[House Hearing, 111 Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Printing Office]
MOURNING THE LOSS OF LIFE IN JANUARY 2009 BY LANDSLIDE IN GUATEMALA AND
EARTHQUAKE IN COSTA RICA AND EXPRESSING THAT THE U.S. SHOULD ASSIST THE
AFFECTED PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES; EXPRESSING THAT THE U.S. REMAINS
COMMITTED TO NATO; EXPRESSING THE NEED FOR CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM IN
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA AND THE IMPORTANCE OF SUSTAINED U.S. ENGAGEMENT
IN PARTNERSHIP WITH THE EU; CALLING ON THE PRESIDENT AND ALLIES OF THE
U.S. TO ENGAGE WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF IRAN TO RAISE THE CASE OF ROBERT
LEVINSON
=======================================================================
MARKUP
BEFORE THE
COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
ONE HUNDRED ELEVENTH CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION
ON
H. Res. 76, H. Res. 152, H. Res. 171 and
H. Con. Res. 36
__________
MARCH 25, 2009
__________
Serial No. 111-11
__________
Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Affairs
Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.foreignaffairs.house.gov/
______
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
48-331 WASHINGTON : 2009
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COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS
HOWARD L. BERMAN, California, Chairman
GARY L. ACKERMAN, New York ILEANA ROS-LEHTINEN, Florida
ENI F.H. FALEOMAVAEGA, American CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey
Samoa DAN BURTON, Indiana
DONALD M. PAYNE, New Jersey ELTON GALLEGLY, California
BRAD SHERMAN, California DANA ROHRABACHER, California
ROBERT WEXLER, Florida DONALD A. MANZULLO, Illinois
ELIOT L. ENGEL, New York EDWARD R. ROYCE, California
BILL DELAHUNT, Massachusetts RON PAUL, Texas
GREGORY W. MEEKS, New York JEFF FLAKE, Arizona
DIANE E. WATSON, California MIKE PENCE, Indiana
RUSS CARNAHAN, Missouri JOE WILSON, South Carolina
ALBIO SIRES, New Jersey JOHN BOOZMAN, Arkansas
GERALD E. CONNOLLY, Virginia J. GRESHAM BARRETT, South Carolina
MICHAEL E. McMAHON, New York CONNIE MACK, Florida
JOHN S. TANNER, Tennessee JEFF FORTENBERRY, Nebraska
GENE GREEN, Texas MICHAEL T. McCAUL, Texas
LYNN WOOLSEY, CaliforniaAs TED POE, Texas
of 3/12/09 deg. BOB INGLIS, South Carolina
SHEILA JACKSON LEE, Texas GUS BILIRAKIS, Florida
BARBARA LEE, California
SHELLEY BERKLEY, Nevada
JOSEPH CROWLEY, New York
MIKE ROSS, Arkansas
BRAD MILLER, North Carolina
DAVID SCOTT, Georgia
JIM COSTA, California
KEITH ELLISON, Minnesota
GABRIELLE GIFFORDS, Arizona
RON KLEIN, Florida
Richard J. Kessler, Staff Director
Yleem Poblete, Republican Staff Director
David S. Abramowitz, Chief Counsel
Laura Rush, Professional Staff Member/Security Officer
Genell Brown, Senior Staff Associate/Hearing Coordinator
C O N T E N T S
----------
Page
MARKUP OF
H. Res. 76, Mourning the horrific loss of life in January 2009
caused by a landslide in Guatemala and an earthquake in Costa
Rica and expressing the sense of Congress that the United
States should assist the affected people and communities....... 2
Amendment in the Nature of a Substitute to H. Res. 76 offered
by the Honorable Dan Burton, a Representative in Congress
from the State of Indiana.................................... 6
H. Res. 152, Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives
that the United States remains committed to the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO)..................................... 9
Amendment to H. Res. 152 offered by the Honorable John S.
Tanner, a Representative in Congress from the State of
Tennessee.................................................... 15
H. Res. 171, Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives
on the need for constitutional reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina
and the importance of sustained United States engagement in
partnership with the European Union (EU)....................... 16
Amendment in the Nature of a Substitute to H. Res. 171 offered
by the Honorable Howard L. Berman, a Representative in
Congress from the State of California, and Chairman,
Committee on Foreign Affairs................................. 22
H. Con. Res. 36, Calling on the President and the allies of the
United States to engage with officials of the Government of
Iran to raise the case of Robert Levinson at every opportunity,
urging officials of the Government of Iran to fulfill their
promises of assistance to the family of Robert Levinson, and
calling on the Government of Iran to share the results of its
investigation into the disappearance of Robert Levinson with
the Federal Bureau of Investigation............................ 28
Amendment in the Nature of a Substitute to H. Con. Res. 36
offered by the Honorable Robert Wexler, a Representative in
Congress from the State of Florida........................... 32
APPENDIX
Markup notice.................................................... 44
Markup minutes................................................... 45
The Honorable Michael E. McMahon, a Representative in Congress
from the State of New York: Prepared statement................. 47
MOURNING THE LOSS OF LIFE IN JANUARY 2009 BY LANDSLIDE IN GUATEMALA AND
EARTHQUAKE IN COSTA RICA AND EXPRESSING THAT THE U.S. SHOULD ASSIST THE
AFFECTED PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES; EXPRESSING THAT THE U.S. REMAINS
COMMITTED TO NATO; EXPRESSING THE NEED FOR CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM IN
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA AND THE IMPORTANCE OF SUSTAINED U.S. ENGAGEMENT
IN PARTNERSHIP WITH THE EU; CALLING ON THE PRESIDENT AND ALLIES OF THE
U.S. TO ENGAGE WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF IRAN TO RAISE THE CASE OF ROBERT
LEVINSON
----------
WEDNESDAY, MARCH 25, 2009
House of Representatives,
Committee on Foreign Affairs,
Washington, DC.
The committee met, pursuant to notice, at 9:40 a.m. in room
2172, Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Howard L. Berman
(chairman of the committee) presiding.
Chairman Berman. The committee will now come to order.
Pursuant to notice, we have a series of noncontroversial bills
on the agenda. It is the intention of the chair to consider
these measures en bloc, and by unanimous consent, authorize the
chair to seek consideration of the bills under suspension of
the rules.
All members are given leave to insert remarks on the
measures into the record should they choose to do so. The
measures to be considered are as follows: H. Res. 76, Mourning
the horrific loss of life in January 2009 caused by a landslide
in Guatemala and an earthquake in Costa Rica and expressing the
sense of Congress that the United States should assist the
affected people and communities; H. Res. 152, Expressing the
sense of the House of Representatives that the United States
remains committed to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO); H. Res. 171, Expressing the sense of the House of
Representatives on the need for constitutional reform in Bosnia
and Herzegovina and the importance of sustained United States
engagement in partnership with the European Union (EU); and H.
Con. Res. 36, Calling on the President and the allies of the
United States to engage with officials of the Government of
Iran to raise the case of Robert Levinson at every opportunity,
urging officials of the Government of Iran to fulfill their
promises of assistance to the family of Robert Levinson, and
calling on the Government of Iran to share the results of its
investigation into the disappearance of Robert Levinson with
the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
[The resolutions and amendments follow:]H. Res.
76 deg.
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Chairman Berman. Do any members wish to be heard on these
measures?
Mr. Rohrabacher. Mr. Chairman, so this is the time that we
would comment on any of the measures that are in the en bloc?
Chairman Berman. Yes, but only on those measures.
Mr. Rohrabacher. That is correct. Yes, Mr. Chairman, I
would just like to note that I oppose one of the resolutions
within this en bloc amendment, and that is H. Res. 152, dealing
with the sense of the House expressing that the United States
remains committed to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
Mr. Chairman, I oppose House Resolution 152 because I
believe NATO has outlived its usefulness, and when the Soviet
Union dissolved, we should have given NATO a great retirement
party, celebrating its essential role in winning the Cold War.
Instead, we decided to keep it around, and here we have
kept around this international organization, whose sole purpose
was to defend Europe, and by extension, the United States, from
Communist domination.
In the last 18 years, since the end of the Soviet Union,
instead of ending an organization which had completed its
mission, we have tried to dream up new missions for NATO, and
these missions quite often were not well suited for NATO.
As a result, NATO has been, as far as I am concerned, a net
minus for the United States national security. We have more
troops tied up with NATO in Europe than Europe contributes
through NATO to our efforts.
Now, let us think carefully about this, and let us actually
evaluate the purpose of the organization, rather than passing
basically a feel good resolution. Mr. Chairman, I don't think
that our NATO allies today can be counted to do what is
necessary and provide the help that we need to meet the
challenges of the future.
It thus gives the United States and the people of the
United States a false sense of security to be relying on our
European allies, who, yes, during the Cold War played an
essential role, but will not be playing essential roles as we
confront new challenges that come up in the future.
So I would oppose this resolution. Instead, we should have
a resolution commending NATO for the good role it played during
the Cold War, but not putting our faith in NATO in the future.
Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman.
Chairman Berman. You would like a eulogy here instead. I
think to hear a different point of view, I now recognize the
gentleman from Tennessee, the sponsor of the resolution, Mr.
Tanner.
Mr. Tanner. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. With all due respect,
I could not disagree more. NATO today is evolving into the only
truly international organization with the ability to go to a
place where chaos reigns, bring some order to it, and back it
up with some military capability.
The United Nations can't do that. The United Nations is a
good place to go and talk about it before the shooting starts,
and if we didn't have the United Nations, we would have to
invent something like it.
But NATO is the organization that, number one, has kept the
peace pretty much in Europe since World War II, which is a long
time by historical standards.
Number two, NATO has played a pivotal role in The Balkans
and still does.
Number three, the support that the NATO allies are giving
us in Afghanistan, although not perfect, and although some of
our NATO allies still have caveats that are not only
troublesome, but not constructive to the NATO effort,
nonetheless, there are more allied troops in Afghanistan than
American troops.
And if this country ever needed friends and allies to help
us, both from the standpoint of the operations tempo of our
military--Fort Campbell is in my district, the 101st Airborne.
Some of those soldiers have been gone 4 out of the last 5
years. That is too much. Our military is being stretched too
thin. We are losing senior NCOs and junior officers because of
the operations tempo that has taken such a toll on military
people and their families.
Fighting two wars in Afghanistan and Iraq has taken a
tremendous toll on the military. So we need not only uniform
help, but the other part about NATO that people sometimes don't
realize is the interoperability when it comes to intelligence
gathering, particularly the Eastern European new NATO members
that were part of the old Warsaw Pact, have some intelligence
capabilities that we do not possess and will not possess.
Other NATO members have intelligence capabilities in North
Africa that we do not possess and cannot possess, and they
share with us some of those intelligence assets. Libya comes to
mind as one of them.
So for one to take the position that since the Russians
pouring through the Fulda Gap in Germany to overrun Western
Europe is no longer what many think a creditable threat, that
this organization should cease to exist seems to me to be in
error.
I know of no military general or officer--and I met with
the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, in my office this week--
who shares the sentiments expressed by my friend from
California.
The 60th anniversary of NATO is coming up in Strasburg-Kiel
in the first weekend in April. I will be going as a member of
the standing committee of the NATO PA as the President Speak to
that 60th anniversary.
When one thinks about the 60th anniversary of NATO being
celebrated on the border of Germany and France, and what
happened in the last century with respect to those two
countries twice--both times dragging the United States into
World War I and World War II--if for no other reason, I think
the symbolism that will occur there is worthy of our support,
and this resolution does nothing more than speak to that. Thank
you, Mr. Chairman.
Chairman Berman. The time of the gentleman has expired.
Anyone else on the minority side seeking recognition at this
point?
[No response.]
Chairman Berman. Then the gentleman from Georgia, Mr.
Scott, is recognized.
Mr. Scott. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. I, with all
due respect, also disagree with my good friend on the other
side from California. I think from the very points that he
made, never before have we needed deg.a greater need
for NATO.
NATO is extraordinarily important as a counterweight at
this time for European nations as they grapple with Russia. The
Cold War has not exactly thawed out completely. Nowhere is that
more evident in the grasp that Russia has Europe in the area of
energy security.
We constantly read how Russia continues to use its near
monopoly on natural gas in that region as a political weapon.
The only balance to that is the consideration of the NATO
allies.
The other point is that certainly today and now is
certainly the wrong time to give anything other than a strong
vindication from the United States, in terms of the support of
NATO.
Here we are, just now committing another 17,000 or 18,000
troops to Afghanistan. We are working feverishly to get other
nations in NATO to commit to join us with other troops in NATO,
and certainly the wrong message to send is our disappointment,
or disapproval, or rejection of NATO.
On the other hand, let us stand and speak boldly, as we
should speak, about the need for NATO, the purpose of NATO, the
value of NATO, and the future of NATO. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Chairman Berman. The time of the gentleman has expired. The
gentleman--Mr. Burton, do you seek recognition?
Mr. Burton. Yes, sir, just very briefly.
Chairman Berman. You are recognized.
Mr. Burton. Mr. Chairman, I support the resolution and I
yield the rest of my time to my radical friend, Dana
Rohrabacher of California. [Laughter.]
Mr. Rohrabacher. Mr. Chairman, let me just note that I, in
spirit, certainly appreciate the sentiments that are being
expressed here today about NATO, and that is in spirit, because
we are talking about people who are committed to America's
national security, and see NATO as an important part of
America's national security.
I would just sincerely disagree with what is being
expressed, and let me just say again what NATO offers us today
is an illusion. What we have heard today is an illusion. NATO
is not causing or making it more possible that we will solve
conflicts and protect far off friends.
The fact is that NATO's involvement, or the fact that the
concept of NATO expansion has led many of our friends not to
make the compromises, and to deal with the difficulties and
problems with their own neighbors in far off countries, because
now they have NATO on their side, and they don't need to
compromise about that particular issue that is so pressing for
their country, which puts them at odds perhaps with a neighbor.
We saw that in Georgia. The fact that the Georgians thought
they had NATO backing created that conflict. It wasn't Russian
aggression. The Georgians actually began military operations
and conducted an offensive, breaking a truce probably because
they thought that NATO would be behind them.
NATO actually exacerbates certain problems. Should we have
gotten involved in The Balkans? Well, we certainly should have
helped people fight for their freedom by giving them the
supplies needed to fight for their freedom.
But should American troops have been sent to The Balkans
when that was purely a European theater of operations? If the
Europeans can't take on Serbia, what do we need them as our
allies for?
So what we have got here, Mr. Chairman, is we are expending
limited resources for the benefit of other people's security in
areas that are not necessarily essential to our own security.
And this is different than during the Cold War. During the
Cold War, there was a Communist threat to the world, to the
Western democracies, which required us to stand together.
Today, NATO does not stand together with us in the meaningful
ways that we think it does.
In Afghanistan, which we just heard lauded, yes, our NATO
troops are there, and most of them demand to be totally out of
any area that has any military conflict. Is that helping us,
that we have troops from our so-called allies, who will go to a
combat area as long as they are never expected to be in combat?
Now, yes, there have been a few allies that have gone
across landmines and such, but by and large in Afghanistan our
NATO allies are not the ones on the front lines, but the
American troops are.
So I would say that the challenges that we face, like in
Afghanistan, we can do, and if the NATO countries would like to
come along and help, that is fine. That is good. But we should
not be encumbering ourselves with a very expensive
organization.
As I say, NATO troops--we have actually committed more
troops to NATO, the United States, with our limited troops,
than NATO has committed to helping us in these various conflict
areas.
So why are we there? Why are we expending this? Because
there is an illusion that as part of NATO, we are safer. I
think that was true during the Cold War. It is no longer true.
NATO is a drag. It is an organization that we can no longer
rely upon, if you consider relying upon an organization that
insists that they will only send troops to where their troops
will never come under fire.
So with that said, Mr. Chairman, I appreciate the
sentiments of my friends and colleagues here. I believe it is
all very patriotic. I just happen to disagree. NATO is no
longer in the national security interests of the United States.
It gets us involved in areas of the world that we don't
need to be involved in, and have nothing to do with our
national security, and prevents local people from making
compromises to maintain the peace.
Chairman Berman. The time of the gentleman has expired. The
chair would put this issue on ice and turn to the arctic
hearing, but before he does so, he recognizes the gentleman
from Florida, Mr. Wexler.
Mr. Wexler. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and I will speak to
House Concurrent Resolution 36. Just one quick, I think, point
which is necessary with respect to our allies in NATO, in terms
of the character of their fighting.
Several countries have suffered significant casualties:
Denmark, the Netherlands, the British, the Canadians, the
French, all have fought side-by-side with American troops in
Afghanistan within the context of NATO in very brave fashion,
and those are just some of the countries to be named.
But, Mr. Chairman, I would like to thank you for marking up
House Concurrent Resolution 36, and urge all of my colleagues
to support its passage. I introduced this resolution in
February to shed light on the case of Robert Levinson,
who is deg.a constituent of mine from Coral Springs,
Florida, who disappeared from Iran's Kish Island on March 9,
2007.
More than 2 years later there are disturbingly few known
details about his whereabouts. What we do know, however, is
that Mr. Levinson is a former FBI agent. He was last heard from
on March 8, 2007, by his wife, Christine, while he was working
in Dubai as a private investigator.
According to his family, he checked into a hotel on Kish
Island, deg. and checked out the following morning to
fly back to the United States. Unfortunately, Mr. Levinson
never arrived at the airport for his flight, and there is no
accounting for what happened to him since he left the hotel.
In December 2007, the Levinson family, with assistance from
Swiss officials in Teheran, traveled to the hotel where Mr.
Levinson was last seen, deg. and passed out flyers in
Farsi with his photo. They also met with local Iranian
authorities to seek their assistance in gaining information
about Mr. Levinson's disappearance. And these authorities
pledged to assist the Levinson family with their efforts to
investigate the circumstances of his disappearance. However,
despite its pledge, the Government of Iran has not followed
through on its promise to the Levinson family.
In fact, the Iranian Government has stonewalled any effort
to gain pertinent information, claiming they have zero
knowledge about Mr. Levinson's whereabouts. They have also on
numerous occasions rejected efforts by the Levinson family to
meet.
In this vein, House Concurrent Resolution 36 calls on
President Obama and allies of the United States around the
world to raise the case of Robert Levinson at every opportunity
with officials of the government of Iran. It also urges
officials of the Government of Iran to fulfill their promises
of assistance to the Levinson family and calls on the
Government of Iran to share the results of its investigation
with the FBI.
My colleague from Florida, Senator Bill Nelson, introduced
a bipartisan companion resolution in the Senate with Senator
Mel Martinez, which passed on the 9th of this month.
And additionally it is critical that Secretary Clinton and
the Obama administration continue to employ every diplomatic
tool at their disposal to locate Mr. Levinson and return him to
his family.
I respectfully urge my colleagues to stand with the
Levinson family and support passage of this resolution. Thank
you very much, Mr. Chairman.
Chairman Berman. The time of the gentleman has expired. I
do want to remind the committee that we do have witnesses for a
hearing waiting to start, and I now recognize the gentlelady
from Texas, Ms. Jackson Lee.
Ms. Jackson Lee. Let me thank the chairman very much. I
wish to quickly associate myself in support with H. Res. 76,
and H. Con. Res. 36. H. Res. 76 is important to continue to
express our kinship with South and Central America,
particularly as the President leaves for that region in the
next couple of weeks.
I also want to support Mr. Wexler on a case that has been
enormously troubling and will probably seed, unfortunately,
incidents like this around the world unless of course we
continue to press the attention on that issue, and particularly
this case, Mr. Levinson.
I also want to say having gone to The Balkans during the
Bosnian war, I want to reinforce the importance of
strengthening that region. But I would like to focus on H. Res.
152, which I support, and also certainly acknowledge the
concerns that have been expressed.
But this initiative or resolution is important for a number
of reasons. One, as we approach the 60th anniversary of NATO, I
think we cannot miss the opportunity of saying that it has had
a valuable purpose for both the United States and Europe.
I think it is also important to note that the way that you
bring about change is to express again a respect. This
resolution expresses our respect for what NATO has been. It
also calls upon NATO to act upon the threat posed by the
proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and terrorism, by
intensifying consultations among political and military
leaders, and deploying comprehensive counter threat capability.
Even though we know that NATO forces have been reduced and
were reduced in Iraq that deg.that was--and I say
NATO forces, countries that are members of NATO. We also know
that the strength of NATO could be strong in Afghanistan, but
they were there.
And on many occasions that I visited Afghanistan, I spoke
to NATO forces or representatives of such, and I do believe
that in order to change, you have to engage. This resolution is
a statement of engagement. It allows this Congress and also the
new President, to reaffirm our commitment to the principles of
NATO.
But at the same time, we talk about pacing the process of
NATO enlargement. This has a provision that says that it should
maintain its unequivocal right to make its own decision, but we
asked NATO to straighten its relations with Russia because I
believe that is a smart way to go. They can be an effective
partner in helping us create some long term relationships with
Russia.
So, Mr. Chairman, I would indicate that sometimes it is as
we say in Texas, that more bees go to honey and more flies to
sugar. Hopefully that is not the diplomatic terminology.
But in any event, I do believe it is important to move this
resolution forward and compliment NATO so that we can develop
more ways of expressing our concerns for an improved NATO, and
a NATO that is responsive to some of the conflicts that are of
concern to us and the world. With that, I yield back.
Chairman Berman. The gentleman from New York, Mr. McMahon.
Mr. McMahon. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I understand that you
want to proceed with the hearing, and so I will just very
briefly say that I want to thank you for avoiding and placing
the United States--this is regarding House Resolution 171,
which we are considering today.
And thank you for avoiding placing the United States in the
middle of a war of nationalist rhetoric by including Resolve
Clause Number 2, which resolves to base any agreement on
constitutional reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the
multilateral brokered Dayton Peace Accord, and that the
carefully crafted Dayton Peace Accord is highly regarded in
this resolution.
And I hope that our European friends follow suit by
ensuring that Bosnia's and Herzegovina's membership into the EU
be conditioned upon its full implementation of its agreement,
and I will submit the remainder of my statement for the record.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I yield the remainder of my time.
Chairman Berman. Thank you. Our final speaker is the
ranking member of the committee, the gentlelady from Florida,
Ms. Ros-Lehtinen.
Ms. Ros-Lehtinen. Thank you so much, Mr. Chairman. I just
wanted to say a thank you to you, and to your very able staff,
for working with us on certain language and little technical
changes that we wanted to make on some of the resolutions.
It is always a delight to work with you and your wonderful
staff members. So, on behalf of our side, thank you very much.
Chairman Berman. Thank you.
Ms. Ros-Lehtinen. And I support the en bloc of bills.
Chairman Berman. Thank you very much.
Mr. Burton. Mr. Chairman, are we finishing up with all the
bills at this point?
Chairman Berman. I sure hope so.
Mr. Burton. Well, I wanted to make one brief comment if I
might, Mr. Chairman.
Chairman Berman. Maybe Mr. Rohrabacher----
Mr. Burton. No, no, no, no. Once is enough.
Chairman Berman. All right.
Mr. Burton. No, the resolution that I am talking about is
H. Res. 76. It is a resolution mourning the horrific loss of
life in January 2009 caused by the landslide in Guatemala and
the earthquake in Costa Rica.
In Guatemala, I think, 36 people were killed and a number
were missing, and in Costa Rica, I think over 100 were injured
and many died, and I just thought we ought to publicly express
our sympathy for the problems that they have, and I appreciate
you putting this in the en bloc group.
Chairman Berman. Very good. Without objection the chair is
authorized to seek consideration of these resolutions under
suspension of the rules, and the amendments to those measures
which the members have before them shall be deemed adopted. The
business meeting of the committee is now adjourned.
[Whereupon, at 10:08 a.m., the committee was adjourned.]
A P P E N D I X
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Material Submitted for the RecordMarkup notice deg.
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Markup minutes; McMahon statement deg.
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