LESSON ONE
MOBILIZATION TERMS, LEVELS, PHASES, AND AUTHORITIES
OVERVIEW
TASK DESCRIPTION:
In this lesson, you will learn mobilization terms, levels, phases and authorities needed on the Unit Ministry Team (UMT) mobilization planning.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE:
| TASK: | Recall and identify the Army mobilization terms, levels, phases, and authorities. |
| CONDITION: | Given the subcourse material for this lesson and a training scenario. |
| STANDARD: | The student will respond with 70% accuracy to the multiple choice subcourse examination requiring recall and application of instructions. |
| REFERENCE: | The material contained in this lesson was derived from the following publications: UMT Information Handbook on Mobilization |
INTRODUCTION
At some point in the future, you may be called upon to go to war. The Army must be prepared to win that war and the cornerstone of preparedness is training. Mobilization is bringing the total Army force to a state of readiness for war or for other national emergencies. Army installations are standardized through regulations to ensure that operations can be effectively supported in peacetime. This effectiveness must continue throughout the transition from a peacetime (premobilization) to a wartime status (mobilization) and during wartime (post-mobilization). Army installations provide the sustaining support necessary for units to accomplish their missions. The UMT performs and provides for comprehensive religious support to soldiers and their families Army wide in war and peace. The UMT supports the specific religious, spiritual, and ethical needs of soldiers in keeping with the objectives and principles of Army installations as stated above.
PART A - MOBILIZATION TERMS
1. Army Mobilization and Operations Planning & Execution System (AMOPES).
AMOPES is the vehicle by which all components of the Army plan and execute actions to provide and expand Army forces and resources to meet the requirements of unified commands. AMOPES dictates the preparation of mobilization plans. This creates the framework within which the Army has the ability to mobilize the Reserve Components. The document gives mission focus and command responsibilities. It also details the functional policy and guidance applicable to each level of mobilization. AMOPES also prescribes responsibilities and outlines the mobilization process; describes the Army's capabilities to meet the tasking requirements of mobilization within current program and budget limitations; and the Army Staff crisis organization.
2. Base Development Plan.
A plan for facilities, installations, and bases required to support military operations.
3. C-Day.
The unnamed day on which a deployment operation commences or is to commence. The deployment may be a relocation of forces (directed by a commander of a unified or specified command); movement of cargo, weapons systems, and personnel (Service-directed); or a combination of the above.
4. Coordinating Installation.
An installation assigned to coordinate specified types of intra-Service support within a prescribed geographical area.
5. Critical Supplies and Materials.
Those supplies vital to the support of operations, which are or are, expected to be in short supply.
6. Date Required to Load (DRL).
The date a unit would be required to depart an installation in order to meet its required arrival schedule in the objective area to support the specific OPLAN. This date reflects an unconstrained deployment requirement projected for a unit to pinpoint requirements for management decision.
7. D-Day.
The day on which an operation commences or is due to commence. This may be the commencement of hostilities of any operation.
8. Defense Readiness Conditions.
A uniform system of progressive alert postures for use between the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the commanders of unified and specified commands, and for use by the Services.
9. Deployment.
In a strategic sense, the relocation of forces to desired areas of operation.
10. Deployment Plan.
A plan for the conduct of deployment that supports the deployment phase of an operation or contingency plan.
11. Direct Deploying Unit.
A Reserve Component unit that moves directly from home station to a port of embarkation (POE). The unit does not move through a mobilization station, and deploys without having had post mobilization training and MS.
12. Domestic Emergencies.
Emergencies affecting the public welfare and occurring within the 50 states as a result of enemy attack, insurrection, or civil disturbance, which endanger life and property or disrupt the usual process of government.
13. Earliest Arrival Date.
The earliest date that a unit is permitted to arrive at the port of debarkation (POD) in support of a specific OPLAN.
14. Effective Date (E-Date).
The effective date of any change in unit status. (For mobilization planning two E-dates are critical: first, the date that a Reserve Component unit is ordered to Federal Active status, e.g., transferred from ARNG/USAR to AUS status; and second, the date a unit is transferred from Army operational control to the operational control of a unified command upon attainment of an operationally ready or deployable status).
15. Exemption.
Total relief from the requirements to report for active duty on the reporting date specified in orders to active duty.
16. F-Hour.
The effective time of announcement to the military department by the Secretary of Defense of a decision to mobilize Reserve units.
17. Filler.
An individual assigned to a unit to bring it to full MTOE or TDA/MOBTDA wartime strength or other specified level.
18. Force Development.
The process of translating projected DA resources (manpower, fiscal, and materiel) into time-phased programs and structure (expressed in dollars, equipment and units) necessary to accomplish assigned missions and functions.
19. Force Mobilization Troops Basis (FMTB).
The FMTB is a file containing all MTOE/TDA organizations in the Active Army, and all MTOE/TDA organizations to be mobilized after M-Day. It includes all forward deployed, deployable, and nondeployable forces in the Army, and is the primary source document provided by HQDA to Army planners worldwide.
20. FORSCOM Mobilization and Deployment Planning System (FORMDEPS).
Provides a single source series of documents that specifies mobilization and deployment planning guidance and instructions. It explains command relationships; defines responsibilities, procedures and requirements; and describes automated systems. FORMDEPS provides planning guidance and instructions to other major Army commands, Continental Armies, Installations, and Reserve Component Headquarters for the execution of FORSCOM missions. It implements the provisions found in AMOPES.
21. H-Hour.
The specific hour on D-Day at which a particular operation commences. The highest command or headquarters coordinating the planning will specify the exact meaning of H-Hour within the aforementioned definition.
22. Home Station.
The assigned permanent location of ARNG armory or USAR reserve center.
23. Inactive Duty Training (IDT).
Authorized training performed by a member of a Reserve Component not on active duty or active duty for training and consisting of regularly scheduled unit training assemblies (UTA), additional training assemblies, and periods of appropriate duty or equivalent training.
24. Individual Mobilization Augmentee (IMA).
A member of the Individual Ready Reserve who is preselected, pretrained, and assigned to occupy an authorized active duty position on mobilization. A Drilling IMA (DIMA) is an IMA who also performs monthly IDT at his command.
25. Individual Ready Reserve (IRR).
Members of the Ready Reserve who are not assigned to the Selected Reserve and who are not on active duty.
26. Industrial Mobilization.
The transformation of industry from its peacetime activity to the industrial program necessary to support the national military objectives. It includes the mobilization of materiel, labor, capital, production facilities, and contributory items and services essential to the industrial program.
27. Initial Active Duty Training (IADT).
The first period of active duty for initial individual training prescribed by law or regulation (for nonprior service enlistees).
28. Joint Operations Planning Execution System (JOPES).
Establishes policies and procedures for the development, coordination, dissemination, review, and approval of joint operation plans. It also provides policies and procedures for execution planning in emergency and time sensitive situations, including the creation of an operations order.
29. Latest Arrival Date.
The latest date a unit or any element thereof is required at the port of debarkation (POD) and completes unloading in support of a specific OPLAN.
30. Latest Release Date.
The date established by Headquarters, Department of the Army, as the latest date that a unit must be released from active duty.
31. M-Day.
Mobilization Day - The day the Secretary of Defense directs a mobilization based on a decision by the President, the Congress, or both. All mobilization planning (e.g., alert, movement, transportation, and deployment or employment) is based on this date.
32. Military Support to Civil Authorities (MSCA)
Provided during a state or federally declared domestic emergency. MSCA could encompass natural or manmade disasters, accidents, terrorist attacks, etc. Religious support works within established legal parameters to provide for the pastoral care needs of victims and emergency response workers/support personnel.
33. Mobilization.
Mobilization is the act of preparing for war or other emergencies through assembling and organizing national resources. It is the process by which the all or a part of the Armed Forces are brought to a state of readiness for war or other national emergency. This includes assembling and organizing personnel, supplies, and materiel for active military service, federalization of Reserve Components, extension of terms of service, and other actions necessary to convert to a wartime posture.
34. Mobilization Entity.
A unit, which is organized under any approved authorization document (TOE/MTOE or TDA), implemented by general order, and which mobilizes as one entity. Each mobilization entity would have a separate Unit Identification Code (UIC). All sub-elements are organic and have a common troop program sequence number and a common Mobilization Station.
35. Mobilization Site.
The designated military installation or mobilization center to which a Reserve Component unit is moved for further processing, organizing, equipping, training, and employing after mobilization. It can be called a Power Projection Platform (PPP), or a Power Support Platform (PSP).
36. Mobilization Level Application Software (MOBLAS).
A computerized procedural system that speeds the preparation and dispatch of mobilization orders for IRR personnel and pre-positions personnel accessioning data for members of RC units, retirees, and the IRR at mobilization stations.
37. Mobilization Troop Basis Stationing Plan (MTBSP).
Schedules, in relation to M-Day, the time-phased mobilization of RC units, to include reporting date and mobilization stations, and date required to load for deployment. MTBSP is volume II of FORMDEPS.
38. Operation Plan.
A plan for a single operation or a series of connected operations to be carried out simultaneously or in succession. It is usually based upon stated assumptions and is the form of directive employed by higher authority to permit subordinate commanders to prepare supporting plans and orders.
39. Port of Embarkation
An air or sea terminal at which troops, units, military sponsored personnel, unit equipment, and materiel board and/or are loaded.
40. Prepositioned Material Configured to Unit Sets.
The prepositioning of equipment for selected units in support of a NATO operation.
41. Ready Reserve.
Units and unit member of the Reserve Components and individuals liable for involuntary active duty in time of war, national emergency as declared by Congress, national emergency declared by the President, or when otherwise authorized by law.
42. Ready to Load Date.
The projected date a unit is capable of starting and sustainment movement from its normal geographic location to an assigned POE.
43. Retired Reserve
Consists of those individuals whose names are placed on the Reserve Retired list by proper authority in accordance with law or regulations. Members of the Retired Reserve may, if qualified, be ordered to active duty involuntarily in time of war or national emergency declared by Congress, or when otherwise authorized by law, and then only when it is determined by the Secretary of the Army that adequate numbers of qualified individuals in the required categories are not readily available in the Ready Reserve or in active status in the Standby Reserve.
44. Round Out.
A Department of the Army program which brings under-structured Active Army divisions up to a standard configuration by affiliation of Reserve Component units. In the event of a mobilization, these Reserve Component units may deploy as part of the Active Army Division. Other terms that describe Round Out are "Teaming", "Multi-Compo", "Integrated Divisions", "Dual Missioned, " and "Round Up".
45. Selected Reserve.
That portion of the Ready Reserve consisting of units and individual reservists required to participate in Inactive Duty Training and Annual Training, both of which are in a pay status. The Selected Reserve also includes persons performing Initial Active Duty for Training 10 USC 268(b).
46. Standby Reserve.
Those units and members of the Reserve Components (other than those in the Ready Reserve or Retired Reserve) who are liable for active duty only after being certified as available by the Selective Service System when requested by the Secretary of Defense.
47. Standard Installation Division Personnel System (SIDPERS WARTIME).
A centrally designed field operating system, controlled and maintained by HQDA (PERSCOM), designed to support the automated personnel strength and management information needs of field commanders and their respective staffs. During wartime, system functions are reduced to meet only minimum essential needs.
48. State Adjutant General
A National Guard officer appointed by the Governor of a state to administer the military affairs of the state. A state adjutant general may be federally recognized as a general officer, provided he meets the prescribed requirements and qualifications. Generally known as "The Adjutant General" (TAG).
49. State Area Command (STARC).
The National Guard command and control headquarters for peacetime operations within a particular state or territory. It is responsible for planning and executing military support for civil defense and land defense plans under the respective area commander. It also provides for the command and control of mobilized ARNGUS units from Home Station until arrival at Mobilization Station.
50. Support Installation
An installation or activity that provides a type of support to off-post units and activities within a specific geographic area.
51. Sustainability.
The ability to provide and maintain those levels of force, manpower, materiel, and consumables necessary to support a military effort.
52. The Army Authorization Documents System (TAADS).
An automated system that supports the development and documentation of organizational structures. It also supports requirements for, and authorizations of, personnel and equipment necessary to accomplish the assigned missions of Army units.
53. Theater.
The geographical area outside of CONUS for which a commander of a unified or specified command has been assigned military responsibility.
54. Time-Phased Force Deployment List (TPFDL).
A listing that identifies type units to support a particular operations plan and provides data concerning their routing from origin to destination.
55. Training and Sustaining Base Quick Fix Forces (QFF).
Those minimum essential units required on station immediately after mobilization to expand rapidly the training base to perform priority tasks in deploying the early force and shipping essential supplies.
56. Unit Status and Identity Reporting System (UNITREP).
A system that provides the unit readiness status of all RC and AC units in the approved force structure.
57. United States Army Reserve Command (USARC)
The USAR Command and control headquarters over the Regional Support Commands (RSC), Institutional Training Divisions (Div (IT)), Training Support Divisions (TSD), and other designated GO Commands.
58. WARTRACE.
A management program designed to improve the readiness of the Total Force through the alignment of Active Component and Reserve Component units into force packages which enable units to train and plan in peacetime for their wartime missions. WARTRACE is a road map that orients a unit's readiness, mobilization and deployment programs toward the primary objective - the accomplishment of a wartime mission. It provides a guide for force readiness and aids in prioritizing resources.
PART B - MOBILIZATION LEVELS
1. General.
The Department of Defense (DOD) mobilizes all or part of the Armed Forces as authorized by law or congressional resolution and when directed by the President. The extent of the emergency governs the level of mobilization.
2. Levels.
a. Mobilization is not one phenomenon. There are five levels of mobilization.
(1) Selective Mobilization.
For a domestic emergency, the Congress or the President may order expansion of the active Armed Forces by mobilization of Reserve Component (RC) units and/or individual Reservists to deal with a situation where the Armed Forces may be required to protect life, Federal property and functions, or to prevent disruption of Federal activities. A selective mobilization would not be associated with a requirement for contingency plans involving external threats to the national security.
(2) Presidential Reserve Call-up (PRC)
For specific contingencies, such as the Balkan's peace keeping missions. Involuntary call-up of up to 200,000 of Select (drilling) Reserves. This presidential directed action affects all services. There is no requirement for a national emergency, but the President must report to Congress within 24 hours. Up to 180 day call-up, duty in both CONUS and overseas.
(3) Partial Mobilization.
For a contingency operation or war plan or upon declaration of a national emergency, the Congress or the President may order augmentation of the active Armed Forces (short of full mobilization) by mobilization of up to one million persons of the Ready Reserve (units or individuals) for up to 24 months. Only the President is limited by the one million person ceiling. The Congress may establish any limit desired in a Congressionally declared partial mobilization.
(4) Full Mobilization.
Full mobilization requires passage by the Congress or a public law or joint resolution declaring war or a national emergency. It involves the mobilization of all RC units in the existing approved force structure, all individual Reservists, and the materiel resources needed for this expanded force structure.
(5) Total Mobilization.
Total mobilization involves expansion of the active Armed Forces by organizing and/or activating additional units beyond the existing approved force structure to respond to requirements of the emergency, and the mobilization of all national resources needed, to include production facilities, to sustain such forces. Congressional authorization is required for these actions.
Expansion of the active Armed Forces, under any of the types of mobilization listed, assumes at least the ability of the industrial base to meet mobilization requirements for production of selected items with existing facilities and to provide for an orderly, responsive growth to meet force requirements.
b. Presidential Reserve Call-Up Authority.
Title 10 United States Code (USC) 673b gives the President the power to activate up to 200,000 Selected Reserve members involuntarily for 90 days (plus an additional 90 if required) without declaring a national emergency. The 200,000 figure represents the total Selected Reserve members called to active duty during this timeframe. If some Reservists are released from active duty early, others may be activated as long as the total remains within the 200,000 ceiling and the total declared duration is not exceeded. No limit exists for Reservists who volunteer for active duty and are called to active duty under some authority other than Title 10 USC 673b. The President may utilize the authority when he determines it necessary to augment the active forces for any operational mission. This authority is not meant to circumvent existing controls on active duty and strengths through successive call-ups of Reservists. The 90 plus 90 days duration for activation is sufficient to clarify the operational situation and ascertain whether some degree of national mobilization is required or that no further need for augmentation of active forces exists. Due to legal and system constraints, the 200k are not considered a mobilization.
PART C - MOBILIZATION PHASES
There are five mobilization phases, and they are discussed as follows:
(1) Phase I - Planning.
This phase concerns RC units at home station during peacetime. During this phase, units plan, train and prepare to accomplish assigned mobilization missions; prepare mobilization plans and files as directed by STARC/USARC and FORMDEPS, conduct mobilization training as directed. Each unit takes as many administrative and processing actions as possible before being ordered to Federal active duty. Therefore, plans for the following phases must be completed to include movement planning. Planning is the normal training accomplished at IDT weekends or Annual Training.
(2) Phase II - Alert.
This phase begins when a unit receives notice of a pending order to active duty and ends when the unit enters active Federal service. The unit takes specific actions to transition from RC to AC status. The unit begins to implement actions with available personnel, facilities, and emergency activities to complete the administrative and processing actions that began in Phase I. The unit prepares to move.
(3) Phase III - Mobilization at Home Station.
This phase begins with the reception of a mobilization order, and the unit's entry on active Federal duty. During this phase, the unit takes action to speed its transition to AC status. The unit receives the mobilization order, property is inventoried, and the advance party departs. Phase III ends when the unit departs for its MS or POE
(4) Phase IV - Movement to Mobilization Station.
This phase begins with the unit's departure from HS and ends when the unit closes at its MS or POE. Movement from HS to MS will be by the most expeditious and practical means available. Organic wheeled vehicles will normally be used when the MS is within a one-day road march. Personnel and equipment in excess of organic capability, or which cannot sustain a motor march operation, will be moved by other military or commercial transportation. The Installation assists the unit commander to perform mission essential training; cross level equipment and personnel; update Unit Status Reports; validate mission readiness; and report when ready to move.
(5) Phase V - Operational Readiness Improvement to Port of Embarkation.
This phase begins when the mobilized unit closes at its MS and ends when the unit is evaluated as operationally ready for deployment. Additional training may vary as evaluation may dictate. The goal of the unit is to attain operational readiness in the shortest possible time consistent with its planned deployment or operational mission.
PART D - MOBILIZATION AUTHORITIES
1. Mobilization Authority.
a. The Authority to order mobilization resides with the President and/or the Congress. The Secretary of Defense (SECDEF), with the advice and recommendation of the Service Secretaries and Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), recommends to the President and the Congress the mobilization authority required to support a given contingency, OPLAN or national emergency. The SECDEF directs mobilization of RC units and manpower through the military departments.
b. Only Congress can authorize full or total mobilization, normally being the declaration of war or national emergency.
c. All units and individuals of the Ready Reserve, Standby Reserve, Retired Reserve, and Retired Regulars (including Navy and Marine Corps Fleet Reserve) may be ordered to duty under this authority.
2. Mobilization Authority of the Secretaries of the Military Departments.
The SECDEF is the primary advisor on defense matters and exercises authority and control over all military departments.
The Secretary of a Military Department, by authority granted in Title 10 USC 672(b) can, without the consent of a person affected, order any unit, and any member not assigned to a RC unit, to active duty for not more than 15 days a year. Members of the Army National Guard or the Air National Guard may not be ordered to active duty under this subsection without the consent of the Governors of the State or of Puerto Rico, or the commanding general of the District of Columbia National Guard, or the commanding generals, Territory of Guam or the Virgin Islands.
3. Legal Authorities.
a. Mobilization planning must provide a range of options for implementation prior to declaration of war or national emergency as well as after. Government officials, from the President and Congress on down, cannot make mobilization decisions on their own in a void. There are a number of emergency authorities, which authorize Federal officials to take certain actions during times of war, national emergency, or other circumstances deemed sufficiently critical to warrant the exercise of such extraordinary authority. Emergency authority is based on U.S. Code and Public Law, or upon Executive Orders, Federal Regulations, departmental regulations, and interagency agreements, which may implement or be derived from U.S. Code and Public Law. There are many different stages and ranges of action in moving a nation from peacetime through crisis to war.
b. Existing legal authorities for mobilization actions can be categorized as being available in peacetime, available after a Presidential or Congressional declaration of national emergency, or available in time of war. In addition, standby legal authorities can and should be prepared during peacetime for enactment as needed during a period of rising tensions, national emergency or war.
c. Some statutes permit actions, which do not require a declaration of national emergency or a wartime situation. These may be invoked by the President or, in some cases, a department head and are available in peacetime as well as in a period of rising tension. Examples of such authorities are the President's ability to order to active duty up to 200,000 members of the Selected Reserve for a period of up to 90 plus 90 days without a declaration of national emergency, to recall retired members of the Regular Army or Air Force, to extend the jurisdiction of the Federal Aviation Administration, to require priority performance on contracts, and to guarantee loans to defense contractors.
d. A national emergency can be declared by the President, the Congress or both. In the past the declaration of national emergency was a major event, a decisive turning point, before which no preparatory actions were taken and after which everything possible to prepare for war was done. However, since the National Emergencies Act (50 USC 1602-1651) was passed in 1976, the declaration of a national emergency is no longer an all-or-nothing situation. The Act provides that when the President declares a national emergency, he must specify in the declaration of subsequent execution orders which authorities he is invoking under the national emergency. Thus, he does not simply declare an emergency and automatically have all powers, which may be operative in times of national emergency; rather, he must construct a set of national emergency powers, selecting from those available during a Presidentially declared emergency. Congress may terminate his declaration of national emergency at any time by concurrent resolution and will review the declaration and situation every 6 months.
e. This means that, while declaring a national emergency remains an important decision, it is no longer the all-out decision of major proportions that it was in the past. We can now temporize and send small, incremental signals that may help de-escalate a crisis or allow us to make certain necessary actions with a minimum of provocation. For instance, after the hostage taking in Iran, the President declared a national emergency for the sole purpose of freezing Iranian assets in this country. The September 11th attacks also led to the declaration of a national emergency, the largest since WWII.
f. Since the President specifies the authorities he will use when he declares a national emergency, it would be more efficient to have him cite all those authorities which will be needed in the immediately foreseeable future at the time the emergency is initially declared. Accordingly, Defense advisers to the President should consider the entire range of authorities available under a Presidentially declared emergency and make appropriate recommendations whenever it becomes necessary for the President to declare a national emergency. In that way a piecemeal approach to Presidential authorities can be avoided and time can be saved. Because it coordinates the emergency activities of the Federal civil agencies, the Federal Emergency Management Agency should be included in deliberations that might result in a recommendation for a declaration of a national emergency.
g. Some enacted, but standby legislation requires a Congressionally declared national emergency before it becomes effective in time of emergency. For example, mobilization of the Standby Reserve and Recall of members of the Retired Reserve must be preceded by the declaration of a national emergency or war by the Congress. Unlike the case of a Presidentially declared national emergency, it is not mandated by law that such a Congressional declaration specify which authorities will be invoked under it or for what purposes it has been declared.
