-level penetration of the enemy's rear area. They can carry the LRS team and operate effectively in limited visibility.

FIRE SUPPORT

Surveillance units must depend on other sources for their fire support. Some of these sources are field artillery, aerial fire, and naval gunfire.

Field Artillery

Due to the nature of LRS operations, many missions will be out of the range of supporting field artillery fires. However, when such fires are available, they are planned for and integrated into the surveillance team mission. Coordination and exchange of call signs, frequencies, and target lists occur before the infiltration by the team.

Field artillery cannons and multiple rocket launchers can be used to suppress enemy ADA defenses. This will assist the team as they cross the FLOT during infiltration and exfiltration.

Field artillery can add to the deception plan. It can also add combat power to feints during infiltration and exfiltration.

Aerial Fires

Because of the distances involved, aerial fire support would be the prime means of supporting LRS operations. This support may be provided by either fixed-wing or rotary-wing aircraft.

Fixed-wing. Fixed-wing aerial fire support may come from the Air Force, Navy, or Marine Corps units. The type of unit providing support, the aircraft, and the mix of ordnance carried, all affect the fire support planning and coordination process.

The surveillance team can expect to receive fire support from a wide variety of fixed-wing aircraft. Some will be equipped with all-weather strike capability. This will allow them to support the team during any visibility level. Other aircraft are restricted to fair weather, daylight operations.

If the enemy ADA capability is minimal, or can be degraded to a low level, the specially equipped AC-130 aircraft may be used for fire support. A well-planned, well executed suppression of enemy defense (SEAD) program normally permits the use of the AC-130 aircraft. This is used when the program is coupled with electronic countermeasures directed against the enemy's ADA units.

Rotary-wing. The attack helicopter is an accurate and responsive source of serial fire support. Attack helicopters are armed with a mix of ATGMs, 2. 75-inch rockets, 20-mm cannon, and 40-mm grenade launchers. The commander plans the use of all sources of aerial fire. However, the nature of the operation may prevent the extensive use of armed helicopters because of their limitations.

Armed helicopters may be used to escort and assist the team as it crosses the FLOT. They may also be used to conduct feints and demonstrations to cover infiltration and exfiltration. The AH-64 Apache may facilitate greater use of the attack helicopters to support infiltration and exfiltration.

When attack helicopters are used to support an LRS operation, detailed plans must be made. Indirect fires (normally long-range field artillery) are planned along the entry and exit corridors to suppress enemy ground fires, especially ADA. The team may pinpoint targets for the pilot. This may be done by polar plot, grid coordinate, or shift from a known point. In the case of the AH-64 Apache, the laser designator may be used. Friendly units mark their locations by panels, lights, mirrors, or infrared sources.

Naval Gunfire

During infiltration and exfiltration by amphibious means, the LRS team may receive fire support from naval gunfire.

AIR DEFENSE ARTILLERY SUPPORT

LRS missions are conducted against second echelon and follow-on enemy forces. Army ADA units are seldom used in direct support of these operations. However, during infiltration and exfiltration, ADA units may support the team as it crosses the FLOT.

ENGINEER SUPPORT

During retrograde operations, the surveillance teams may be used in a stay-behind mode. This mode also applies to withdrawal of covering forces in defensive operations. When the tactical situation permits, engineers may be used to prepare patrol bases and OPs. Topographical engineers may help select routes.

ELECTRONIC WARFARE SUPPORT

LRS missions may require support from the electronic warfare (EW) units, especially during the infiltration phase. This also depends on the nature of the mission and the enemy's capabilities. The EW operations disrupt, deceive, or destroy the enemy's command and control of his forces and weapons systems. They also retain friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum. EW supports deception operations. These mislead the enemy by manipulation, distortion, or falsification of indicators to get him to react in a manner against his interests.

Active jamming and chaff dispersal can prevent enemy early warning radar from detecting team infiltration. It can also prevent the enemy from determining the route of the team. The EW transmissions make deception plans or feints appear more real.

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT (CSS)

Combat service support consists of the logistical and administrative effort required to maintain LRSUs.

Sources

Both the LRSC and LRSD receive CSS from the commands to which they are assigned.

Supply

Supply operations involve many actions. The LRSU must request, acquire, store, and distribute items for each team. To preclude compromise during resupply, required supplies are usually carried by the teams. When resupply is required, a drop point is set up well away from the patrol base and the OP. The classes of supply, and how their supply operations affect LRS missions, are as follows:

Class I. Special planning and coordination is required in Class I support of the LRS. All elements of the unit must be considered. Ideally, base radio stations are placed with a unit or activity that can provide mess support and security services. The corps or division staff must ensure proper coordination before deploying a station in another unit's area. Support required for the base stations is addressed in the corps/division operation order.

Emergency rations, in the form of meals ready to eat, must be provided to the deployed stations. This will be done to cover periods when mess support is not available.

Deployed teams normally rely on the Class I supply they can carry into their surveillance area. They can also carry freeze-dried rations. For long missions, the team must consider caching rations. Resupply should be the last resort.

Class II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX. These classes of supply are not required in great volume. For normal Army stocked items, the LRSC supply sergeant submits request to the unit designated to provide support. The LRSD commander submits request through the unit to which the LRSD is organic.

Resupply

Resupply operations for surveillance teams are normally planned during the pre-infiltration phase. Teams normally carry all the required equipment into the surveillance area. Some missions may require bulky or heavy equipment that cannot be hand-carried.

If the team is air landed, these items can be quickly unloaded and cached for later use. If the team is inserted into the surveillance area by parachute, the aircraft can drop the initial resupply loads just before the personnel drop.

If resupply is considered during an operation, one method would be by airdrop of door bundles. In this case, the team prepares the bundles in advance. They can then be quickly loaded and delivered. There are five methods of airdrop.

Door Loads. This load is pushed or skidded out of the aircraft door or tail ramp-opening. This method is suitable for free, low-velocity, or high-velocity drops. The load is limited in size and weight by the opening in the aircraft and by the personnel needed to eject the load.

Wing Loads. Loads are rigged in containers that are attached to shackles on the underside of the aircraft. The size of the loads are limited by the load-carrying capacity proportions, are also a limiting factor.

Gravity. Loads are rigged within the aircraft. Load-restraining ties are released to let the load slide out of the cargo compartment of the aircraft. This takes place when the aircraft is fling in a drop attitude with the nose slightly elevated.

Extraction. Loads are rigged within the aircraft. A drogue parachute is used to pull platform loads out of the aircraft cargo compartment during flight.

External Transport. Loads on a helicopter are hung from a hook clevis. They are dropped using the free, low-velocity or high-velocity method.

Aircraft airdropping resupply deep behind enemy lines must be very careful. They must avoid enemy detection and antiaircraft fire. The safest way for the airdrop aircraft to penetrate enemy air defenses and remain undetected is by flying very low. Parachute delivery systems can also be used at low-level altitudes.

The high-speed, low-level airdrop system (HSLLADS) consists of a single A-21 container. These are specially rigged to withstand the shock of the parachute opening when it is airdropped at high speeds. The system can be used to deliver up to 600 pounds per container. Four containers per pass are the maximum that can be delivered over the drop zone.

Under certain circumstances, a high-altitude drop may be best. This might be the case when the enemy has a strong low-level ADA system. The high-altitude airdrop resupply system (HAARS) permits containerized unit loads from 300 to 2,000 pounds to be dropped from C-130 aircraft. These drops are made at speeds up to 150 knots from up to 25,000 feet above ground level (AGL).

Regardless of the altitude of the parachute drop during aerial resupply operations, the situation frequently dictates delivery during poor visibility, using AWADS. These AWADS operations can be done safely and effectively in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). There must be a minimum 91-meter (300-foot) ceiling AGL and a minimum visibility of 0. 92 kilometer (0. 424 nautical mile).

Transportation

LRSUs are only 25 percent mobile. They require frequent transportation support. This support is primarily used to move the surveillance teams and the operations section. The base radio stations are capable of transporting their own personnel, equipment, and supplies.

Maintenance

The LRSC has a maintenance section and an armorer. They perform unit maintenance on vehicles and weapons. The communications platoon performs organizational maintenance on the communications and electronic equipment. Direct support maintenance is requested through the unit assigned to provide support. The LRSD has only an operator maintenance capability.

Medical

Minimal medical support is normally required by the LRSUs. Each team member is proficient in all facets of first aid and preventive medicine. This includes waste disposal and physical exercise while in isolation. Additional medical support is requested as needed. When possible, medical evacuation of the team member is delayed until the whole team is evacuated from the surveillance area. Wounded team members are sent directly to the nearest medical facility to provide the necessary care and treatment.

Combat stress is another medical aspect with which surveillance teams must cope. Due to the nature of the LRS missions, the teams are subjected to stress in many ways. Some of the contributors to stress are:

Low-Level Light. The lack of sufficient light.
Limited Visibility (smoke, fog, rain, snow, ice, and glare). This requires the extended use of night vision goggles.
Disrupted Sleep Cycles. Performance suffers from the disruption of the normal sleep schedule.
Mental Fatigue. This results from having to make decisions of serious consequences in too little time, with too little information, and while exposed to danger.
Physical Fatigue. This results from physical activities in excess of current conditioning. It is also caused by exertion at a strenuous level without rest.

Combat stress, however, is not solely a medical problem. It is also a command problem in terms of reduced performance and lost duty time. It is a command responsibility to take actions to increase each team members' resistance to stress. This can be done by extensive training. Training is done under simulated combat conditions with a high level of physical training. A good diet is also a major factor in coping with stress. This not only includes a balanced diet during combat operations, but also before going on missions. FM 26-2 contains additional information on dealing with stress.

Miscellaneous Services

Outside resources must be used to provide the following services to LRSUs:

Rigger. The LRSC and the LRSD have no organic rigger support. Support must be provided for parachute packing, maintenance, storage, and rigging of supplies and equipment for the teams. This is provided by the airdrop company of the supply and service battalion from corps or theater level.

Finance. All LRSUs are provided finance service by mobile pay teams dispatched from the area finance service center. Mobile pay teams make combat payments and process pay inquiries. They also reimburse imprest fund cashiers and make limited local purchase payments.

Religious. Religious service support for the LRSC is provided by the unit that is assigned to support them. In the LRSD, the chaplain is provided or requested through the unit to which the LRSD is assigned.

Personnel Replacement. All LRSUs require well-trained and physically conditioned replacements. LRS operations require each replacement train with the unit for some time before becoming a truly effective team member. Therefore, surveillance teams require a length reconstitution period should they suffer many casualties. The normal replacement cycle of LRS people must be carefully regulated to prevent a loss in unit effectiveness.

Now that you have learned about the available support for the LRSU operations, the next learning activity will be on communications and electronic warfare capabilities used in LRSU operations.

Learning Event 4:
IDENTIFY THE COMMUNICATIONS AND ELECTRONIC WARFARE CAPABILITIES, CHARACTERISTICS, AND TECHNIQUES USED IN LRSU

Long-range surveillance units always use the most secure means of communication available first.

CAPABILITIES

Each LRS team communicates with a designated base radio station via HF and FM nets. Maximum use is made of burst data techniques. Figure 8, illustrates overall communications capabilities. The designated base radio station receives information from the LRS teams. It transmits the information to the base radio station at the LRSU operations center. This information is sent via HF or FM (burst data and/or facsimile), wire facsimile, or messenger. The LRSU operations center then forwards it to corps or division intelligence via wire facsimile or messenger.

FIGURE 8. OVERALL COMMUNICATIONS CAPABILITIES.

Communications between surveillance teams and base radio Station. Surveillance teams use a manpack portable HF or FM radio and a DMOG. These are used to communicate with a designated base radio station. Figure 9 below illustrates these communications. Teams use voice transmission to send information only when it is impossible to send it via burst transmission. Voice transmission is normally used to communicate with aircraft during extraction and between linkup forces.

FIGURE 9. COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN TEAMS AND STATIONS.

Communications Between Base Radio Stations and the LRSU Operations Center. Base radio stations forward information, exactly as received from the surveillance teams, via the most secure means. Figure 10, illustrates communications between the base stations and the operations center. All base radio stations are set up the same way. The receive side consists of multiple receivers with DMDGs. The transmit side consists of multiple HF transmitters and tactical SATCOM with DMDGs. The receiver and the transmit sides may either be in the same or separate S-250-G shelters. Power is provided by a 5-kilowatt generator.

FIGURE 10. COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN STATIONS AND OPERATIONS CENTER.

Communications Between LRSU Operations Center and Corps/Division. The LRSU operations center keeps the airways clear whenever possible. This makes it easier to receive traffic from the surveillance teams and to promote security. Therefore, the primary means of communications with corps or division intelligence are wire facsimile or messenger. Figure 11, illustrates communications between the operations center and corps/division. The LRSU operations center is normally located close enough to corps or division to use a messenger as the primary means of communication. For a summary of the communications capabilities see figure 12.

FIGURE 11. COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN OPERATIONS CENTER AND CORPS OR DIVISION.

FIGURE 12. CAPABILITIES SUMMARY OF COMMUNICATIONS.

RADIO OPERATOR

The radio operator plays a vital role in every unit. His action can either greatly aid or seriously hamper mission accomplishment. In LRSU, the actions of the radio operator bear even greater consequences. They may mean the difference between mission success or failure. They could possibly affect the survival of the surveillance teams. Effective communication is absolutely essential to the LRSU mission accomplishment.

ELECTRONIC WARFARE

Electronic warfare (EW) is the military use of electromagnetic energy (radio frequency waves) to exploit, determine, reduce or prevent hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum (frequency bands). It also includes actions in which friendly use of the spectrum is retained.

Electronic Warfare Support Measures

These are actions taken to search for, intercept, locate, record, and analyze radiated electromagnetic energy. This is done for the purpose of exploiting such radiation in support of military operations. They provide a source of information that is needed to conduct electronic countermeasures.

Electronic Countermeasures

These are measures taken to prevent or reduce effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum by the opposing force.

Electronic Counter-Countermeasures

These are actions taken to ensure effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum despite EW activity by the enemy.

SECURITY TECHNIQUES

The enemy may attempt interception, radio direction finding, jamming, or imitative electronic deception. However, he can only be as effective as we allow him to be.

Emission Security and Control

Emission security and control is the first line of defense against enemy EW action. Some steps to be taken by the LRSUs to increase security are:

Turn radios and other emitters on only when they must be used to successfully complete the mission.
Develop extensive brevity lists and require extensive use of them.
Mask antenna locations.
Use directional antennas.
Use the lowest possible power output.

Transmission Security

Transmission security is the second line of defense. Some transmission security steps to be taken by the LRSUs are:

Use voice communications only when absolutely essential.
Develop extensive brevity lists and demand extensive use of them.
Do not send messages in the clear.
Minimize transmission time.
Plan messages.
Always use brevity lists when sending essential elements of friendly information.
Encrypt the messages whenever possible.

Crypto Security

Crypto security is the third line of defense. Crypto security deals with codes, key lists, and communications security devices. LRSU units must use only authorized codes. They must be fully aware that the use of homemade codes is dangerous. These types of codes offer no protection at all and their use is a serious violation of security. This includes trying to talk around a classified or sensitive piece of information.

Physical Security

Physical security is the fourth line of defense. It consists of radio operators using common-sense measures to protect their radio and related material. This includes protecting communications-electronics operating instructions (CEOIs) and key lists from unauthorized use and abuse.

Electronic Counter-Countermeasures

Electronic counter-countermeasures are the final element of defense. They fall into two categories, remedial and preventive. Preventive measures can be used to avoid enemy countermeasure attempts. Remedial measures apply only to jamming. Once you have been intercepted, detected, or deceived, there are no remedial measures. Radio operators in the LRSUs are required to:

Know the proper steps to take in determining whether or not their radio is being jammed.
Recognize the signs of obvious and subtle jamming and interference.
Know the procedure for reporting jamming and interference.
Be taught to suspect jamming and interference rather than mechanical problems with radios.

FM 24-33 contains additional information on ECM.

In this learning event, you have learned communications and electronic warfare capabilities and characteristics, and the techniques used in the LRSU operations. The next learning event will teach you about the LRSU Team SOP, and the briefback and debriefing formats used in LRSU operations.

Learning Event 5:
IDENTIFY LRSU TEAM STANDING OPERATING PROCEDURE (SOP), BRIEFBACK, AND DEBRIEFING FORMATS

STANDING OPERATING PROCEDURE (SOP) FORMAT

Routine, recurring procedures may be standardized by the standing operating procedure. This eliminates the need for a lengthy recitation of these items in the team order. Two points concerning the use of team SOPs should be emphasized. First, avoid setting patterns that, if detected, favor the enemy. Second, remember a team SOP is only as effective as the people who prepare and follow it. The following sample format #1, with modification as necessary, may be used to establish a team SOP.

SAMPLE FORMAT #1

STANDING OPERATING PROCEDURES

1. Duties and responsibilities of team members.

a. Team leader.

b. Assistant team leader.

c. Radio operator.

d. Others.

2. Uniform.

a. Standard team uniform.

b. Uniform changes required by mission, climate, or other factors listed as team uniform plus. . . . or team uniform minus. . .

3. Weapons.

a. Individual.

b. Special.

c. Preparation to include test firing, camouflage, and taping.

4. Equipment. The prescribed maximum and minimum loads of ammunition, rations, and other equipment. Also definitive instructions on who carries what equipment and where they carry it.

a. Standard.

b. Special.

5. Personnel and loading plans.

a. Airborne.

b. Air movement (fixed, rotary).

c. Boat.

6. Infiltration techniques (aircraft exit procedures, movement from, and so forth).

7. Team formations (day, night, open wooded terrain).

8. Individual security responsibilities during movement.

9. Actions at danger areas.

a. Open areas.

b. Roads, trails, and streams.

c. Villages.

d. Enemy positions.

e. Minefields, barbed-wire, booby traps, and other enemy obstacles.

10. Actions on enemy contact (immediate action drills).

11. Actions at halts (security, dispersion, observation).

12. Recording and reporting information.

a. Format.

b. Communication security, procedures, and schedules.

13. Other contingency plans.

14. Exfiltration techniques.

a. Observation and security of pickup zone.

b. Coordination with aircraft.

c. Coordination for friendly linkup.

d. Evasion and escape plans.

15. Debriefings.

a. Date, time, and location of debriefing.

b. Person(s) responsible for debriefing.

16. Recovery activities.

a. Preparation of detailed after-action reports.

b. Training and maintenance.

c. Stand-down time.

d. Preparation for new missions.

BRIEFBACKS

The format below is a guide. The final decision as to what is presented and who gives a specific portion of the briefback is a command prerogative. However, to assist the team in presenting its mission briefback, the following points are offered:

The scope of information studied by each team member is limited only by the amount of time and research material available.
As a rule, only material that is essential to the accomplishment of the mission is presented during the briefback.

Purpose

Before leaving the isolation area, each team should be required to present a briefback. The purpose of the briefback is to provide for:

Commander's Evaluation. Provide the commanders and staff a chance to evaluate the team's preparation and planning for deployment. It is also used to make sure the team has absorbed all information essential to getting the mission done.

Team Preparedness. Assure the preparedness of the team by allowing the team members to demonstrate that:

They understand the assigned mission.
They are familiar with the area of operations.
They have made estimates of the situation and detailed plans for getting the mission done.
They have requested and coordinated all outside administration and support.

Briefback Suggestions. To assist the team in presenting the briefback, the following additional suggestions are offered:

The team should rehearse its presentation.
The team should prepare maps, overlays, and other appropriate aids for the briefback.
Special equipment should be available for inspection.

Development

Basic Tenets. The briefback guide given in this learning event is a general guide and should be used accordingly. The basic tenets used in developing a briefback are discussed below.

Generally, one individual should be responsible for the required planning to make sure that all items that significantly affect the team mission are covered.

The team leader is responsible for the team's overall actions and retains specific responsibility for the:

General situation.
Mission statement.
Mission analysis.
Concept of the operation.

The assistant team leader is usually responsible for planning, administration, logistics, and training.

All other members help develop the overall plan, as directed by the team leader. They are responsible for their individual portions of the overall plan.

SOP. The briefback guides does not attempt to list all the tasks that the team may need to cover. All of the items listed may not be required for every briefback. Items that can be covered by unit SOPs should refer to the SOP. The team leader should have ready access to the pertinent SOP.

Format

The team members must remember that the purpose of the briefback is to assure the LRSU commander that the team clearly understands what it is to do. Also, it should assure him that all the necessary preparations have been made. With this in mind, and using the following format, the briefback will be concise and meaningful. It will also assist the LRSU commander in arriving at a positive go/no-go decision. This is a standard format and can be found in Appendix D of FM 7-93. Sample format #2, beginning on the next page, is for briefbacks.

SAMPLE FORMAT #2
BRIEFBACK

		BRIEFER:_______________________
	ITEM	TASKS/REMARKS
1.	General situation:	Briefly outline the broad situation in the operational area and tell why the team is going into the area.
2.	Mission statement:	State the specific mission the team has been assigned.
3.	Mission analysis:	Describe the mission requirements to include any implied missions (for example, insertion by parachute).
4.	General area:	This should be a broad description of the area (for example, jungle, mountain, or desert).
5.	Weather:	State the weather conditions and how they will impact on the operation (for example, wind conditions over the DZ, light data).
6.	Terrain:	Report on terrain if it will have an impact on the mission.
7.	Enemy situation:	State the disposition and the reaction time of the enemy troops in the area. Enemy capabilities should be mentioned.
8.	SIR/reporting requirements:	State SIR/reporting requirements to make sure they are understood by all members.
9.	Escape and evasion plan:	State actions that will take place if the mission is compromised, or if the team is forced to evacuate the surveillance area.
10.	Concept of the operation:	Briefly outline how the operation is to be conducted. Who does what in the sequence in which the events will take place.
11.	Infiltration plan:	Discuss how the infiltration will take place (for example, air, water, ground).
12.	Exfiltration plan:	Discuss how the team will move to the extraction point and be extracted. This includes code words to be used.
13.	Cross-loading plan:	Describe how critical items of equipment will be divided among members and carried during infiltration.
14.	Contingency plans:	Present the plans the team has developed to handle foreseeable contingencies (for example, abort plan, injured man, dead man).
15.	Primary and alternate DZ/LZ:	Mention code names and locations of the primary and the alternate DZ/LZ.
16.	Assembly plan:	Describe the procedures the team will use to assemble on the DZ/LZ.
17.	Movement plan:	Describe how the team will move from the infiltration area to the patrol base or surveillance area.
18.	Security plan:	List the security measures to be used during movement.
19.	Fire support:	Discuss any fire support that might be available during the operation.
20.	Code words:	List any code words that are specific to the mission.
21.	Organization of team:	Describe how the team is organized to accomplish the mission.
22.	Medical Situation:	Describe any endemic diseases and any medical peculiarities.
23.	Communications plan:	Describe in detail the communications system to be used by the team. Include a plan for loss of communications.
24.	Communications nets:	Describe the communications nets to be used.
25.	Communications schedules:	List the schedule of communications contacts.
26.	Communications frequencies:	List the frequencies to be used in establishing communications.
27.	Required reports:	List the required reports to be sent from the surveillance area.
28.	Logistical plan:	Describe what equipment will be required to conduct the mission. Describe what equipment will accompany the team.
29.	Logistical capability of the area:	Describe what equipment can be obtained in the surveillance area. Describe the impact of local procurement of supplies on the logistical plan (for example, water availability).
30.	Emergency supply:	Describe the conditions necessary to implement an emergency resupply.
31.	On-call resupply:	Describe the procedures to receive an on-call resupply (if necessary).
32.	Miscellaneous:	Cover any item not previously discussed that will significantly affect the mission.

DEBRIEFING FORMAT

A debriefing format will be used when the teams return from a surveillance mission. An example of this format can be found in Appendix E of FM 7-93, and is to be used by all LRSU teams. Sample format #3, beginning on the next page, is for debriefing.

SAMPLE FORMAT #3
DEBRIEFING

PATROL NUMBER _______________ DATE TIME GROUP _________________

MAPS USED: 1:25,000: _______________________________

1:50,000: _______________________________

1:250,000: ______________________________

SPECIAL: _______________________________

A. SIZE AND COMPOSITION OF TEAM:

Team Leader ______________________________________

Assistant Team Leader ______________________________

Radio Operator ____________________________________

Observer _________________________________________

B. MISSION: ____________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

C. SPECIFIC INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS (SIR) (USE ATTACHED SHEET)

D. REPORTING REQUIREMENTS (USE ATTACHED SHEET)

E. TIME OF DEPARTURE (DATE-TIME-GROUP) _________________________________

Method of infiltration ______________________________________________

Point of departure (six-digit grid) _____________________________________

F. ENEMY SPOTTING EN ROUTE: (USE ATTACHED SHEET IF NEEDED)

1. Ground activity ________________________________________________

2. Air activity ____________________________________________________

3. Miscellaneous activity __________________________________________

G. ROUTES (OUT): (PROVIDE OVERLAY)

1. Dismounted ______________________________________________________

2. By vehicle (state type) ______________________________________________

3. By aircraft (state type) ______________________________________________

H. TERRAIN (USE ATTACHED SHEET IN THE FOLLOWING FORMAT)

Key terrain	Terrain compartment
Significant terrain	Terrain corridor
Decisive terrain	Map corrections

I. ENEMY FORCES AND INSTALLATIONS: (USE ATTACHED SHEET)

J. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION: (USE ATTACHED SHEET IF NECESSARY)

1. Lack of animals or strange animal behavior __________________________

2. Mutilated plants ________________________________________________

3. Strange uncommon insects _______________________________________

4. Abandoned military equipment: (Check for and include number and type)

a. Out of fuel _______________________________________________

b. Unserviceable (Estimate why) _________________________________

c. Destroyed or damaged on purpose by enemy

(HOW) ____________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

d. Operational equipment left intact __________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

5. Abandoned towns/villages _______________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

K. RESULTS OF ENCOUNTERS WITH THE ENEMY FORCE AND LOCAL POPULACE

__________________________________________________________________________

L. CONDITION OF TEAM INCLUDING DISPOSITION OF DEAD AND WOUNDED

__________________________________________________________________________

M. ALL MAPS RETURNED OR ANY OTHER IDENTIFIABLE MATERIAL RETURNED WITH TEAM: YES NO WHAT IS MISSING? STATE ITEM AND APPROXIMATELY WHERE LOST

__________________________________________________________________________

N. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS _______________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

O. CAPTURED ENEMY EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL __________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

P. TIME OF EXTRACTION (DATE-TIME-GROUP) ______________________________

Method of exfiltration ____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

Exfiltration point (six-digit-grid) _________________________________________________

Q. ROUTES (BACK): (PROVIDE OVERLAY)

1. Dismounted (evasion and escape) _________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

2. Flight route back ____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

R. ENEMY SPOTTINGS EN ROUTE TO BASE: (USE ATTACHED SHEET IF NEEDED)

1. Ground activity ________________________________________________

2. Air activity ____________________________________________________

3. Miscellaneous activity __________________________________________

S. TIME OF RETURN (DTG): _______________________________________________

Point of return (six-digit-grid): ________________________________
TEAM LEADER	____________________________	____________________________
	(PRINT NAME)	(GRADE)
	____________________________	____________________________
	(UNIT)	(SIGNATURE)

ADDITIONAL REMARKS BY INTERROGATOR/DEBRIEFER: _______________________

__________________________________________________________________________

CONCLUSION

This learning event has described the methods used for the team SOP, briefback, and debriefing. The purpose of SOPs is to standardize procedures for dealing with routine matters. This greatly assists in mission accomplishment. It allows the team leader to concentrate on those elements of the mission that are unique. The mission of LRSUs is to gather information. Before departing on a mission, it is critical that they full understand what is required. That is a major purpose of a briefback. Briefbacks also ensure that no critical item has been overlooked in preparation for the mission. It also affords the commander, and other experienced personnel, a final opportunity to provide the team with advice and assistance. Most information will be transmitted by the team from the surveillance area. Debriefings allow more detailed follow-up of that information. It also affords the opportunity for clarification. The debriefing permits lessons learned to be discussed. This enhances not only the future performance of this team, but the others as well. Debriefings are an essential element of the mission. No mission is complete without one.

This lesson has described the operational environments in which LRS teams may have to operate. How these environments impact on the team and the LRSU can be critical. Also, the lesson has described the characteristics of LRSU operations. This included the phases involved in conducting a mission, as well as the support required. If you feel you have a good grasp of the material, turn the page and do the practice exercise. If not, go back and review the material about which you have a question and then do the practice exercise.

Military

Practice Exercise

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