Fourth Amendment -- Search and Seizure
Search and Seizure........................................ 1199 History and Scope of the Amendment........................ 1199 History........................................... 1199 Scope of the Amendment............................ 1200 The Interest Protected............................ 1205 Arrests and Other Detentions...................... 1209 Searches and Inspections in Noncriminal Cases..... 1211 Searches and Seizures Pursuant to Warrant................. 1215 Issuance by Neutral Magistrate.................... 1216 Probable Cause.................................... 1217 Particularity..................................... 1220 First Amendment Bearing on Probable Cause and Particularity................................. 1221 Property Subject to Seizure....................... 1223 Execution of Warrants............................. 1226 Valid Searches and Seizures Without Warrants.............. 1228 Detention Short of Arrest: Stop-and-Frisk......... 1229 Search Incident to Arrest......................... 1234 Vehicular Searches................................ 1238 Vessel Searches................................... 1241 Consent Searches.................................. 1242 Border Searches................................... 1243 ``Open Fields''................................... 1245 ``Plain View''.................................... 1246 Public Schools.................................... 1246 Government Offices................................ 1247 Prisons and Regulation of Probation............... 1247 Drug Testing...................................... 1248 Electronic Surveillance and the Fourth Amendment.......... 1250 The Olmstead Case................................. 1250 Federal Communications Act........................ 1251 Nontelephonic Electronic Surveillance............. 1251 The Berger and Katz Cases......................... 1252 Warrantless ``National Security'' Electronic Surveillance.................................. 1255 Enforcing the Fourth Amendment: The Exclusionary Rule..... 1257 Alternatives to the Exclusionary Rule............. 1257 Development of the Exclusionary Rule.............. 1258 The Foundations of the Exclusionary Rule.......... 1262 Narrowing Application of the Exclusionary Rule.... 1264 Operation of the Rule: Standing................... 1269
[[Page 1199]] FOURTH AMENDMENT
SEARCH AND SEIZURE
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no Warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
"Constitution of the United States, Analysis and Interpretation: 2002 Edition" U.S. Government Printing Office.
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